Tamar Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter surveys how individuals were identified and whether their movement was controlled in early modern Spain and Spanish America. It argues that because Spanish (and Spanish American) ...
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This chapter surveys how individuals were identified and whether their movement was controlled in early modern Spain and Spanish America. It argues that because Spanish (and Spanish American) structures assumed the existence of a freedom to immigrate, most processes aimed at registering identities were concerned not with immigration but with distinguishing ‘good’ from ‘bad’ movement, fraudulent changes in identity from honest reshaping of who individuals were. Although similar rules were applied in both the Old and the New World, nevertheless new regulations did emerge in the Americas, requiring identifying individuals as ‘Spaniards’ on the one hand, and limiting movement by natives as long as their civic and religious conversion was not guaranteed, on the other. As a result, in the New World, processes of identification were more acute and more frequent than in Spain.Less
This chapter surveys how individuals were identified and whether their movement was controlled in early modern Spain and Spanish America. It argues that because Spanish (and Spanish American) structures assumed the existence of a freedom to immigrate, most processes aimed at registering identities were concerned not with immigration but with distinguishing ‘good’ from ‘bad’ movement, fraudulent changes in identity from honest reshaping of who individuals were. Although similar rules were applied in both the Old and the New World, nevertheless new regulations did emerge in the Americas, requiring identifying individuals as ‘Spaniards’ on the one hand, and limiting movement by natives as long as their civic and religious conversion was not guaranteed, on the other. As a result, in the New World, processes of identification were more acute and more frequent than in Spain.
CHRISTOPHER STORRS
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter examines the relationship between Castile and the non-Castilian territories (Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia), and that between the Spanish and non-Spanish territories of the Monarchy, with ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between Castile and the non-Castilian territories (Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia), and that between the Spanish and non-Spanish territories of the Monarchy, with particular emphasis on Italy (Naples, Sicily and Milan). Whereas some historians have emphasised the extent to which the non-Castilian territories were becoming more important, and in the case of Spanish America, more independent, the chapter suggests that Castile remained pre-eminent and that commitment and loyalty to Spain remained strong.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between Castile and the non-Castilian territories (Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia), and that between the Spanish and non-Spanish territories of the Monarchy, with particular emphasis on Italy (Naples, Sicily and Milan). Whereas some historians have emphasised the extent to which the non-Castilian territories were becoming more important, and in the case of Spanish America, more independent, the chapter suggests that Castile remained pre-eminent and that commitment and loyalty to Spain remained strong.
Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269199
- eISBN:
- 9780191600487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269196.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Traces the decline of political power in the Catholic Church in Europe from the period after the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, and the return of the Pope to Rome. In the new Europe so ...
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Traces the decline of political power in the Catholic Church in Europe from the period after the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, and the return of the Pope to Rome. In the new Europe so formed, Protestants were politically far stronger than Catholics. The different sections of the chapter cover the Austrian chancellor Metternich, the Age of the Concordats (agreements between Rome and the governments of different countries), Spain and the reaction to the revolution, the secret articles of Verona (Italy, 1822), revolution in Spanish America, reaction in Italy and the Prince of Canosa, the restored Pope, the Papal States, the Carbonari, Silvio Pellico, Pope Leo XII, the shadow of the Jansenists, the end of the campaign against celibacy, the structure of the restored Church (bishoprics, seminaries, brotherhoods), the jubilee of 1825, collegiate churches, the revival of the monks and monasteries, the revival of the Jesuits and other orders, new religious groups, virtus, and differences in parish life.Less
Traces the decline of political power in the Catholic Church in Europe from the period after the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, and the return of the Pope to Rome. In the new Europe so formed, Protestants were politically far stronger than Catholics. The different sections of the chapter cover the Austrian chancellor Metternich, the Age of the Concordats (agreements between Rome and the governments of different countries), Spain and the reaction to the revolution, the secret articles of Verona (Italy, 1822), revolution in Spanish America, reaction in Italy and the Prince of Canosa, the restored Pope, the Papal States, the Carbonari, Silvio Pellico, Pope Leo XII, the shadow of the Jansenists, the end of the campaign against celibacy, the structure of the restored Church (bishoprics, seminaries, brotherhoods), the jubilee of 1825, collegiate churches, the revival of the monks and monasteries, the revival of the Jesuits and other orders, new religious groups, virtus, and differences in parish life.
