- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770866
- eISBN:
- 9780804773812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770866.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about sacred music in mission communities throughout northern New Spain from the founding of the northern missions in the late ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about sacred music in mission communities throughout northern New Spain from the founding of the northern missions in the late sixteenth century until the end of Spanish colonial rule. This volume is divided into three main sections. The first section examines pre-Hispanic indigenous and European liturgical music cultures prior to the cultural encounters between the groups, the second part studies the way in which the varied musical cultures came into contact within the context of evangelization in mission communities, and the final section looks thematically at the role of music and dance in reshaping time and space in northern New Spain.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about sacred music in mission communities throughout northern New Spain from the founding of the northern missions in the late sixteenth century until the end of Spanish colonial rule. This volume is divided into three main sections. The first section examines pre-Hispanic indigenous and European liturgical music cultures prior to the cultural encounters between the groups, the second part studies the way in which the varied musical cultures came into contact within the context of evangelization in mission communities, and the final section looks thematically at the role of music and dance in reshaping time and space in northern New Spain.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish ...
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Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.Less
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explains how the conquest and establishment of Spanish colonial rule led to a population decline in the Philippines. Once Spain had established a permanent foothold in the islands, their ...
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This chapter explains how the conquest and establishment of Spanish colonial rule led to a population decline in the Philippines. Once Spain had established a permanent foothold in the islands, their retention of the colony continued to depend on Filipino tribute and labor. Native tribute constituted one of the two main sources of Crown revenue in the Philippines, the other being taxes derived from the galleon trade. This chapter first provides an overview of Spanish bureaucracy in the Philippines before discussing the system of tribute payments and vandalas introduced to the islands, along with the polo that required Filipinos to work as forced laborers. It then considers the acquisition of land by the missionary orders, Spain's hostility toward Islam in the Philippines, and the demographic impact of the Hispano-Dutch War. It also examines how climatic change may have contributed to depopulation in the seventeenth century. It argues that the Spanish empire's dependence on the native population for the survival of the colony often led to exploitation, continuing conflict, and population decline.Less
This chapter explains how the conquest and establishment of Spanish colonial rule led to a population decline in the Philippines. Once Spain had established a permanent foothold in the islands, their retention of the colony continued to depend on Filipino tribute and labor. Native tribute constituted one of the two main sources of Crown revenue in the Philippines, the other being taxes derived from the galleon trade. This chapter first provides an overview of Spanish bureaucracy in the Philippines before discussing the system of tribute payments and vandalas introduced to the islands, along with the polo that required Filipinos to work as forced laborers. It then considers the acquisition of land by the missionary orders, Spain's hostility toward Islam in the Philippines, and the demographic impact of the Hispano-Dutch War. It also examines how climatic change may have contributed to depopulation in the seventeenth century. It argues that the Spanish empire's dependence on the native population for the survival of the colony often led to exploitation, continuing conflict, and population decline.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other ...
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This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.Less
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.
Elizabeth N. Arkush
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813035260
- eISBN:
- 9780813039107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813035260.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This chapter discusses existing historical and archaeological evidence for the Colla area and its implications about the degree to which the Colla were politically unified in the Late Intermediate ...
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This chapter discusses existing historical and archaeological evidence for the Colla area and its implications about the degree to which the Colla were politically unified in the Late Intermediate period. Administrative divisions of the sixteenth century chopped the Colla area into a number of smaller sections, which corresponded in some cases with natural geographic boundaries and in others with economic differences in subsistence strategies and relationships with far-flung regions. According to the chronicles, these different sections of the Colla region had distinct histories of conquest and reconquest by the Incas. Documentary evidence from the early decades of Spanish colonial rule offers both clues and contradictions on the subject, while previous archaeological work in the Titicaca basin qualifies the longstanding narrative tradition that has grown into Qollari.Less
This chapter discusses existing historical and archaeological evidence for the Colla area and its implications about the degree to which the Colla were politically unified in the Late Intermediate period. Administrative divisions of the sixteenth century chopped the Colla area into a number of smaller sections, which corresponded in some cases with natural geographic boundaries and in others with economic differences in subsistence strategies and relationships with far-flung regions. According to the chronicles, these different sections of the Colla region had distinct histories of conquest and reconquest by the Incas. Documentary evidence from the early decades of Spanish colonial rule offers both clues and contradictions on the subject, while previous archaeological work in the Titicaca basin qualifies the longstanding narrative tradition that has grown into Qollari.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This concluding chapter discusses demographic change in the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period. The initial impact of Spanish conquest and the types of transformations the Spanish ...
