Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and ...
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With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.Less
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.
D. R. M. Irving
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378269
- eISBN:
- 9780199864614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378269.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of ...
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This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.Less
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.
Thomas James Dandelet
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300089561
- eISBN:
- 9780300133776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300089561.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. ...
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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. This book tells the story of the meeting of these two great empires at a critical moment in European history. The author explores the close relationship between the Spanish Empire and Papal Rome that developed in the dynamic period of the Italian Renaissance and the Spanish Golden Age. He examines on the one hand the role the Spanish Empire played in shaping Roman politics, economics, culture, society, and religion, and on the other the role the papacy played in Spanish imperial politics and the development of Spanish absolutism and monarchical power. Reconstructing the large Spanish community in Rome during this period, the book reveals the strategies used by the Spanish monarchs and their agents that successfully brought Rome and the papacy under their control. Spanish ambassadors, courtiers, and merchants in Rome carried out a subtle but effective conquest by means of a distinctive “informal” imperialism that relied largely on patronage politics. As Spain's power grew, Rome enjoyed enormous gains as well, and the close relations they developed became a powerful influence on the political, social, economic, and religious life not only of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas but also of Catholic Reformation Europe as a whole.Less
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. This book tells the story of the meeting of these two great empires at a critical moment in European history. The author explores the close relationship between the Spanish Empire and Papal Rome that developed in the dynamic period of the Italian Renaissance and the Spanish Golden Age. He examines on the one hand the role the Spanish Empire played in shaping Roman politics, economics, culture, society, and religion, and on the other the role the papacy played in Spanish imperial politics and the development of Spanish absolutism and monarchical power. Reconstructing the large Spanish community in Rome during this period, the book reveals the strategies used by the Spanish monarchs and their agents that successfully brought Rome and the papacy under their control. Spanish ambassadors, courtiers, and merchants in Rome carried out a subtle but effective conquest by means of a distinctive “informal” imperialism that relied largely on patronage politics. As Spain's power grew, Rome enjoyed enormous gains as well, and the close relations they developed became a powerful influence on the political, social, economic, and religious life not only of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas but also of Catholic Reformation Europe as a whole.
Zvi Ben‐Dor Benite
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195307337
- eISBN:
- 9780199867868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307337.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through ...
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This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through telling the story of Canary Island’s discovery several decades before. It also shows how the Ten Tribes were “removed” by European cartographers from their “original” locations in Ethiopia and Central Asia and placed in northeastern Siberia. From there they crossed the water barriers to the Americas. The chapter also discusses how the reformation affected Christian thinking about the ten tribes and heightened the debates about them among Christian thinkers, such as Sebastian Munster, John Calvin, and others. The chapter also discusses how the ten tribes became central in Spanish thinking after the conquest of America. Finally, the chapter shows how the story of the ten tribes became briefly fused with the myth of Atlantis and the history of the Scythians.Less
This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through telling the story of Canary Island’s discovery several decades before. It also shows how the Ten Tribes were “removed” by European cartographers from their “original” locations in Ethiopia and Central Asia and placed in northeastern Siberia. From there they crossed the water barriers to the Americas. The chapter also discusses how the reformation affected Christian thinking about the ten tribes and heightened the debates about them among Christian thinkers, such as Sebastian Munster, John Calvin, and others. The chapter also discusses how the ten tribes became central in Spanish thinking after the conquest of America. Finally, the chapter shows how the story of the ten tribes became briefly fused with the myth of Atlantis and the history of the Scythians.
Sebastian Balfour
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205074
- eISBN:
- 9780191676482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205074.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
It could be said that Spain lost her Empire twice over. In the early 19th century she lost her colonies on mainland America after protracted wars of independence. And at the end of the century, Spain ...
