Charles Montgomery
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520229716
- eISBN:
- 9780520927377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520229716.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter investigates how manual arts were seen, rather quixotically, as a means of both preserving the folk from modern America and integrating them into a regional economy. The cachet of ...
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This chapter investigates how manual arts were seen, rather quixotically, as a means of both preserving the folk from modern America and integrating them into a regional economy. The cachet of “Spanish colonial arts” attracted writers, philanthropists, and tourists in numbers that “Mexican crafts” could not have matched. If the Fiesta presented los paisanos as a premodern folk culture, the arts revival demonstrated why that culture had to remain marginal to modern New Mexico. Frank Applegate's notion of Spanish colonial arts was premised on a highly selective and stylized story of efflorescence and decline. The Spanish arts revival was peculiar to northern New Mexico. As Santa Fe reveled in its Fiesta and art enthusiasts paid tribute to melancholy santos, poets and novelists were hard at work recasting the “Mexican” of long-standing literary repute into the salvation of a standardized America.Less
This chapter investigates how manual arts were seen, rather quixotically, as a means of both preserving the folk from modern America and integrating them into a regional economy. The cachet of “Spanish colonial arts” attracted writers, philanthropists, and tourists in numbers that “Mexican crafts” could not have matched. If the Fiesta presented los paisanos as a premodern folk culture, the arts revival demonstrated why that culture had to remain marginal to modern New Mexico. Frank Applegate's notion of Spanish colonial arts was premised on a highly selective and stylized story of efflorescence and decline. The Spanish arts revival was peculiar to northern New Mexico. As Santa Fe reveled in its Fiesta and art enthusiasts paid tribute to melancholy santos, poets and novelists were hard at work recasting the “Mexican” of long-standing literary repute into the salvation of a standardized America.
Charles Montgomery
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520229716
- eISBN:
- 9780520927377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520229716.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter reviews the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in architectural design. Indians in the 1880s were ready to be observed, studied, and even glorified. Supported by the railroad, tourism in ...
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This chapter reviews the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in architectural design. Indians in the 1880s were ready to be observed, studied, and even glorified. Supported by the railroad, tourism in turn-of-the-century New Mexico was transformed from a haphazard excursion among curio shops into a well-orchestrated encounter with Native American cultures. The connection between the railroad and a Spanish heritage was indirect: the line of influence ran first to southern California. The source of New Mexico's architectural inspiration was the railroad. Amid the claims and counterclaims, New Mexicans dedicated the Museum of Fine Arts. The Museum of New Mexico was devoted principally to the study of Native American archaeology and culture. The rejection presented indicated the racial inequality lurking behind perorations on a Spanish colonial civilization.Less
This chapter reviews the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in architectural design. Indians in the 1880s were ready to be observed, studied, and even glorified. Supported by the railroad, tourism in turn-of-the-century New Mexico was transformed from a haphazard excursion among curio shops into a well-orchestrated encounter with Native American cultures. The connection between the railroad and a Spanish heritage was indirect: the line of influence ran first to southern California. The source of New Mexico's architectural inspiration was the railroad. Amid the claims and counterclaims, New Mexicans dedicated the Museum of Fine Arts. The Museum of New Mexico was devoted principally to the study of Native American archaeology and culture. The rejection presented indicated the racial inequality lurking behind perorations on a Spanish colonial civilization.
Charles Montgomery
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520229716
- eISBN:
- 9780520927377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520229716.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The Cuarto Centennial paid tribute to multiple strands of the upper Rio Grande's modern Spanish heritage. As the summer of 1940 approached, Spanish colonial art and architecture, village folkways, ...
