David M. Stark
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060439
- eISBN:
- 9780813050669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060439.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter examines the rise and fall of the hato economy in Puerto Rico, with particular emphasis on the eighteenth century as the height of the Spanish Caribbean hato economy and the island as ...
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This chapter examines the rise and fall of the hato economy in Puerto Rico, with particular emphasis on the eighteenth century as the height of the Spanish Caribbean hato economy and the island as one of its key producers. While legal trade between Puerto Rico and Spain was practically nonexistent throughout much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, an illegal trade thrived at this time. Puerto Rico’s agricultural economy was characterized by the exchange of livestock combined with foodstuffs or dyewoods and timber with adjacent islands of the non-Hispanic Caribbean as well as tobacco with Dutch traders operating out of Saint Eustatius and Curaçâo. Participation in the hato economy permitted a number of individuals to partake in the export economy through small-scale commerce. Hato owners often reinvested what they earned in workers, land, and equipment allowing them to partake in the commercial production of tobacco, coffee, and most importantly sugar. Though we often overlook the importance of the hato economy, it provided the foundation upon which the plantation agricultural model in the nineteenth century was constructed.Less
This chapter examines the rise and fall of the hato economy in Puerto Rico, with particular emphasis on the eighteenth century as the height of the Spanish Caribbean hato economy and the island as one of its key producers. While legal trade between Puerto Rico and Spain was practically nonexistent throughout much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, an illegal trade thrived at this time. Puerto Rico’s agricultural economy was characterized by the exchange of livestock combined with foodstuffs or dyewoods and timber with adjacent islands of the non-Hispanic Caribbean as well as tobacco with Dutch traders operating out of Saint Eustatius and Curaçâo. Participation in the hato economy permitted a number of individuals to partake in the export economy through small-scale commerce. Hato owners often reinvested what they earned in workers, land, and equipment allowing them to partake in the commercial production of tobacco, coffee, and most importantly sugar. Though we often overlook the importance of the hato economy, it provided the foundation upon which the plantation agricultural model in the nineteenth century was constructed.
Evan R. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032290
- eISBN:
- 9780813038995
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032290.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This book provides analytical insight into the evolution of today's principal tourism destinations in the Spanish Caribbean. It examines the political and economic forces that led to the creation of ...
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This book provides analytical insight into the evolution of today's principal tourism destinations in the Spanish Caribbean. It examines the political and economic forces that led to the creation of resorts in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic, as well as the impact tourism has had on local environments, economies, and cultures. By comparing and contrasting a number of case studies, the book reveals how historical, political, architectural, planning, and environmental factors led to the unique identities of resorts throughout the region. It also demonstrates that the growth of tourism in the region into a major economic force is driven as much by local and European interests as by those of American corporations.Less
This book provides analytical insight into the evolution of today's principal tourism destinations in the Spanish Caribbean. It examines the political and economic forces that led to the creation of resorts in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic, as well as the impact tourism has had on local environments, economies, and cultures. By comparing and contrasting a number of case studies, the book reveals how historical, political, architectural, planning, and environmental factors led to the unique identities of resorts throughout the region. It also demonstrates that the growth of tourism in the region into a major economic force is driven as much by local and European interests as by those of American corporations.
César J. Ayala
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807847886
- eISBN:
- 9781469605050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807867976_ayala.10
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter describes the expansion of the sugar industry in the Spanish Caribbean in the twentieth century. The change was so dramatic that it changed the economic balance between regions in each ...
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This chapter describes the expansion of the sugar industry in the Spanish Caribbean in the twentieth century. The change was so dramatic that it changed the economic balance between regions in each island, established new demographic patterns of settlement, and resulted in the settlement of lands that had hitherto remained largely depopulated. As new regions were opened up to the cultivation of sugar, the demand for labor, particularly in the agricultural phase of the process, which was labor intensive and required dedicated labor during the zafra, propelled workers into the new plantation zones. While the sugar industry experienced expansion everywhere, the supply of labor power for the plantations varied considerably from region to region.Less
This chapter describes the expansion of the sugar industry in the Spanish Caribbean in the twentieth century. The change was so dramatic that it changed the economic balance between regions in each island, established new demographic patterns of settlement, and resulted in the settlement of lands that had hitherto remained largely depopulated. As new regions were opened up to the cultivation of sugar, the demand for labor, particularly in the agricultural phase of the process, which was labor intensive and required dedicated labor during the zafra, propelled workers into the new plantation zones. While the sugar industry experienced expansion everywhere, the supply of labor power for the plantations varied considerably from region to region.