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It could be said that Spain lost her Empire twice over. In the early 19th century she lost her colonies on mainland America after protracted wars of independence. And at the end of the century, Spain lost the remnants of her old overseas empire after the Spanish–American War of 1898. The loss of all of Spain's mainland American Empire by the mid-1820s was the result of the fragility of her imperial system in a new age of national revolution. The paternalist bonds joining the Empire together were severely weakened by Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808 and after his defeat, by the domestic conflict in Spain between absolutism and liberalism. The imperial system, designed both for the glory of the monarch and the Church and for the economic benefit of the metropolis, disintegrated under the impact of war and civil war at its heart.Less
It could be said that Spain lost her Empire twice over. In the early 19th century she lost her colonies on mainland America after protracted wars of independence. And at the end of the century, Spain lost the remnants of her old overseas empire after the Spanish–American War of 1898. The loss of all of Spain's mainland American Empire by the mid-1820s was the result of the fragility of her imperial system in a new age of national revolution. The paternalist bonds joining the Empire together were severely weakened by Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808 and after his defeat, by the domestic conflict in Spain between absolutism and liberalism. The imperial system, designed both for the glory of the monarch and the Church and for the economic benefit of the metropolis, disintegrated under the impact of war and civil war at its heart.
Javier Krauel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846319761
- eISBN:
- 9781781380963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846319761.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The introduction clarifies the terms of the discussion about the emotional attachments to Spain’s imperial past present in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century national imaginaries. It ...
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The introduction clarifies the terms of the discussion about the emotional attachments to Spain’s imperial past present in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century national imaginaries. It argues that the Spanish Empire was an overdetermined cultural emblem with an ambivalent presence in the turn-of-the-century cultural scene, and it suggests that such emblem was the object of a number of contradictory emotions that have gone largely unnoticed. It also claims that the essay, because of its generic and rhetorical particularities, is a genre distinctly suited for understanding how empire became an object of national emotions (as opposed to national affects).Less
The introduction clarifies the terms of the discussion about the emotional attachments to Spain’s imperial past present in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century national imaginaries. It argues that the Spanish Empire was an overdetermined cultural emblem with an ambivalent presence in the turn-of-the-century cultural scene, and it suggests that such emblem was the object of a number of contradictory emotions that have gone largely unnoticed. It also claims that the essay, because of its generic and rhetorical particularities, is a genre distinctly suited for understanding how empire became an object of national emotions (as opposed to national affects).
Paul W. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833957
- eISBN:
- 9781469600987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807833957.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses early modern Europe's engagement with western North American geography. Since Spain initiated the engagement, it is with the Spanish Empire that a study of the influence of ...
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This chapter discusses early modern Europe's engagement with western North American geography. Since Spain initiated the engagement, it is with the Spanish Empire that a study of the influence of western geographic ideas properly begins. From the vantage point of the early twenty-first century, with the results of the last two and a half centuries of geographic investigation close at hand, it is remarkable how little early- and mid-eighteenth-century Spanish officials knew about the North American continent their empire had been colonizing since 1519. The effects of their uncertainty can be more completely and easily understood if the extent of and reasons for this Spanish geographic ignorance gets more attention.Less
This chapter discusses early modern Europe's engagement with western North American geography. Since Spain initiated the engagement, it is with the Spanish Empire that a study of the influence of western geographic ideas properly begins. From the vantage point of the early twenty-first century, with the results of the last two and a half centuries of geographic investigation close at hand, it is remarkable how little early- and mid-eighteenth-century Spanish officials knew about the North American continent their empire had been colonizing since 1519. The effects of their uncertainty can be more completely and easily understood if the extent of and reasons for this Spanish geographic ignorance gets more attention.
Sebastian Balfour
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205074
- eISBN:
- 9780191676482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205074.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Disaster of 1898 and the loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire cast a long shadow over the history of 20th-century Spain. For several decades after the event, the Disaster remained the ...