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The Cuarto Centennial paid tribute to multiple strands of the upper Rio Grande's modern Spanish heritage. As the summer of 1940 approached, Spanish colonial art and architecture, village folkways, and the Santa Fe Fiesta were all brought into the promotional spotlight. The image of Coronado as noble civilizer quickly spread beyond the inner circle of exposition organizers. Coronado's memorable quest for gold was incidental to interests of Anglo cattle ranchers, farm, railroad, and mine owners, and real estate developers. As the failure of the Coronado Cuarto Centennial Exposition makes plain, Spanish colonial symbolism may have intrigued the occasional traveler and big city critic, but its potency was limited to the upper Rio Grande. Just as the racial and cultural character of los paisanos has always divided Hispano New Mexico from the modern American nation, it was the Spanish revival that helped to close the gap.Less
The Cuarto Centennial paid tribute to multiple strands of the upper Rio Grande's modern Spanish heritage. As the summer of 1940 approached, Spanish colonial art and architecture, village folkways, and the Santa Fe Fiesta were all brought into the promotional spotlight. The image of Coronado as noble civilizer quickly spread beyond the inner circle of exposition organizers. Coronado's memorable quest for gold was incidental to interests of Anglo cattle ranchers, farm, railroad, and mine owners, and real estate developers. As the failure of the Coronado Cuarto Centennial Exposition makes plain, Spanish colonial symbolism may have intrigued the occasional traveler and big city critic, but its potency was limited to the upper Rio Grande. Just as the racial and cultural character of los paisanos has always divided Hispano New Mexico from the modern American nation, it was the Spanish revival that helped to close the gap.
Barbara L. Voss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813061252
- eISBN:
- 9780813051277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061252.003.0011
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Drawn into a web of nation building and empire, the Spanish-colonial settlers who established the Presidio of San Francisco in California were subjected to military and religious disciplines and ...
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Drawn into a web of nation building and empire, the Spanish-colonial settlers who established the Presidio of San Francisco in California were subjected to military and religious disciplines and transformed by their new roles and responsibilities. But the settlers were not simply passive cogs in a clockwork machinery of imperialism: they altered the very institutions that had enlisted them. Colonial ethnogenesis—the emergence and articulation of the shared identity, Californios—was one way that the military settlers transformed colonial systems of power. This study investigates the transformation of colonial identities on the micro-scale by closely examining archaeological and documentary evidence. The findings of this study have specific implications for historical, anthropological, and archaeological research on identity. While ethnogenesis provided the military settlers with some relief from Spanish-colonial racial hierarchies, in the end it did not protect them from discrimination after California’s annexation by the United States.Less
Drawn into a web of nation building and empire, the Spanish-colonial settlers who established the Presidio of San Francisco in California were subjected to military and religious disciplines and transformed by their new roles and responsibilities. But the settlers were not simply passive cogs in a clockwork machinery of imperialism: they altered the very institutions that had enlisted them. Colonial ethnogenesis—the emergence and articulation of the shared identity, Californios—was one way that the military settlers transformed colonial systems of power. This study investigates the transformation of colonial identities on the micro-scale by closely examining archaeological and documentary evidence. The findings of this study have specific implications for historical, anthropological, and archaeological research on identity. While ethnogenesis provided the military settlers with some relief from Spanish-colonial racial hierarchies, in the end it did not protect them from discrimination after California’s annexation by the United States.
Barbara L. Voss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813061252
- eISBN:
- 9780813051277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061252.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The Presidio of San Francisco, a Spanish colonial military settlement, was established on July 26, 1776 by a caravan of 193 men, women, and children who had traveled overland from Tubac, Arizona. In ...
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The Presidio of San Francisco, a Spanish colonial military settlement, was established on July 26, 1776 by a caravan of 193 men, women, and children who had traveled overland from Tubac, Arizona. In less than one short year, the San Francisco Bay area was transformed from the homeland of the Ohlone Native Californians into a landscape dominated by colonial institutions. The Presidio of San Francisco was the seat of colonial government and military activity. Six religious missions, staffed by Franciscan priests and colonial soldiers, were founded to aggregate Native Californians into centralized settlements and convert them to Christianity. Civilian pueblos served as centers of agricultural and craft production. The small community of military settlers at the Presidio of San Francisco was instrumental in establishing this network of colonial institutions that exerted control over indigenous peoples and their lands.Less
The Presidio of San Francisco, a Spanish colonial military settlement, was established on July 26, 1776 by a caravan of 193 men, women, and children who had traveled overland from Tubac, Arizona. In less than one short year, the San Francisco Bay area was transformed from the homeland of the Ohlone Native Californians into a landscape dominated by colonial institutions. The Presidio of San Francisco was the seat of colonial government and military activity. Six religious missions, staffed by Franciscan priests and colonial soldiers, were founded to aggregate Native Californians into centralized settlements and convert them to Christianity. Civilian pueblos served as centers of agricultural and craft production. The small community of military settlers at the Presidio of San Francisco was instrumental in establishing this network of colonial institutions that exerted control over indigenous peoples and their lands.