Rebecca Cole Heinowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638680
- eISBN:
- 9780748651702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638680.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This introductory chapter discusses the interest eighteenth-century readers had on Spanish America, starting with Britain's relations with the emerging ‘informal empire’ in Spanish America. It then ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the interest eighteenth-century readers had on Spanish America, starting with Britain's relations with the emerging ‘informal empire’ in Spanish America. It then studies the historicization and romanticizing of Spanish America, and draws on Jean-François Marmontel's semi-historical romance Les Incas, ou la destruction de l'empire du Pérou, Abbé Raynal's multi-volume Histoire philosophique et politique, and des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les Deux Indes and William Robertson's History of America. An outline of the following chapters is provided in the final section of the chapter.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the interest eighteenth-century readers had on Spanish America, starting with Britain's relations with the emerging ‘informal empire’ in Spanish America. It then studies the historicization and romanticizing of Spanish America, and draws on Jean-François Marmontel's semi-historical romance Les Incas, ou la destruction de l'empire du Pérou, Abbé Raynal's multi-volume Histoire philosophique et politique, and des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les Deux Indes and William Robertson's History of America. An outline of the following chapters is provided in the final section of the chapter.
Gregory E. O’Malley
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469615349
- eISBN:
- 9781469615554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469615349.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter examines how the slave trade was exploited to open Spanish America to English commerce during the period 1660–1713. It begins by focusing on the decision made by Charles Lyttelton, ...
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This chapter examines how the slave trade was exploited to open Spanish America to English commerce during the period 1660–1713. It begins by focusing on the decision made by Charles Lyttelton, acting deputy governor of Jamaica, to foster trade with Spanish merchants in 1662, and the crown’s endorsement of his move after the English Privy Council recognized the potential of the Navigation Act of 1660 to block opportunities to open Spanish American trade. It then considers trading of enslaved Africans in exchange for Spanish silver and other goods by the English.Less
This chapter examines how the slave trade was exploited to open Spanish America to English commerce during the period 1660–1713. It begins by focusing on the decision made by Charles Lyttelton, acting deputy governor of Jamaica, to foster trade with Spanish merchants in 1662, and the crown’s endorsement of his move after the English Privy Council recognized the potential of the Navigation Act of 1660 to block opportunities to open Spanish American trade. It then considers trading of enslaved Africans in exchange for Spanish silver and other goods by the English.
Rebecca Cole Heinowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638680
- eISBN:
- 9780748651702
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638680.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Robert Southey did not exaggerate when he described the England of his day as ‘South American mad’. As Spain's hold on its colonies progressively weakened during the late eighteenth and early ...
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Robert Southey did not exaggerate when he described the England of his day as ‘South American mad’. As Spain's hold on its colonies progressively weakened during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, thousands of British scientists, soldiers, entrepreneurs, and settlers rushed to take advantage of the enticing opportunities Spanish America offered. Britain's fascination with the region displayed itself in poems, plays, operas, political tracts, news reportage, travel narratives, and stock market quotations. Creole patriots such as Francisco de Miranda and Andrés Bello gathered in London to solicit aid for their revolutions while ministers debated tactics for liberating both the peoples and the untapped wealth of Spain's colonies. Through critical reconsiderations of both canonical and lesser-known Romantic texts, from Helen Maria Williams' Peru to Samuel Rogers' The Voyage of Columbus and Byron's The Age of Bronze, this book reveals the untold story of Romantic-era Britain's Spanish American obsession. Although historians have traditionally characterized Britain's relationship with Spanish America as commercial rather than colonial, the book explores the significant rhetorical overlap between formal and informal strategies of rule. In the absence of a coherent imperial policy regarding Spain's colonies, Britain struggled to justify its actions by means of the problematic assertion that British primacy was authorized by a political, cultural, ethical and even historical identification with the peoples of Spanish America. By examining the ways in which this discourse of British-Spanish American similitude was deployed and increasingly strained throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the book demonstrates that British writing about Spanish America redefines the anxieties, ambivalences and contradictions that characterize Romantic Imperialism.Less
Robert Southey did not exaggerate when he described the England of his day as ‘South American mad’. As Spain's hold on its colonies progressively weakened during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, thousands of British scientists, soldiers, entrepreneurs, and settlers rushed to take advantage of the enticing opportunities Spanish America offered. Britain's fascination with the region displayed itself in poems, plays, operas, political tracts, news reportage, travel narratives, and stock market quotations. Creole patriots such as Francisco de Miranda and Andrés Bello gathered in London to solicit aid for their revolutions while ministers debated tactics for liberating both the peoples and the untapped wealth of Spain's colonies. Through critical reconsiderations of both canonical and lesser-known Romantic texts, from Helen Maria Williams' Peru to Samuel Rogers' The Voyage of Columbus and Byron's The Age of Bronze, this book reveals the untold story of Romantic-era Britain's Spanish American obsession. Although historians have traditionally characterized Britain's relationship with Spanish America as commercial rather than colonial, the book explores the significant rhetorical overlap between formal and informal strategies of rule. In the absence of a coherent imperial policy regarding Spain's colonies, Britain struggled to justify its actions by means of the problematic assertion that British primacy was authorized by a political, cultural, ethical and even historical identification with the peoples of Spanish America. By examining the ways in which this discourse of British-Spanish American similitude was deployed and increasingly strained throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the book demonstrates that British writing about Spanish America redefines the anxieties, ambivalences and contradictions that characterize Romantic Imperialism.