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The Disaster of 1898 and the loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire cast a long shadow over the history of 20th-century Spain. For several decades after the event, the Disaster remained the archetype of military grievances and a mythical reference-point for the right in general. The end of the Spanish Empire as an organizing myth can be said to have occurred only when the dictatorship abandoned its bankrupt policy of autarky and Spain completed her long cycle of modernization in an accelerated burst of development in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of imperial nostalgia was concomitant with the almost universal spread of democratic and secular values that accompanied this modernization. It was then that Spain shed her last colony, the Spanish Sahara, in 1973, embraced democracy in 1976 and joined the European Community in 1986.Less
The Disaster of 1898 and the loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire cast a long shadow over the history of 20th-century Spain. For several decades after the event, the Disaster remained the archetype of military grievances and a mythical reference-point for the right in general. The end of the Spanish Empire as an organizing myth can be said to have occurred only when the dictatorship abandoned its bankrupt policy of autarky and Spain completed her long cycle of modernization in an accelerated burst of development in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of imperial nostalgia was concomitant with the almost universal spread of democratic and secular values that accompanied this modernization. It was then that Spain shed her last colony, the Spanish Sahara, in 1973, embraced democracy in 1976 and joined the European Community in 1986.
Paul W. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833957
- eISBN:
- 9781469600987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807833957.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses on the Spanish Empire, the policies of which—because of its geographic position, lingering power, and manifest potential—rival mid-eighteenth-century French and British statesmen ...
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This chapter focuses on the Spanish Empire, the policies of which—because of its geographic position, lingering power, and manifest potential—rival mid-eighteenth-century French and British statesmen vied to bring in line with their own objectives. To contemporary French observers, and to later imperial and diplomatic historians, this policy has presented something of a riddle. In particular, Spanish relations with Britain were warmer and Spanish relations with France more distant than circumstances would seem to dictate. Between 1748 and 1756, while France and Britain tottered from tension to hostility to war, Spain stood largely apart from Anglo-French conflict, maintaining civil relations with both powers but following the lead of neither. Not only did Spain avoid allying with France until 1761 but, in a century marked by six Anglo-Spanish wars and countless skirmishes, Anglo-Spanish relations between 1750 and 1757 were remarkably cordial.Less
This chapter focuses on the Spanish Empire, the policies of which—because of its geographic position, lingering power, and manifest potential—rival mid-eighteenth-century French and British statesmen vied to bring in line with their own objectives. To contemporary French observers, and to later imperial and diplomatic historians, this policy has presented something of a riddle. In particular, Spanish relations with Britain were warmer and Spanish relations with France more distant than circumstances would seem to dictate. Between 1748 and 1756, while France and Britain tottered from tension to hostility to war, Spain stood largely apart from Anglo-French conflict, maintaining civil relations with both powers but following the lead of neither. Not only did Spain avoid allying with France until 1761 but, in a century marked by six Anglo-Spanish wars and countless skirmishes, Anglo-Spanish relations between 1750 and 1757 were remarkably cordial.
Sebastian Balfour
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205074
- eISBN:
- 9780191676482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205074.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Disaster exposed as a terrible delusion the belief that Spain was at least a middle-ranking world power — a belief that was a central component of the national culture. The loss of the last ...
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The Disaster exposed as a terrible delusion the belief that Spain was at least a middle-ranking world power — a belief that was a central component of the national culture. The loss of the last remnants of the Empire provoked a severe post-imperial crisis among sections of Spanish society, one that had been delayed since the early 19th century. Spain's political system, its national character, and Spanish nationhood itself now began to be widely questioned. This crisis was all the more acute because it occurred at the highest point in the age of empire, when the possession of colonies was seen as the bench-mark of a nation's fitness to survive. As the nation-state became consolidated in many other European countries, the nation-state in Spain was increasingly being weakened by centrifugal forces, as a result of the unevenness of modernization. Parts of Spain were undergoing a rapid process of social and economic transformation while vast areas of the country remained unmodernized. The widening economic gap between the two generated increasing political and cultural contradictions which made any resolution of the crisis of the political system even more difficult to achieve.Less
The Disaster exposed as a terrible delusion the belief that Spain was at least a middle-ranking world power — a belief that was a central component of the national culture. The loss of the last remnants of the Empire provoked a severe post-imperial crisis among sections of Spanish society, one that had been delayed since the early 19th century. Spain's political system, its national character, and Spanish nationhood itself now began to be widely questioned. This crisis was all the more acute because it occurred at the highest point in the age of empire, when the possession of colonies was seen as the bench-mark of a nation's fitness to survive. As the nation-state became consolidated in many other European countries, the nation-state in Spain was increasingly being weakened by centrifugal forces, as a result of the unevenness of modernization. Parts of Spain were undergoing a rapid process of social and economic transformation while vast areas of the country remained unmodernized. The widening economic gap between the two generated increasing political and cultural contradictions which made any resolution of the crisis of the political system even more difficult to achieve.