Jesse E. Hoffnung-Garskof
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691183534
- eISBN:
- 9780691185750
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691183534.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In the late nineteenth century, a small group of Cubans and Puerto Ricans of African descent settled in the segregated tenements of New York City. At an immigrant educational society in Greenwich ...
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In the late nineteenth century, a small group of Cubans and Puerto Ricans of African descent settled in the segregated tenements of New York City. At an immigrant educational society in Greenwich Village, these early Afro-Latino New Yorkers taught themselves to be poets, journalists, and revolutionaries. At the same time, these individuals built a political network and articulated an ideal of revolutionary nationalism centered on the projects of racial and social justice. These efforts were critical to the poet and diplomat José Martí's writings about race and his bid for leadership among Cuban exiles, and to the later struggle to create space for black political participation in the Cuban Republic. This book presents a vivid portrait of these largely forgotten migrant revolutionaries, weaving together their experiences of migrating while black, their relationships with African American civil rights leaders, and their evolving participation in nationalist political movements. By placing Afro-Latino New Yorkers at the center of the story, the book offers a new interpretation of the revolutionary politics of the Spanish Caribbean, including the idea that Cuba could become a nation without racial divisions. A model of transnational and comparative research, the book reveals the complexities of race-making within migrant communities and the power of small groups of immigrants to transform their home societies.Less
In the late nineteenth century, a small group of Cubans and Puerto Ricans of African descent settled in the segregated tenements of New York City. At an immigrant educational society in Greenwich Village, these early Afro-Latino New Yorkers taught themselves to be poets, journalists, and revolutionaries. At the same time, these individuals built a political network and articulated an ideal of revolutionary nationalism centered on the projects of racial and social justice. These efforts were critical to the poet and diplomat José Martí's writings about race and his bid for leadership among Cuban exiles, and to the later struggle to create space for black political participation in the Cuban Republic. This book presents a vivid portrait of these largely forgotten migrant revolutionaries, weaving together their experiences of migrating while black, their relationships with African American civil rights leaders, and their evolving participation in nationalist political movements. By placing Afro-Latino New Yorkers at the center of the story, the book offers a new interpretation of the revolutionary politics of the Spanish Caribbean, including the idea that Cuba could become a nation without racial divisions. A model of transnational and comparative research, the book reveals the complexities of race-making within migrant communities and the power of small groups of immigrants to transform their home societies.
David M. Stark
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060439
- eISBN:
- 9780813050669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060439.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Economic conditions and demographic circumstances associated with the hato economy set the experience of slaves in Puerto Rico (as well as Santo Domingo and Cuba) apart from those in other ...
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Economic conditions and demographic circumstances associated with the hato economy set the experience of slaves in Puerto Rico (as well as Santo Domingo and Cuba) apart from those in other sugar-growing islands during a specific period of the region’s history. The hato economy therefore characterizes eighteenth-century Spanish Caribbean society—including slave society—far more accurately than the better-known sugar economies prevalent elsewhere. Puerto Rican sources (especially ecclesiastical records) present a unique opportunity to understand the hato economy and slaves’ position within it. If we think in terms of non-sugar economies throughout the circum-Caribbean, Puerto Rico is central, rather than marginal. Nineteenth-century portrayals of slave life and working conditions conveyed the impression that slavery in Puerto Rico was relatively benign due to owners’ humane treatment of their charges and the benevolence of Spanish laws dealing with slavery. Scholars have since challenged this notion; however their arguments did not accurately reflect the diversity of agricultural production on the island or its impact upon the living and working conditions of slaves at different moments throughout its history.Less
Economic conditions and demographic circumstances associated with the hato economy set the experience of slaves in Puerto Rico (as well as Santo Domingo and Cuba) apart from those in other sugar-growing islands during a specific period of the region’s history. The hato economy therefore characterizes eighteenth-century Spanish Caribbean society—including slave society—far more accurately than the better-known sugar economies prevalent elsewhere. Puerto Rican sources (especially ecclesiastical records) present a unique opportunity to understand the hato economy and slaves’ position within it. If we think in terms of non-sugar economies throughout the circum-Caribbean, Puerto Rico is central, rather than marginal. Nineteenth-century portrayals of slave life and working conditions conveyed the impression that slavery in Puerto Rico was relatively benign due to owners’ humane treatment of their charges and the benevolence of Spanish laws dealing with slavery. Scholars have since challenged this notion; however their arguments did not accurately reflect the diversity of agricultural production on the island or its impact upon the living and working conditions of slaves at different moments throughout its history.