Stewart Brewer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033310
- eISBN:
- 9780813039527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033310.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This chapter examines the history of Ch'orti' Maya in eastern Guatemala under Imperial Spain. It suggests that throughout the eighteenth century, the Ch'orti' suffered in a variety of ways, including ...
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This chapter examines the history of Ch'orti' Maya in eastern Guatemala under Imperial Spain. It suggests that throughout the eighteenth century, the Ch'orti' suffered in a variety of ways, including from abuse and mistreatment, droughts, fires, epidemics, and pestilence. However, despite these challenges, the general population of Chiquimula continued to grow during the 1700s and 1800s. For the Ch'orti', the colonial period was a time of cultural, linguistic, economic and religious hegemony, as the Spanish colonial system dominated most aspects of their lives.Less
This chapter examines the history of Ch'orti' Maya in eastern Guatemala under Imperial Spain. It suggests that throughout the eighteenth century, the Ch'orti' suffered in a variety of ways, including from abuse and mistreatment, droughts, fires, epidemics, and pestilence. However, despite these challenges, the general population of Chiquimula continued to grow during the 1700s and 1800s. For the Ch'orti', the colonial period was a time of cultural, linguistic, economic and religious hegemony, as the Spanish colonial system dominated most aspects of their lives.
David Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804753586
- eISBN:
- 9780804776332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804753586.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses a surge of publication on science, medicine, and technology that occurred in colonial Spanish America. It argues that empirical studies of these publications resulted in new ...
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This chapter discusses a surge of publication on science, medicine, and technology that occurred in colonial Spanish America. It argues that empirical studies of these publications resulted in new interpretations and that new interpretations derived from radically new approaches to Ibero-American history increased. This chapter attempts to illustrate and assess these trends by critical discussion of a selection of important publications.Less
This chapter discusses a surge of publication on science, medicine, and technology that occurred in colonial Spanish America. It argues that empirical studies of these publications resulted in new interpretations and that new interpretations derived from radically new approaches to Ibero-American history increased. This chapter attempts to illustrate and assess these trends by critical discussion of a selection of important publications.
Brianna Leavitt-Alcántara
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781503603684
- eISBN:
- 9781503604391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503603684.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter introduces the book’s methodology, arguments, and scholarly significance. Most works on women and early modern religion focus on nuns, holy women, or religious “deviants,” and emphasize ...
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This chapter introduces the book’s methodology, arguments, and scholarly significance. Most works on women and early modern religion focus on nuns, holy women, or religious “deviants,” and emphasize rising hostility toward female autonomy as officials moved to enclose unmarried women and intensive female religiosity (e.g. mysticism, asceticism). This book takes a different approach and examines ordinary laywomen, particularly the broad population of non-elite women who frequently lived outside of both marriage and convent in colonial Spanish American cities. Through an analysis of approximately 550 wills, as well as a variety of other source materials such as hagiographies, religious chronicles, and ecclesiastical records, this study argues that the complex alliances forged between non-elite single women and the Catholic Church shaped local religion and the spiritual economy, late colonial reform efforts, and post-Independence politics in Guatemala’s capital.Less
This chapter introduces the book’s methodology, arguments, and scholarly significance. Most works on women and early modern religion focus on nuns, holy women, or religious “deviants,” and emphasize rising hostility toward female autonomy as officials moved to enclose unmarried women and intensive female religiosity (e.g. mysticism, asceticism). This book takes a different approach and examines ordinary laywomen, particularly the broad population of non-elite women who frequently lived outside of both marriage and convent in colonial Spanish American cities. Through an analysis of approximately 550 wills, as well as a variety of other source materials such as hagiographies, religious chronicles, and ecclesiastical records, this study argues that the complex alliances forged between non-elite single women and the Catholic Church shaped local religion and the spiritual economy, late colonial reform efforts, and post-Independence politics in Guatemala’s capital.
Brett Hendrickson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479815500
- eISBN:
- 9781479870547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479815500.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter begins with a nineteenth-century attempt by the Archdiocese of Santa Fe to obtain the privately owned Santuario. It then turns to the 1929 sale, which was orchestrated by Anglo artists ...