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This concluding chapter discusses demographic change in the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period. The initial impact of Spanish conquest and the types of transformations the Spanish sought to bring to native societies in Southeast Asia and in the Americas were similar. However, the Philippines differed from Spanish America in terms of geographical location, physical configuration, and the character of its natural resources and societies. This chapter considers the factors that may have contributed to low population density throughout the Philippines, and Southeast Asia more generally, in pre-Spanish times, including famines and epidemics. It also examines temporal and regional population trends in the early Spanish Philippines, with particular emphasis on the initial impact of conquest, the demographic crisis of the seventeenth century, and demographic recovery in the eighteenth century. Finally, it analyzes demographic trends in the Philippines in the wider Southeast Asian context, suggesting that the islands suffered greater population decline in part due to the more pervasive nature of Spanish colonial rule.Less
This concluding chapter discusses demographic change in the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period. The initial impact of Spanish conquest and the types of transformations the Spanish sought to bring to native societies in Southeast Asia and in the Americas were similar. However, the Philippines differed from Spanish America in terms of geographical location, physical configuration, and the character of its natural resources and societies. This chapter considers the factors that may have contributed to low population density throughout the Philippines, and Southeast Asia more generally, in pre-Spanish times, including famines and epidemics. It also examines temporal and regional population trends in the early Spanish Philippines, with particular emphasis on the initial impact of conquest, the demographic crisis of the seventeenth century, and demographic recovery in the eighteenth century. Finally, it analyzes demographic trends in the Philippines in the wider Southeast Asian context, suggesting that the islands suffered greater population decline in part due to the more pervasive nature of Spanish colonial rule.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book examines the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines. It shows that Spain's conquest and colonization of the Philippines brought fundamental changes to the political, ...
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This book examines the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines. It shows that Spain's conquest and colonization of the Philippines brought fundamental changes to the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the islands. It argues that the Filipino population suffered a greater decline in the early Spanish period than has previously been thought and that the prolonged decline brought significant changes to Filipino society even in regions that were distant from Manila. It also contends that the factors underpinning demographic trends in the Spanish Philippines were different from those in other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. To bolster its argument that the Spanish conquest resulted in significant population decline, the book undertakes a detailed analysis of the population in each island and region in 1565. It also suggests that the nature of Spanish rule in the Philippines was to a certain extent different from that in most parts of Spanish America.Less
This book examines the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines. It shows that Spain's conquest and colonization of the Philippines brought fundamental changes to the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the islands. It argues that the Filipino population suffered a greater decline in the early Spanish period than has previously been thought and that the prolonged decline brought significant changes to Filipino society even in regions that were distant from Manila. It also contends that the factors underpinning demographic trends in the Spanish Philippines were different from those in other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. To bolster its argument that the Spanish conquest resulted in significant population decline, the book undertakes a detailed analysis of the population in each island and region in 1565. It also suggests that the nature of Spanish rule in the Philippines was to a certain extent different from that in most parts of Spanish America.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines how the Spanish conquest and colonization contributed to depopulation in the Philippines before 1600, with particular emphasis on those aspects of native society that had ...