Christopher Schmidt-Nowara
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631097
- eISBN:
- 9781469631110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631097.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Spain is strangely neglected in most accounts of the international context of the American Civil War, but as Christopher Schmidt-Nowara shows in his essay, it played a major role in the crisis of the ...
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Spain is strangely neglected in most accounts of the international context of the American Civil War, but as Christopher Schmidt-Nowara shows in his essay, it played a major role in the crisis of the 1860s. Spain leapt to take advantage of the secession crisis, and sought to strengthen slavery and sovereignty in its Antillean colonies, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Its aggressive foreign policy in the Americas backfired, however, and by the end of the de cade, Spain confronted grave challenges to both slavery and sovereignty, like those that the United States faced earlier.Less
Spain is strangely neglected in most accounts of the international context of the American Civil War, but as Christopher Schmidt-Nowara shows in his essay, it played a major role in the crisis of the 1860s. Spain leapt to take advantage of the secession crisis, and sought to strengthen slavery and sovereignty in its Antillean colonies, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Its aggressive foreign policy in the Americas backfired, however, and by the end of the de cade, Spain confronted grave challenges to both slavery and sovereignty, like those that the United States faced earlier.
Paul W. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833957
- eISBN:
- 9781469600987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807833957.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter argues that the antecedents to direct French trade with Peru and Chile in the first decades of the eighteenth century lay in the last three decades of the seventeenth. From the 1670s to ...
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This chapter argues that the antecedents to direct French trade with Peru and Chile in the first decades of the eighteenth century lay in the last three decades of the seventeenth. From the 1670s to the early 1690s, simultaneously pushed by imperial efforts to curtail Caribbean piracy and pulled by the lure of lightly guarded Spanish cities and treasure ships, buccaneers had journeyed into the Pacific by crossing the Isthmus of Panama or sailing around South America. They plagued the Americas' western shores, burning towns, taking ships, disrupting trade, and forcing the Spanish Empire to divert scarce pesos to defend a region usually protected by isolation. Ulloa remarked in his 1748 Voyage to South America that the city of Guayaquil still suffered from being pillaged by pirates in 1686. After sustaining numerous such costly attacks, Spain's Pacific colonies finally succeeded in the 1690s in driving the pirates away.Less
This chapter argues that the antecedents to direct French trade with Peru and Chile in the first decades of the eighteenth century lay in the last three decades of the seventeenth. From the 1670s to the early 1690s, simultaneously pushed by imperial efforts to curtail Caribbean piracy and pulled by the lure of lightly guarded Spanish cities and treasure ships, buccaneers had journeyed into the Pacific by crossing the Isthmus of Panama or sailing around South America. They plagued the Americas' western shores, burning towns, taking ships, disrupting trade, and forcing the Spanish Empire to divert scarce pesos to defend a region usually protected by isolation. Ulloa remarked in his 1748 Voyage to South America that the city of Guayaquil still suffered from being pillaged by pirates in 1686. After sustaining numerous such costly attacks, Spain's Pacific colonies finally succeeded in the 1690s in driving the pirates away.
J. C. A. Stagg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300139051
- eISBN:
- 9780300153286
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300139051.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In examining how the United States gained control over the northern borderlands of Spanish America, this work reassesses the diplomacy of President James Madison. Historians have assumed that ...