Mary Aizawa Kato
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199659203
- eISBN:
- 9780191745188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659203.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
Brazilian Portuguese and Caribbean Spanish have independently undergone two types of change: a) loss of referential null subjects and loss of the order VS in wh-interrogatives. This chapter proposes ...
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Brazilian Portuguese and Caribbean Spanish have independently undergone two types of change: a) loss of referential null subjects and loss of the order VS in wh-interrogatives. This chapter proposes that what triggered the change in both domains was the change from pronominal agreement to free weak pronouns. The latter requires the projection of Spec of IP, yielding the expression of the subject pronouns, which was not required by the former. The chapter also assumes that strong pronouns used to appear in either the Spec of a projection higher than IP or adjacent to VP, but the new grammar restricts its position to the sentence periphery. Contrary to previous analyses, DPs are proposed to occupy the same position as strong pronouns only partially.Less
Brazilian Portuguese and Caribbean Spanish have independently undergone two types of change: a) loss of referential null subjects and loss of the order VS in wh-interrogatives. This chapter proposes that what triggered the change in both domains was the change from pronominal agreement to free weak pronouns. The latter requires the projection of Spec of IP, yielding the expression of the subject pronouns, which was not required by the former. The chapter also assumes that strong pronouns used to appear in either the Spec of a projection higher than IP or adjacent to VP, but the new grammar restricts its position to the sentence periphery. Contrary to previous analyses, DPs are proposed to occupy the same position as strong pronouns only partially.
Michael J. Jarvis
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469651798
- eISBN:
- 9781469651811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Although 1619 stands out as a landmark year in early American history, Virginia was not the first English colony to import African laborers; that dubious distinction belongs to its Atlantic sister ...
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Although 1619 stands out as a landmark year in early American history, Virginia was not the first English colony to import African laborers; that dubious distinction belongs to its Atlantic sister colony, Bermuda. The first arrived in 1616, and, by the time Jamestown's "twenty and odd negroes" landed, Bermuda had a hundred or more black residents. This essay examines why and how Bermuda's English colonizers deliberately imported African experts from the Spanish Caribbean to solve the problem of properly curing island-grown tobacco and argues that their contributions were critical to the colony's success. Integrated into the island's fledgling society as farmers, neighbors, knowledgeable consultants, and fellow Christians, black islanders were highly visible participants in Bermuda's full settlement. As Virginians wrestled with the novelty of incorporating Africans into their colony, they needed only to look to the east to see Bermuda's nascent slave system emerging.Less
Although 1619 stands out as a landmark year in early American history, Virginia was not the first English colony to import African laborers; that dubious distinction belongs to its Atlantic sister colony, Bermuda. The first arrived in 1616, and, by the time Jamestown's "twenty and odd negroes" landed, Bermuda had a hundred or more black residents. This essay examines why and how Bermuda's English colonizers deliberately imported African experts from the Spanish Caribbean to solve the problem of properly curing island-grown tobacco and argues that their contributions were critical to the colony's success. Integrated into the island's fledgling society as farmers, neighbors, knowledgeable consultants, and fellow Christians, black islanders were highly visible participants in Bermuda's full settlement. As Virginians wrestled with the novelty of incorporating Africans into their colony, they needed only to look to the east to see Bermuda's nascent slave system emerging.
Evan R. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032290
- eISBN:
- 9780813038995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032290.003.0012
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Historian Anthony Pagden has illustrated that during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, European explorers often appealed to their personal experience in the Americas to validate their authority ...
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Historian Anthony Pagden has illustrated that during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, European explorers often appealed to their personal experience in the Americas to validate their authority on New World topics. In historical methodology, however, appeals to documents as authoritative statements generally take precedence over the experiential knowledge of investigators. This creates an immense paradox for historians of tourism: the need to work in stuffy archives in order to establish the evolving reality of an activity best suited to sun, sand, and tropical landscapes. The preceding chapters have established a documentary basis for understanding the packaging of tourist poles in the Spanish Caribbean. This epilogue integrates on-site observations from around the world, as if from a beach chair, or from a 135-degree angle, with a final comparative analysis of three of the major poles discussed in the book: Varadero in Cuba, Punta Cana-Bávaro in the Dominican Republic, and Cancún in Mexico.Less
Historian Anthony Pagden has illustrated that during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, European explorers often appealed to their personal experience in the Americas to validate their authority on New World topics. In historical methodology, however, appeals to documents as authoritative statements generally take precedence over the experiential knowledge of investigators. This creates an immense paradox for historians of tourism: the need to work in stuffy archives in order to establish the evolving reality of an activity best suited to sun, sand, and tropical landscapes. The preceding chapters have established a documentary basis for understanding the packaging of tourist poles in the Spanish Caribbean. This epilogue integrates on-site observations from around the world, as if from a beach chair, or from a 135-degree angle, with a final comparative analysis of three of the major poles discussed in the book: Varadero in Cuba, Punta Cana-Bávaro in the Dominican Republic, and Cancún in Mexico.