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This chapter examines how the Spanish conquest and colonization contributed to depopulation in the Philippines before 1600, with particular emphasis on those aspects of native society that had implications for the nature of Spanish colonial rule and demographic trends in the Visayas. It first provides an overview of subsistence, settlement patterns, polities, and social practices in the Visayas and goes on to consider population estimates for the islands in 1565 and from 1565 to 1600. In particular, it discusses the population of Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, and Negros, suggesting that the pre-Spanish population of the Visayas might have been about 383,000, or probably nearer 400,000. The chapter concludes by assessing the population decline in the Visayas from 1565 to 1600.Less
This chapter examines how the Spanish conquest and colonization contributed to depopulation in the Philippines before 1600, with particular emphasis on those aspects of native society that had implications for the nature of Spanish colonial rule and demographic trends in the Visayas. It first provides an overview of subsistence, settlement patterns, polities, and social practices in the Visayas and goes on to consider population estimates for the islands in 1565 and from 1565 to 1600. In particular, it discusses the population of Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, and Negros, suggesting that the pre-Spanish population of the Visayas might have been about 383,000, or probably nearer 400,000. The chapter concludes by assessing the population decline in the Visayas from 1565 to 1600.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of Cagayan. During the colonial period the Cagayan Valley formed the backbone of the Dominican province of Cagayan. Juan de ...
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This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of Cagayan. During the colonial period the Cagayan Valley formed the backbone of the Dominican province of Cagayan. Juan de Salcedo first made contact with the inhabitants of Cagayan during his circumnavigation of the island of Luzon in 1572, but he received a hostile reception and continued on his journey without establishing a settlement. Permanent Spanish settlement was established in Cagayan in 1581; by then much of the region had already been allocated in encomiendas. This chapter begins with an overview of Cagayan Valley in 1570, focusing on its physical geography, society, population trends, and settlement patterns. It then considers the Dominican missionaries' conversion efforts in the region, along with demographic trends. It also discusses the possible causes of population decline in Cagayan during the period, including epidemics.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of Cagayan. During the colonial period the Cagayan Valley formed the backbone of the Dominican province of Cagayan. Juan de Salcedo first made contact with the inhabitants of Cagayan during his circumnavigation of the island of Luzon in 1572, but he received a hostile reception and continued on his journey without establishing a settlement. Permanent Spanish settlement was established in Cagayan in 1581; by then much of the region had already been allocated in encomiendas. This chapter begins with an overview of Cagayan Valley in 1570, focusing on its physical geography, society, population trends, and settlement patterns. It then considers the Dominican missionaries' conversion efforts in the region, along with demographic trends. It also discusses the possible causes of population decline in Cagayan during the period, including epidemics.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a ...
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This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on Manila and Tondo. When Miguel López de Legazpi decided to transfer the base of Spanish operation in the Philippines to Luzon, ...
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This chapter examines the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on Manila and Tondo. When Miguel López de Legazpi decided to transfer the base of Spanish operation in the Philippines to Luzon, Manila became the islands' secular and ecclesiastical capital. The establishment of Manila radically transformed the way of life of the Tagalog inhabitants of what became the jurisdiction of Tondo. As a result, the region became the main focus of immigration by bureaucrats, priests, and traders, creating new demands for food, supplies, and labor. This chapter first provides a background on Manila's pre-conquest society as well as Tondo's population in 1570 before discussing the urban transformation of Manila Bay. It then considers the introduction of tribute, vandala, and polo to Manila and Tondo, along with the arrival of missionaries aimed at bringing about the Christian conversion of the people in Manila's hinterland. It also describes the development of agricultural estates and the evolution of Manila's urban economy and concludes by assessing demographic trends in Manila and Tondo during the period.Less
This chapter examines the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on Manila and Tondo. When Miguel López de Legazpi decided to transfer the base of Spanish operation in the Philippines to Luzon, Manila became the islands' secular and ecclesiastical capital. The establishment of Manila radically transformed the way of life of the Tagalog inhabitants of what became the jurisdiction of Tondo. As a result, the region became the main focus of immigration by bureaucrats, priests, and traders, creating new demands for food, supplies, and labor. This chapter first provides a background on Manila's pre-conquest society as well as Tondo's population in 1570 before discussing the urban transformation of Manila Bay. It then considers the introduction of tribute, vandala, and polo to Manila and Tondo, along with the arrival of missionaries aimed at bringing about the Christian conversion of the people in Manila's hinterland. It also describes the development of agricultural estates and the evolution of Manila's urban economy and concludes by assessing demographic trends in Manila and Tondo during the period.