Gregory E. O’Malley
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469615349
- eISBN:
- 9781469615554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469615349.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses on the practice of branding African captives with the letter “A,” which presumably stood for Asiento, during the period of Britain’s slave trade to foreign colonies between 1713 ...
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This chapter focuses on the practice of branding African captives with the letter “A,” which presumably stood for Asiento, during the period of Britain’s slave trade to foreign colonies between 1713 and 1739. The practice was initiated by the South Sea Company, which seared the brand into the flesh of Africans as they passed through Jamaica en route to Spanish America. This branding was also intended to distinguish those who were legally introduced from those delivered by interlopers. The chapter examines the role of transshipment in the South Sea Company’s slave-trading operation; how the asiento complicated captives’ journeys to New World slavery; and how British interlopers encroached on the South Sea Company’s trade to Spanish America and continued selling Africans illegally in French markets. Finally, it considers the South Sea Company’s disillusionment with the asiento by the end of the 1730s.Less
This chapter focuses on the practice of branding African captives with the letter “A,” which presumably stood for Asiento, during the period of Britain’s slave trade to foreign colonies between 1713 and 1739. The practice was initiated by the South Sea Company, which seared the brand into the flesh of Africans as they passed through Jamaica en route to Spanish America. This branding was also intended to distinguish those who were legally introduced from those delivered by interlopers. The chapter examines the role of transshipment in the South Sea Company’s slave-trading operation; how the asiento complicated captives’ journeys to New World slavery; and how British interlopers encroached on the South Sea Company’s trade to Spanish America and continued selling Africans illegally in French markets. Finally, it considers the South Sea Company’s disillusionment with the asiento by the end of the 1730s.
Tamar Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092530
- eISBN:
- 9780300129830
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092530.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This book explores the emergence of a specifically Spanish concept of community in both Spain and Spanish America in the eighteenth century. Challenging the assumption that communities were the ...
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This book explores the emergence of a specifically Spanish concept of community in both Spain and Spanish America in the eighteenth century. Challenging the assumption that communities were the natural result of common factors such as language or religion, or that they were artificially imagined, it reexamines early modern categories of belonging. The book argues that the distinction between those who were Spaniards and those who were foreigners came about as local communities distinguished between immigrants who were judged to be willing to take on the rights and duties of membership in that community and those who were not.Less
This book explores the emergence of a specifically Spanish concept of community in both Spain and Spanish America in the eighteenth century. Challenging the assumption that communities were the natural result of common factors such as language or religion, or that they were artificially imagined, it reexamines early modern categories of belonging. The book argues that the distinction between those who were Spaniards and those who were foreigners came about as local communities distinguished between immigrants who were judged to be willing to take on the rights and duties of membership in that community and those who were not.
John Lynch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198211358
- eISBN:
- 9780191678189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Caudillos and dictators have tended to occupy centre stage of Spanish American history, frequent actors in government, recurring heroes of society. The term ‘caudillo’ hardly entered the political ...