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This chapter begins with a nineteenth-century attempt by the Archdiocese of Santa Fe to obtain the privately owned Santuario. It then turns to the 1929 sale, which was orchestrated by Anglo artists and intellectuals in the newly formed Spanish Colonial Arts Society. The ostensible goal of buying the church was to preserve it for the Hispano population as well as its priceless Hispanic folk art, but the Spanish Colonial Arts Society immediately turned the deed over to the Archdiocese of Santa Fe, then under the leadership of Archbishop Daeger. The chapter provides an analysis of the racially charged decisions that were made concerning the ownership and fate of the Santuario. Key figures in the Spanish Colonial Arts Society who are discussed in the chapter include Mary Austin and John Gaw Meem.Less
This chapter begins with a nineteenth-century attempt by the Archdiocese of Santa Fe to obtain the privately owned Santuario. It then turns to the 1929 sale, which was orchestrated by Anglo artists and intellectuals in the newly formed Spanish Colonial Arts Society. The ostensible goal of buying the church was to preserve it for the Hispano population as well as its priceless Hispanic folk art, but the Spanish Colonial Arts Society immediately turned the deed over to the Archdiocese of Santa Fe, then under the leadership of Archbishop Daeger. The chapter provides an analysis of the racially charged decisions that were made concerning the ownership and fate of the Santuario. Key figures in the Spanish Colonial Arts Society who are discussed in the chapter include Mary Austin and John Gaw Meem.
Lisbeth Haas
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520276468
- eISBN:
- 9780520956742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520276468.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Chapter 1 examines the specific histories of colonization among Chumash, Luiseño, and Yokuts peoples. The chapter presents two indigenous territories where six missions and, in Chumash territory, a ...
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Chapter 1 examines the specific histories of colonization among Chumash, Luiseño, and Yokuts peoples. The chapter presents two indigenous territories where six missions and, in Chumash territory, a presidio settled. It incorporates the independent tribes that existed on the boundaries of settlement into this understanding of colonial geography. The chapter argues that the missions became sites of native authority and of indigenous memory, identity, and historical narration. They were also sites of colonial relocation, disease, and high numbers of deaths. Each mission developed its own character, because of the indigenous societies and geography they were part of. They developed their own identities and practices. Indigenous elders frequently translated Spanish catechism and prayer, and kin played the role of godparents, creating indigenous reflections on and interpretations of the ideas encountered therein. Indigenous translators rendered the Catholicism taught, and elders passed down historical accounts of the era of colonization that differed from Spanish historical imaginaries. The Yokuts remained independent of Spanish colonization, and yet they established long-term relationships between specific villages and particular missions. Yokuts territory also became a place of exile for Christian Indians, and the villages all possessed horses from the missions. This chapter situates Yokuts history within the circuit of violent relations that began with colonization and characterized northern Mexico.Less
Chapter 1 examines the specific histories of colonization among Chumash, Luiseño, and Yokuts peoples. The chapter presents two indigenous territories where six missions and, in Chumash territory, a presidio settled. It incorporates the independent tribes that existed on the boundaries of settlement into this understanding of colonial geography. The chapter argues that the missions became sites of native authority and of indigenous memory, identity, and historical narration. They were also sites of colonial relocation, disease, and high numbers of deaths. Each mission developed its own character, because of the indigenous societies and geography they were part of. They developed their own identities and practices. Indigenous elders frequently translated Spanish catechism and prayer, and kin played the role of godparents, creating indigenous reflections on and interpretations of the ideas encountered therein. Indigenous translators rendered the Catholicism taught, and elders passed down historical accounts of the era of colonization that differed from Spanish historical imaginaries. The Yokuts remained independent of Spanish colonization, and yet they established long-term relationships between specific villages and particular missions. Yokuts territory also became a place of exile for Christian Indians, and the villages all possessed horses from the missions. This chapter situates Yokuts history within the circuit of violent relations that began with colonization and characterized northern Mexico.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish ...
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Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.Less
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.
Barbara L. Voss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813061252
- eISBN:
- 9780813051277
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco sheds light on the genesis of the Californios, a community of military settlers who forged a new identity on the ...