Kirwin R. Shaffer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037641
- eISBN:
- 9780252094903
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037641.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This book examines the radical Left in Puerto Rico from the final years of Spanish colonial rule into the 1920s. Positioning Puerto Rico within the context of a regional anarchist network that ...
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This book examines the radical Left in Puerto Rico from the final years of Spanish colonial rule into the 1920s. Positioning Puerto Rico within the context of a regional anarchist network that stretched from Puerto Rico and Cuba to Tampa, Florida, and New York City, the book illustrates how anarchists linked their struggle to the broader international anarchist struggles against religion, governments, and industrial capitalism. Their groups, plays, fiction, speeches, and press accounts—as well as the newspapers that they published—were central in helping to develop an anarchist vision for Puerto Ricans at a time when the island was a political no-man's-land, neither an official U.S. colony or state nor an independent country. Anarchism in Puerto Rico was a unique entity in the movement's history. The anarchists expressed their concerns and visions through their own brand of cultural politics, which was directed against Puerto Rican and U.S. colonial rulers in order to promote an antiauthoritarian spirit and countercultural struggle over how the island was being run and the future directions that it should pursue. Alongside this was anticlericalism against the Roman Catholic Church.Less
This book examines the radical Left in Puerto Rico from the final years of Spanish colonial rule into the 1920s. Positioning Puerto Rico within the context of a regional anarchist network that stretched from Puerto Rico and Cuba to Tampa, Florida, and New York City, the book illustrates how anarchists linked their struggle to the broader international anarchist struggles against religion, governments, and industrial capitalism. Their groups, plays, fiction, speeches, and press accounts—as well as the newspapers that they published—were central in helping to develop an anarchist vision for Puerto Ricans at a time when the island was a political no-man's-land, neither an official U.S. colony or state nor an independent country. Anarchism in Puerto Rico was a unique entity in the movement's history. The anarchists expressed their concerns and visions through their own brand of cultural politics, which was directed against Puerto Rican and U.S. colonial rulers in order to promote an antiauthoritarian spirit and countercultural struggle over how the island was being run and the future directions that it should pursue. Alongside this was anticlericalism against the Roman Catholic Church.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the decline of populations in Pampanga and Bulacan during Spanish times. Under Spanish colonial rule, the southern part of the Central Luzon Plain was shared by Pampangans, who ...
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This chapter examines the decline of populations in Pampanga and Bulacan during Spanish times. Under Spanish colonial rule, the southern part of the Central Luzon Plain was shared by Pampangans, who lived to the west of the Pampanga River, and Tagalogs, who lived to the east. The population of the Central Luzon Plain was concentrated around Manila Bay. This chapter first considers the socioeconomic background of Pampanga and Bulacan in 1570, with particular emphasis on their populations. It then discusses the introduction of tribute, vandala, and polo in Pampanga and Bulacan, along with ecclesiastical administration in both jurisdictions. It also analyzes demographic trends in Pampanga and Bulacan during the period, paying attention to population decline in the seventeenth century.Less
This chapter examines the decline of populations in Pampanga and Bulacan during Spanish times. Under Spanish colonial rule, the southern part of the Central Luzon Plain was shared by Pampangans, who lived to the west of the Pampanga River, and Tagalogs, who lived to the east. The population of the Central Luzon Plain was concentrated around Manila Bay. This chapter first considers the socioeconomic background of Pampanga and Bulacan in 1570, with particular emphasis on their populations. It then discusses the introduction of tribute, vandala, and polo in Pampanga and Bulacan, along with ecclesiastical administration in both jurisdictions. It also analyzes demographic trends in Pampanga and Bulacan during the period, paying attention to population decline in the seventeenth century.
Claudia Varella and Manuel Barcia
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781683401650
- eISBN:
- 9781683402329
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683401650.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Wage-Earning Slaves is the first systematic study of coartación, a process by which slaves worked toward purchasing their freedom in installments, long recognized as a distinctive feature of certain ...
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Wage-Earning Slaves is the first systematic study of coartación, a process by which slaves worked toward purchasing their freedom in installments, long recognized as a distinctive feature of certain areas under Spanish colonial rule in the nineteenth century. Focusing on Cuba, this book reveals that instead of providing a “path to manumission,” the process was often rife with obstacles that blocked slaves from achieving liberty.