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Caudillos and dictators have tended to occupy centre stage of Spanish American history, frequent actors in government, recurring heroes of society. The term ‘caudillo’ hardly entered the political consciousness of colonial Spanish America. This book assumes that it was a combination of conditions and events that produced the caudillo, and that he is to be explained not in terms of cultural values or Hispanic tradition or national character, but as part of a historical process in which personalist leaders accumulated functions and added to their power in response to specific interests and to some extent in successive stages. Evidence for the structural aspects of the subject comes mainly from Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico, focusing on topics such as bandits and guerrillas, estancias, hatos, haciendas, and absolute monarchy.Less
Caudillos and dictators have tended to occupy centre stage of Spanish American history, frequent actors in government, recurring heroes of society. The term ‘caudillo’ hardly entered the political consciousness of colonial Spanish America. This book assumes that it was a combination of conditions and events that produced the caudillo, and that he is to be explained not in terms of cultural values or Hispanic tradition or national character, but as part of a historical process in which personalist leaders accumulated functions and added to their power in response to specific interests and to some extent in successive stages. Evidence for the structural aspects of the subject comes mainly from Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico, focusing on topics such as bandits and guerrillas, estancias, hatos, haciendas, and absolute monarchy.
John Lynch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198211358
- eISBN:
- 9780191678189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Nationalism came slowly to the Hispanic world; the colonial state was not succeeded immediately by nation-states. There was an interregnum during which liberating armies or caudillo bands first ...
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Nationalism came slowly to the Hispanic world; the colonial state was not succeeded immediately by nation-states. There was an interregnum during which liberating armies or caudillo bands first challenged the power of Spain and then destroyed it. In some regions, the conflict was prolonged and from it emerged primitive wartime states, capable of mobilizing resources and recruiting troops. But these states were not yet nations. Even after independence had been won, the creation of new states preceded the birth of nations. Yet nations were already in the process of formation. If the rhetoric of nationalism was subdued, its character was gathering strength. This chapter examines the transition of the Bourbon state to a caudillo state in Spain, the emergence of a wartime state and its transition to a nation state, the nationalism of caudillos, nationalism in Mexico, and economic nationalism among caudillos.Less
Nationalism came slowly to the Hispanic world; the colonial state was not succeeded immediately by nation-states. There was an interregnum during which liberating armies or caudillo bands first challenged the power of Spain and then destroyed it. In some regions, the conflict was prolonged and from it emerged primitive wartime states, capable of mobilizing resources and recruiting troops. But these states were not yet nations. Even after independence had been won, the creation of new states preceded the birth of nations. Yet nations were already in the process of formation. If the rhetoric of nationalism was subdued, its character was gathering strength. This chapter examines the transition of the Bourbon state to a caudillo state in Spain, the emergence of a wartime state and its transition to a nation state, the nationalism of caudillos, nationalism in Mexico, and economic nationalism among caudillos.
Jonathan I. Israel
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198211396
- eISBN:
- 9780191678196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211396.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Economic History
For the Dutch economy, the period 1621–1647, Phase Three in the evolution of Dutch world trade primacy, was one of relative stagnation and profound restructuring. But, if we are to grasp the nature ...
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For the Dutch economy, the period 1621–1647, Phase Three in the evolution of Dutch world trade primacy, was one of relative stagnation and profound restructuring. But, if we are to grasp the nature and significance of this restructuring process, it is essential that one analyses it against the background of changes in the world economy, just as Phases One and Two of Dutch world trade hegemony have to be grasped in the light of the major world economic shifts of the time. Historians have produced a variety of explanations for the decades-long world economic crisis that began around 1620. Some of these are of a purely economic nature. The historian of Spain's transatlantic commerce, Pierre Chaunu, for instance, argued that the falling off of silver shipments from Spanish America to Europe caused a shortage of precious metals, which acted as a brake on international commerce, reducing investment in commodities, industry, and shipping.Less
For the Dutch economy, the period 1621–1647, Phase Three in the evolution of Dutch world trade primacy, was one of relative stagnation and profound restructuring. But, if we are to grasp the nature and significance of this restructuring process, it is essential that one analyses it against the background of changes in the world economy, just as Phases One and Two of Dutch world trade hegemony have to be grasped in the light of the major world economic shifts of the time. Historians have produced a variety of explanations for the decades-long world economic crisis that began around 1620. Some of these are of a purely economic nature. The historian of Spain's transatlantic commerce, Pierre Chaunu, for instance, argued that the falling off of silver shipments from Spanish America to Europe caused a shortage of precious metals, which acted as a brake on international commerce, reducing investment in commodities, industry, and shipping.