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The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco sheds light on the genesis of the Californios, a community of military settlers who forged a new identity on the northwest edge of Spanish North America. The Presidio of San Francisco was founded by Spain in 1776 on California’s central coast as its northernmost military outpost in its North American territorial colonies. The fortification was garrisoned by a diverse community of families recruited from settlements in northern Mexico. Classified as castas, or people of mixed race, these families represented Native American, African, and European ancestry. Through historical archaeology conducted during 1993-2005, this study investigates the material practices that formed the basis for cultural identity formation, or ethnogenesis, among these diverse peoples. A close investigation of the landscape, architecture, ceramics, foodways, clothing, and other aspects of material culture traces the shifting contours of race and sexuality in colonial California. The military settlers cast off colonial classifications within only a few decades and adopted a new identity as Californios, an identity that in turn naturalized their dominance over Native Californians. An illuminating investigation of one historically significant site in California, the book at the same time shows how historical archaeology can help us understand colonial processes in other settings around the world.Less
The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco sheds light on the genesis of the Californios, a community of military settlers who forged a new identity on the northwest edge of Spanish North America. The Presidio of San Francisco was founded by Spain in 1776 on California’s central coast as its northernmost military outpost in its North American territorial colonies. The fortification was garrisoned by a diverse community of families recruited from settlements in northern Mexico. Classified as castas, or people of mixed race, these families represented Native American, African, and European ancestry. Through historical archaeology conducted during 1993-2005, this study investigates the material practices that formed the basis for cultural identity formation, or ethnogenesis, among these diverse peoples. A close investigation of the landscape, architecture, ceramics, foodways, clothing, and other aspects of material culture traces the shifting contours of race and sexuality in colonial California. The military settlers cast off colonial classifications within only a few decades and adopted a new identity as Californios, an identity that in turn naturalized their dominance over Native Californians. An illuminating investigation of one historically significant site in California, the book at the same time shows how historical archaeology can help us understand colonial processes in other settings around the world.
Lisbeth Haas
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520276468
- eISBN:
- 9780520956742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520276468.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Indian did not convey a single status in Mexico but varied, depending on place and circumstance. This chapter investigates what it meant to become Indian in colonial California and argues that, ...
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Indian did not convey a single status in Mexico but varied, depending on place and circumstance. This chapter investigates what it meant to become Indian in colonial California and argues that, despite their status as indio, indigenous people found ways to access power and find “redress” at the missions. The identity of Indians emerged within a colonial society already shaped by indigenous histories and peoples. But the meaning of those indigenous pasts had been erased in casta identities, including indio. In California, attempts to erase involved new forms of dress and standards governing time, language, work, and behavior. Textile production placed artisans and workers in a similar status as bound labor in Mexico. In their attempt to erase and reinscribe indigenous thought and practice, the missionaries regularly denied the legitimacy of indigenous authority figures and knowledge. Indigenous sources focus without equivocation on native authority, knowledge, and power. While dressing reinforced status, “redressing” formed one way that indigenous people could transform conditions. The aesthetics of dress and the body involved systems of representation and knowledge. Dance restored dignity, well-being, and authority. Dancers could produce knowledge and rectify and transform conditions through dance. In dressing, translation, and dance, indigenous cultures often incorporated colonial and Spanish things, which then acquired meanings that helped the indigenous communities at the missions survive.Less
Indian did not convey a single status in Mexico but varied, depending on place and circumstance. This chapter investigates what it meant to become Indian in colonial California and argues that, despite their status as indio, indigenous people found ways to access power and find “redress” at the missions. The identity of Indians emerged within a colonial society already shaped by indigenous histories and peoples. But the meaning of those indigenous pasts had been erased in casta identities, including indio. In California, attempts to erase involved new forms of dress and standards governing time, language, work, and behavior. Textile production placed artisans and workers in a similar status as bound labor in Mexico. In their attempt to erase and reinscribe indigenous thought and practice, the missionaries regularly denied the legitimacy of indigenous authority figures and knowledge. Indigenous sources focus without equivocation on native authority, knowledge, and power. While dressing reinforced status, “redressing” formed one way that indigenous people could transform conditions. The aesthetics of dress and the body involved systems of representation and knowledge. Dance restored dignity, well-being, and authority. Dancers could produce knowledge and rectify and transform conditions through dance. In dressing, translation, and dance, indigenous cultures often incorporated colonial and Spanish things, which then acquired meanings that helped the indigenous communities at the missions survive.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770866
- eISBN:
- 9780804773812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770866.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about sacred music in mission communities throughout northern New Spain from the founding of the northern missions in the late ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about sacred music in mission communities throughout northern New Spain from the founding of the northern missions in the late sixteenth century until the end of Spanish colonial rule. This volume is divided into three main sections. The first section examines pre-Hispanic indigenous and European liturgical music cultures prior to the cultural encounters between the groups, the second part studies the way in which the varied musical cultures came into contact within the context of evangelization in mission communities, and the final section looks thematically at the role of music and dance in reshaping time and space in northern New Spain.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about sacred music in mission communities throughout northern New Spain from the founding of the northern missions in the late sixteenth century until the end of Spanish colonial rule. This volume is divided into three main sections. The first section examines pre-Hispanic indigenous and European liturgical music cultures prior to the cultural encounters between the groups, the second part studies the way in which the varied musical cultures came into contact within the context of evangelization in mission communities, and the final section looks thematically at the role of music and dance in reshaping time and space in northern New Spain.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explains how the conquest and establishment of Spanish colonial rule led to a population decline in the Philippines. Once Spain had established a permanent foothold in the islands, their ...