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In examining how the United States gained control over the northern borderlands of Spanish America, this work reassesses the diplomacy of President James Madison. Historians have assumed that Madison's motive in sending agents into the Spanish borderlands between 1810 and 1813 was to subvert Spanish rule, but the author argues that his real intent was to find peaceful and legal resolutions to long-standing disputes over the boundaries of Louisiana at a time when the Spanish-American Empire was in the process of dissolution. Drawing on an array of American, British, French, and Spanish sources, he describes how a myriad cast of local leaders, officials, and other small players affected the borderlands diplomacy between the United States and Spain, and casts new light on Madison's contribution to early American expansionism.Less
In examining how the United States gained control over the northern borderlands of Spanish America, this work reassesses the diplomacy of President James Madison. Historians have assumed that Madison's motive in sending agents into the Spanish borderlands between 1810 and 1813 was to subvert Spanish rule, but the author argues that his real intent was to find peaceful and legal resolutions to long-standing disputes over the boundaries of Louisiana at a time when the Spanish-American Empire was in the process of dissolution. Drawing on an array of American, British, French, and Spanish sources, he describes how a myriad cast of local leaders, officials, and other small players affected the borderlands diplomacy between the United States and Spain, and casts new light on Madison's contribution to early American expansionism.
Brian P. Owensby
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814771167
- eISBN:
- 9780814708316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814771167.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines indigenous customary law and tribunals in the Spanish Empire's “republic” of the Indians, with particular emphasis on the role of “Indians” in Spanish imperial thought. It ...
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This chapter examines indigenous customary law and tribunals in the Spanish Empire's “republic” of the Indians, with particular emphasis on the role of “Indians” in Spanish imperial thought. It begins by providing a background on the reign of the Hapsburg monarchy in the New World and proceeds with a discussion of the political-philosophical difficulties faced by the Spanish monarchy amid Bourbon efforts to reform imperial rule. It then considers the differences between the Hapsburg and Bourbon depictions of indigenous people and their implications for the philosophical foundations of Spanish rule as well as the practice of legal pluralism in the New World. It also analyzes the tensions between the white paper Nuevo sistema de gobierno económico para la América and the paired manuscripts Representación verdadera y exclamación and Breve y compendiosa satisfacción as well as the impact of their proposals in the policy circles from which subsequent reforms emerged.Less
This chapter examines indigenous customary law and tribunals in the Spanish Empire's “republic” of the Indians, with particular emphasis on the role of “Indians” in Spanish imperial thought. It begins by providing a background on the reign of the Hapsburg monarchy in the New World and proceeds with a discussion of the political-philosophical difficulties faced by the Spanish monarchy amid Bourbon efforts to reform imperial rule. It then considers the differences between the Hapsburg and Bourbon depictions of indigenous people and their implications for the philosophical foundations of Spanish rule as well as the practice of legal pluralism in the New World. It also analyzes the tensions between the white paper Nuevo sistema de gobierno económico para la América and the paired manuscripts Representación verdadera y exclamación and Breve y compendiosa satisfacción as well as the impact of their proposals in the policy circles from which subsequent reforms emerged.
Daniela Bleichmar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226058535
- eISBN:
- 9780226058559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226058559.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines the natural history expeditions of the Spanish Empire and outlines the mode of work. It explains that the expeditions were part of ambitious program of imperial science which ...
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This chapter examines the natural history expeditions of the Spanish Empire and outlines the mode of work. It explains that the expeditions were part of ambitious program of imperial science which pursued multiple and interconnected objectives and brought together European and American naturalists, artists, administrators, and various local inhabitants. It also highlights the role of visual materials in the investigation of New World nature.Less
This chapter examines the natural history expeditions of the Spanish Empire and outlines the mode of work. It explains that the expeditions were part of ambitious program of imperial science which pursued multiple and interconnected objectives and brought together European and American naturalists, artists, administrators, and various local inhabitants. It also highlights the role of visual materials in the investigation of New World nature.
Vera Tiesler, Pilar Zabala, and Andrea Cucina (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034928
- eISBN:
- 9780813039626
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The town of San Francisco de Campeche was founded in 1540 and, during the first two centuries of the colonies, served as one of the key Mexican ports of the Spanish Empire. The chapters in this ...