Cesar J. Ayala
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807847886
- eISBN:
- 9781469605050
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807867976_ayala
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Engaging conventional arguments that the persistence of plantations is the cause of economic underdevelopment in the Caribbean, this book focuses on the discontinuities in the development of ...
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Engaging conventional arguments that the persistence of plantations is the cause of economic underdevelopment in the Caribbean, this book focuses on the discontinuities in the development of plantation economies in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic in the early twentieth century. It analyzes and compares the explosive growth of sugar production in the three nations following the War of 1898—when the U.S. acquired Cuba and Puerto Rico—to show how closely the development of the Spanish Caribbean's modern economic and social class systems is linked to the history of the U.S. sugar industry during its greatest period of expansion and consolidation. The author examines patterns of investment and principal groups of investors, interactions between U.S. capitalists and native planters, contrasts between new and old regions of sugar monoculture, the historical formation of the working class on sugar plantations, and patterns of labor migration. In contrast to most studies of the Spanish Caribbean, which focus on only one country, his account places the history of U.S. colonialism in the region, and the history of plantation agriculture across the region, in comparative perspective.Less
Engaging conventional arguments that the persistence of plantations is the cause of economic underdevelopment in the Caribbean, this book focuses on the discontinuities in the development of plantation economies in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic in the early twentieth century. It analyzes and compares the explosive growth of sugar production in the three nations following the War of 1898—when the U.S. acquired Cuba and Puerto Rico—to show how closely the development of the Spanish Caribbean's modern economic and social class systems is linked to the history of the U.S. sugar industry during its greatest period of expansion and consolidation. The author examines patterns of investment and principal groups of investors, interactions between U.S. capitalists and native planters, contrasts between new and old regions of sugar monoculture, the historical formation of the working class on sugar plantations, and patterns of labor migration. In contrast to most studies of the Spanish Caribbean, which focus on only one country, his account places the history of U.S. colonialism in the region, and the history of plantation agriculture across the region, in comparative perspective.
José Camacho
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190465889
- eISBN:
- 9780190465919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465889.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapterpaper analyzes changes in the null subject parameter in Caribbean Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese varieties. These varieties have mixed null -subject properties that diverge from the ...
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This chapterpaper analyzes changes in the null subject parameter in Caribbean Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese varieties. These varieties have mixed null -subject properties that diverge from the null -subject varieties of General Spanish and European Portuguese. Assuming a Minimalist framework that ascribes parametric variation to differences in lexical settings, change is triggered by an increased frequency of overt pronominals and driven by an anti-locality principle that prohibits a Spec, head configuration when the head and the specifier share agreement features. As a result of this principle, subject–-verb agreement with shared phi-features requires the subject to move to the periphery of the clause. When overt pronominals increase in frequency, they become semantically indistinguishable from null ones, inflection shifts from interpretable to unintepretable, the EPP is no longer satisfied, and subjects are displaced from Spec, TP to the left periphery, the morphological and pronominal systems are reorganized and generic null subjects become possible…Less
This chapterpaper analyzes changes in the null subject parameter in Caribbean Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese varieties. These varieties have mixed null -subject properties that diverge from the null -subject varieties of General Spanish and European Portuguese. Assuming a Minimalist framework that ascribes parametric variation to differences in lexical settings, change is triggered by an increased frequency of overt pronominals and driven by an anti-locality principle that prohibits a Spec, head configuration when the head and the specifier share agreement features. As a result of this principle, subject–-verb agreement with shared phi-features requires the subject to move to the periphery of the clause. When overt pronominals increase in frequency, they become semantically indistinguishable from null ones, inflection shifts from interpretable to unintepretable, the EPP is no longer satisfied, and subjects are displaced from Spec, TP to the left periphery, the morphological and pronominal systems are reorganized and generic null subjects become possible…