More
This chapter explains how the conquest and establishment of Spanish colonial rule led to a population decline in the Philippines. Once Spain had established a permanent foothold in the islands, their retention of the colony continued to depend on Filipino tribute and labor. Native tribute constituted one of the two main sources of Crown revenue in the Philippines, the other being taxes derived from the galleon trade. This chapter first provides an overview of Spanish bureaucracy in the Philippines before discussing the system of tribute payments and vandalas introduced to the islands, along with the polo that required Filipinos to work as forced laborers. It then considers the acquisition of land by the missionary orders, Spain's hostility toward Islam in the Philippines, and the demographic impact of the Hispano-Dutch War. It also examines how climatic change may have contributed to depopulation in the seventeenth century. It argues that the Spanish empire's dependence on the native population for the survival of the colony often led to exploitation, continuing conflict, and population decline.Less
This chapter explains how the conquest and establishment of Spanish colonial rule led to a population decline in the Philippines. Once Spain had established a permanent foothold in the islands, their retention of the colony continued to depend on Filipino tribute and labor. Native tribute constituted one of the two main sources of Crown revenue in the Philippines, the other being taxes derived from the galleon trade. This chapter first provides an overview of Spanish bureaucracy in the Philippines before discussing the system of tribute payments and vandalas introduced to the islands, along with the polo that required Filipinos to work as forced laborers. It then considers the acquisition of land by the missionary orders, Spain's hostility toward Islam in the Philippines, and the demographic impact of the Hispano-Dutch War. It also examines how climatic change may have contributed to depopulation in the seventeenth century. It argues that the Spanish empire's dependence on the native population for the survival of the colony often led to exploitation, continuing conflict, and population decline.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other ...
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This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.Less
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.
Grace Barretto-Tesoro and Vito Hernandez
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813054346
- eISBN:
- 9780813053073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813054346.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The old town (Pinagbayanan) of San Juan in Batangas, Philippines was established along the coast of Tayabas Bay in the 1840s during the late Spanish Colonial Period. Popular history recounts its ...
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The old town (Pinagbayanan) of San Juan in Batangas, Philippines was established along the coast of Tayabas Bay in the 1840s during the late Spanish Colonial Period. Popular history recounts its relocation 7 km inland to its current location in 1890 because of seasonal flooding. Geoarchaeological landscape data from two stone houses and the old church complex are used alongside ethnohistorical accounts to explore this period further. Archival documents document the conflict between the priest and the residents in transferring the town. By integrating these data, this chapter explores the power of the church and resilience of the townspeople. This argument analyzes how two prominent groups responded to the same flooding event in the context of local resilience and resistance to Spanish demands. The results are tied to the larger context of Spanish colonial occupation of the Philippines.Less
The old town (Pinagbayanan) of San Juan in Batangas, Philippines was established along the coast of Tayabas Bay in the 1840s during the late Spanish Colonial Period. Popular history recounts its relocation 7 km inland to its current location in 1890 because of seasonal flooding. Geoarchaeological landscape data from two stone houses and the old church complex are used alongside ethnohistorical accounts to explore this period further. Archival documents document the conflict between the priest and the residents in transferring the town. By integrating these data, this chapter explores the power of the church and resilience of the townspeople. This argument analyzes how two prominent groups responded to the same flooding event in the context of local resilience and resistance to Spanish demands. The results are tied to the larger context of Spanish colonial occupation of the Philippines.
Barbara L. Voss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813061252
- eISBN:
- 9780813051277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061252.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The strong relationship between Spanish colonial ethnogenesis and place is a reminder that the colonization of California was a transformation of spatial relations. The interplay between landscape ...