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The town of San Francisco de Campeche was founded in 1540 and, during the first two centuries of the colonies, served as one of the key Mexican ports of the Spanish Empire. The chapters in this volume are based on research on archival written documents, architectural plans, maps, ceramic artifacts, and bioarchaeological data from human remains recovered at the original Catholic cemetery and they aim to reconstruct a dramatic story of colonial life and death. The documents reveal the religious and political strategies used by the Spanish Crown to implant European society; the skeletal evidence traces the human side of the story: physical hardship, the ravages of disease, body modifications (especially of teeth) to denote status, and forced assimilation of both natives and Africans. These nuanced discussions and insights reveal much about the complex, multiracial tapestry of the early Colonial period in Mexico.Less
The town of San Francisco de Campeche was founded in 1540 and, during the first two centuries of the colonies, served as one of the key Mexican ports of the Spanish Empire. The chapters in this volume are based on research on archival written documents, architectural plans, maps, ceramic artifacts, and bioarchaeological data from human remains recovered at the original Catholic cemetery and they aim to reconstruct a dramatic story of colonial life and death. The documents reveal the religious and political strategies used by the Spanish Crown to implant European society; the skeletal evidence traces the human side of the story: physical hardship, the ravages of disease, body modifications (especially of teeth) to denote status, and forced assimilation of both natives and Africans. These nuanced discussions and insights reveal much about the complex, multiracial tapestry of the early Colonial period in Mexico.
Randall Lesaffer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795575
- eISBN:
- 9780191836893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795575.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The Spanish intervention under Phillip II in the French Wars of Religion during the 1590s was seen as a high point of Spain’s bid for universal monarchy over Christian Europe. This chapter explores ...
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The Spanish intervention under Phillip II in the French Wars of Religion during the 1590s was seen as a high point of Spain’s bid for universal monarchy over Christian Europe. This chapter explores Spain’s justification of its intervention to tease out the legal doctrines applied. The two main documents through which Spain justified its intervention, the declaration issued in March 1590 after Spain’s decision to send armies to France in aid of the Catholic League, and the 1595 counter-declaration following Henry IV of France’s declaration of war against Spain, are analysed. It is argued that Spain adhered closely to the traditional discourse of just war. The major thrust of its efforts at justification was directed at persuading target audiences that intervention was necessary to safeguard higher interests. For this Spain relied on a strategy which can be dubbed ‘hegemonic’ or ‘imperial’ defence, whereby the conservation of the position of the Spanish-Habsburg empire was equated to the universal interests of the community of Christian princes, and thus of the one true, Catholic faith.Less
The Spanish intervention under Phillip II in the French Wars of Religion during the 1590s was seen as a high point of Spain’s bid for universal monarchy over Christian Europe. This chapter explores Spain’s justification of its intervention to tease out the legal doctrines applied. The two main documents through which Spain justified its intervention, the declaration issued in March 1590 after Spain’s decision to send armies to France in aid of the Catholic League, and the 1595 counter-declaration following Henry IV of France’s declaration of war against Spain, are analysed. It is argued that Spain adhered closely to the traditional discourse of just war. The major thrust of its efforts at justification was directed at persuading target audiences that intervention was necessary to safeguard higher interests. For this Spain relied on a strategy which can be dubbed ‘hegemonic’ or ‘imperial’ defence, whereby the conservation of the position of the Spanish-Habsburg empire was equated to the universal interests of the community of Christian princes, and thus of the one true, Catholic faith.
Daniela Bleichmar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226058535
- eISBN:
- 9780226058559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226058559.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the visual culture and natural history in the Spanish Empire. This volume examines the twelve thousand images created ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the visual culture and natural history in the Spanish Empire. This volume examines the twelve thousand images created between the late 1770s and the early 1800s which depict plants from all corners of the Spanish Empire outside of Europe, including much of the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Philippines. It aims to trace the history of Spanish scientific expeditions in the Age of Enlightenment and the history of visual evidence in both science and administration in the early modern Spanish Empire.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the visual culture and natural history in the Spanish Empire. This volume examines the twelve thousand images created between the late 1770s and the early 1800s which depict plants from all corners of the Spanish Empire outside of Europe, including much of the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Philippines. It aims to trace the history of Spanish scientific expeditions in the Age of Enlightenment and the history of visual evidence in both science and administration in the early modern Spanish Empire.