Claudia Varella and Manuel Barcia trace the evolution of coartación in the context of urban and rural settings, documenting the lived experiences of slaves through primary sources from many different archives. They show that slave owners grew increasingly intolerant and abusive of the process and that the laws of coartación were not often followed in practice. The process did not become formalized as a contract between slaves and their masters until 1875, after abolition had already come. Varella and Barcia discuss how coartados did not see an improvement in their situation at this time but essentially became wage-earning slaves as they continued serving their former owners.
The exhaustive research in this volume provides valuable insight into how slaves and their masters negotiated with each other in the ever-changing economic world of nineteenth-century Cuba, where freedom was not always absolute and where abuses and corruption most often prevailed.Less
Wage-Earning Slaves is the first systematic study of coartación, a process by which slaves worked toward purchasing their freedom in installments, long recognized as a distinctive feature of certain areas under Spanish colonial rule in the nineteenth century. Focusing on Cuba, this book reveals that instead of providing a “path to manumission,” the process was often rife with obstacles that blocked slaves from achieving liberty.
Claudia Varella and Manuel Barcia trace the evolution of coartación in the context of urban and rural settings, documenting the lived experiences of slaves through primary sources from many different archives. They show that slave owners grew increasingly intolerant and abusive of the process and that the laws of coartación were not often followed in practice. The process did not become formalized as a contract between slaves and their masters until 1875, after abolition had already come. Varella and Barcia discuss how coartados did not see an improvement in their situation at this time but essentially became wage-earning slaves as they continued serving their former owners.
The exhaustive research in this volume provides valuable insight into how slaves and their masters negotiated with each other in the ever-changing economic world of nineteenth-century Cuba, where freedom was not always absolute and where abuses and corruption most often prevailed.
George Reid Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834176
- eISBN:
- 9781469606378
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899601_andrews
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Uruguay is not conventionally thought of as part of the African diaspora, yet during the period of Spanish colonial rule, thousands of enslaved Africans arrived in the country. Afro-Uruguayans played ...
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Uruguay is not conventionally thought of as part of the African diaspora, yet during the period of Spanish colonial rule, thousands of enslaved Africans arrived in the country. Afro-Uruguayans played important roles in Uruguay's national life, creating the second-largest black press in Latin America, a racially defined political party, and numerous social and civic organizations. They were also central participants in the creation of Uruguayan popular culture and the country's principal musical forms, tango and candombe. Candombe, a style of African-inflected music, is one of the defining features of the nation's culture, embraced equally by white and black citizens. This book offers a history of Afro-Uruguayans from the colonial period to the present. Showing how social and political mobilization is intertwined with candombe, it traces the development of Afro-Uruguayan racial discourse and argues that candombe's evolution as a central part of the nation's culture has not fundamentally helped the cause of racial equality. Incorporating lively descriptions of his own experiences as a member of a candombe drumming and performance group, the author consistently connects the struggles of Afro-Uruguayans to the broader issues of race, culture, gender, and politics throughout Latin America and the African diaspora generally.Less
Uruguay is not conventionally thought of as part of the African diaspora, yet during the period of Spanish colonial rule, thousands of enslaved Africans arrived in the country. Afro-Uruguayans played important roles in Uruguay's national life, creating the second-largest black press in Latin America, a racially defined political party, and numerous social and civic organizations. They were also central participants in the creation of Uruguayan popular culture and the country's principal musical forms, tango and candombe. Candombe, a style of African-inflected music, is one of the defining features of the nation's culture, embraced equally by white and black citizens. This book offers a history of Afro-Uruguayans from the colonial period to the present. Showing how social and political mobilization is intertwined with candombe, it traces the development of Afro-Uruguayan racial discourse and argues that candombe's evolution as a central part of the nation's culture has not fundamentally helped the cause of racial equality. Incorporating lively descriptions of his own experiences as a member of a candombe drumming and performance group, the author consistently connects the struggles of Afro-Uruguayans to the broader issues of race, culture, gender, and politics throughout Latin America and the African diaspora generally.