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The strong relationship between Spanish colonial ethnogenesis and place is a reminder that the colonization of California was a transformation of spatial relations. The interplay between landscape and colonial ethnogenesis is studied on four interrelated scales. First, military regulations established defensive cordons and prescribed architectural master plans for military outposts. Second, the spatial organization of colonial military aggression removed the Presidio of San Francisco from the front lines of colonial violence. Third, the Presidio of San Francisco’s colonial landscape developed through the adaptation of official regulations to local needs; the spatial segregation of Native American material culture indicates the separation of living quarters for colonists and indigenous people. Fourth, the individual experience of landscape and identity is demonstrated through the life history of one colonial women, Juana Briones. This multi-scalar approach highlights the ongoing play between institution and community in the transformation of social identities.Less
The strong relationship between Spanish colonial ethnogenesis and place is a reminder that the colonization of California was a transformation of spatial relations. The interplay between landscape and colonial ethnogenesis is studied on four interrelated scales. First, military regulations established defensive cordons and prescribed architectural master plans for military outposts. Second, the spatial organization of colonial military aggression removed the Presidio of San Francisco from the front lines of colonial violence. Third, the Presidio of San Francisco’s colonial landscape developed through the adaptation of official regulations to local needs; the spatial segregation of Native American material culture indicates the separation of living quarters for colonists and indigenous people. Fourth, the individual experience of landscape and identity is demonstrated through the life history of one colonial women, Juana Briones. This multi-scalar approach highlights the ongoing play between institution and community in the transformation of social identities.
Barbara L. Voss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813061252
- eISBN:
- 9780813051277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061252.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
At the Presidio of San Francisco, dress was a central practice involved in the process of Spanish-colonial ethnogenesis. Many studies of identity transformation in the Spanish Americas have suggested ...
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At the Presidio of San Francisco, dress was a central practice involved in the process of Spanish-colonial ethnogenesis. Many studies of identity transformation in the Spanish Americas have suggested that clothing was a means through which people could transform their identity. However, the artifacts and archives of the Presidio of San Francisco point instead towards the central role of colonial institutions in ‘fashioning’ colonial subjects. Government-issue clothing functioned as a social leveler among the new Californios. Both archaeological and documentary evidence shows that colonial men negotiated their relative status with one another through practices and discourses of dress. The dress worn by women and children is not as well understood. The absence of objects of apparel associated with Native Californians suggest that the colonists chose not to incorporate Native Californian dress in their bodily routines.Less
At the Presidio of San Francisco, dress was a central practice involved in the process of Spanish-colonial ethnogenesis. Many studies of identity transformation in the Spanish Americas have suggested that clothing was a means through which people could transform their identity. However, the artifacts and archives of the Presidio of San Francisco point instead towards the central role of colonial institutions in ‘fashioning’ colonial subjects. Government-issue clothing functioned as a social leveler among the new Californios. Both archaeological and documentary evidence shows that colonial men negotiated their relative status with one another through practices and discourses of dress. The dress worn by women and children is not as well understood. The absence of objects of apparel associated with Native Californians suggest that the colonists chose not to incorporate Native Californian dress in their bodily routines.
Lanfranco Blanchetti-Revelli
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520227477
- eISBN:
- 9780520935693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520227477.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores the changing relations of the state and Muslim Filipinos by taking a long historical view, analyzing the historical vicissitudes of the meanings of the term Moro over the more ...
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This chapter explores the changing relations of the state and Muslim Filipinos by taking a long historical view, analyzing the historical vicissitudes of the meanings of the term Moro over the more than four centuries from the Spanish colonial period to the present-day militant and separatist MNLF. In large part as a result of the Spanish colonial period (1565–1898), the Philippines has been divided into three distinct social formations: The dominant Christian lowland population of the northern islands, the marginal pagan upland groups throughout the islands, and the oppositional Muslim groups of the southern islands. Employing a designation used during the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish colonists called Muslims in the Philippines “Moros,” a pejorative term, and the Muslims appear to have called themselves Islam.Less
This chapter explores the changing relations of the state and Muslim Filipinos by taking a long historical view, analyzing the historical vicissitudes of the meanings of the term Moro over the more than four centuries from the Spanish colonial period to the present-day militant and separatist MNLF. In large part as a result of the Spanish colonial period (1565–1898), the Philippines has been divided into three distinct social formations: The dominant Christian lowland population of the northern islands, the marginal pagan upland groups throughout the islands, and the oppositional Muslim groups of the southern islands. Employing a designation used during the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish colonists called Muslims in the Philippines “Moros,” a pejorative term, and the Muslims appear to have called themselves Islam.