Mónica Ricketts
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190494889
- eISBN:
- 9780190494919
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190494889.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History, Latin American History
This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a ...
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This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a disruptive, dynamic, and long process of common imperial origins. In 1700, two dynastic lines, the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons, disputed the succession to the Spanish throne. After more than a decade of war, the latter prevailed. Suspicious of the old Spanish court circles, the new Bourbon Crown sought meritorious subjects for its ministries: men of letters and well-trained military officers among the provincial elites. Writers and lawyers were to produce new legislation to radically transform the Spanish world. They would reform the educational system and propagate useful knowledge. Military officers would defend the monarchy in this new era of imperial competition. Additionally, they would govern. From the start, the rise of these political actors in the Spanish world was an uneven process. Military officers came to being as a new and somewhat solid corps. In contrast, the rise of men of letters confronted constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power and prerogatives and undermined the reform of education and traditions. As a consequence, men of letters found limited spaces in which to exercise their new authority, but they aimed for more. A succession of wars and insurgencies in America fueled the struggles for power between these two groups, thus paving the way for decades of unrest.Less
This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a disruptive, dynamic, and long process of common imperial origins. In 1700, two dynastic lines, the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons, disputed the succession to the Spanish throne. After more than a decade of war, the latter prevailed. Suspicious of the old Spanish court circles, the new Bourbon Crown sought meritorious subjects for its ministries: men of letters and well-trained military officers among the provincial elites. Writers and lawyers were to produce new legislation to radically transform the Spanish world. They would reform the educational system and propagate useful knowledge. Military officers would defend the monarchy in this new era of imperial competition. Additionally, they would govern. From the start, the rise of these political actors in the Spanish world was an uneven process. Military officers came to being as a new and somewhat solid corps. In contrast, the rise of men of letters confronted constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power and prerogatives and undermined the reform of education and traditions. As a consequence, men of letters found limited spaces in which to exercise their new authority, but they aimed for more. A succession of wars and insurgencies in America fueled the struggles for power between these two groups, thus paving the way for decades of unrest.
Mara Loveman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199337354
- eISBN:
- 9780199379491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199337354.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 2 describes how Spanish and Portuguese imperial states classified their subjects in colonial Latin America. Ethnoracial classification was central to the extractive aims of the Spanish and ...
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Chapter 2 describes how Spanish and Portuguese imperial states classified their subjects in colonial Latin America. Ethnoracial classification was central to the extractive aims of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Official ethnoracial categories helped constitute the sociedad de castas; they were the administrative frame on which the imperial bureaucratic apparatus in the Americas was built. Yet even as colonial states devised ways to rule with racial categories, colonial subjects found ways to resist official classifications. The chapter concludes by contrasting colonial efforts to enumerate populations from what would become modern census-taking practices. Because the purpose of enumeration itself was so different, the racial classifications used by imperial states to count their colonial populations in the Americas served very different purposes than similar categories would serve in the context of independent, nationalizing, 19th-century states in the region.Less
Chapter 2 describes how Spanish and Portuguese imperial states classified their subjects in colonial Latin America. Ethnoracial classification was central to the extractive aims of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Official ethnoracial categories helped constitute the sociedad de castas; they were the administrative frame on which the imperial bureaucratic apparatus in the Americas was built. Yet even as colonial states devised ways to rule with racial categories, colonial subjects found ways to resist official classifications. The chapter concludes by contrasting colonial efforts to enumerate populations from what would become modern census-taking practices. Because the purpose of enumeration itself was so different, the racial classifications used by imperial states to count their colonial populations in the Americas served very different purposes than similar categories would serve in the context of independent, nationalizing, 19th-century states in the region.