Rebecca Cole Heinowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638680
- eISBN:
- 9780748651702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638680.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter studies two theatrical works on the conquest of Spanish America, namely John Thelwall's The Incas and Samuel Morton's Columbus. These plays adapt Marmontel's Les Incas in order to suit ...
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This chapter studies two theatrical works on the conquest of Spanish America, namely John Thelwall's The Incas and Samuel Morton's Columbus. These plays adapt Marmontel's Les Incas in order to suit the contemporary British atmosphere of conservative nationalism by replacing the Spanish protagonists with familiar English characters. The discussion analyzes the political context of the late 1790s that allowed Richard Brinsley Sheridan to omit the characters of Morton and Thelwall. It then studies Sheridan's technique of identifying the British with the Incas.Less
This chapter studies two theatrical works on the conquest of Spanish America, namely John Thelwall's The Incas and Samuel Morton's Columbus. These plays adapt Marmontel's Les Incas in order to suit the contemporary British atmosphere of conservative nationalism by replacing the Spanish protagonists with familiar English characters. The discussion analyzes the political context of the late 1790s that allowed Richard Brinsley Sheridan to omit the characters of Morton and Thelwall. It then studies Sheridan's technique of identifying the British with the Incas.
Kathleen Ann Myers
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195157239
- eISBN:
- 9780199849680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157239.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This volume examines six representative 17th-century women whose lives and life narratives serve as case studies that illustrate how a single church role for women to be saintlike in fact generated ...
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This volume examines six representative 17th-century women whose lives and life narratives serve as case studies that illustrate how a single church role for women to be saintlike in fact generated multiple life paths. It shows how these women's lives and texts were integral to the building of colonial society, most of them were heralded as symbols of America. These women were suggestive of the possibilities found in colonial Spanish American women's life writings. In order to elucidate the inner workings of the processes of canonization, inquisition, and confession, Part I examines two lay holy women and a nun. Part II examines three women who spent time in the convent, but redefined or rejected the path of the perfecta religiosa.Less
This volume examines six representative 17th-century women whose lives and life narratives serve as case studies that illustrate how a single church role for women to be saintlike in fact generated multiple life paths. It shows how these women's lives and texts were integral to the building of colonial society, most of them were heralded as symbols of America. These women were suggestive of the possibilities found in colonial Spanish American women's life writings. In order to elucidate the inner workings of the processes of canonization, inquisition, and confession, Part I examines two lay holy women and a nun. Part II examines three women who spent time in the convent, but redefined or rejected the path of the perfecta religiosa.
John Lynch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198211358
- eISBN:
- 9780191678189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The caudillo was a child of war and a product of independence. When, in 1808, the French invasion of Spain severed the metropolis from its colonies and created a crisis of authority among its ...
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The caudillo was a child of war and a product of independence. When, in 1808, the French invasion of Spain severed the metropolis from its colonies and created a crisis of authority among its subjects, the political landscape was transformed and familiar signposts disappeared. The wars of independence incorporated two processes, the constitutionalism of the politicians and the personal power of the caudillos. To compete and rule in such circumstances, a soldier had to be a politician, and politicians had to control the soldiers. The wars were a struggle for power as well as for independence. In the Rio de la Plata, caudillos emerged in two stages, first as delegates of the centre in the war effort against Spain, then as leaders of the regions in conflict with the centre. This chapter looks at the guerrillas of Upper Peru, the montoneros of Central Peru, caudillo prototypes in Venezuela, clerical caudillos in Mexico, and how the wars of independence implanted caudillism in Spanish America.Less
The caudillo was a child of war and a product of independence. When, in 1808, the French invasion of Spain severed the metropolis from its colonies and created a crisis of authority among its subjects, the political landscape was transformed and familiar signposts disappeared. The wars of independence incorporated two processes, the constitutionalism of the politicians and the personal power of the caudillos. To compete and rule in such circumstances, a soldier had to be a politician, and politicians had to control the soldiers. The wars were a struggle for power as well as for independence. In the Rio de la Plata, caudillos emerged in two stages, first as delegates of the centre in the war effort against Spain, then as leaders of the regions in conflict with the centre. This chapter looks at the guerrillas of Upper Peru, the montoneros of Central Peru, caudillo prototypes in Venezuela, clerical caudillos in Mexico, and how the wars of independence implanted caudillism in Spanish America.
Tamar Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092530
- eISBN:
- 9780300129830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092530.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses how the Spanish king began regulating the relationship between the Old World and the New World. In a series of laws dating from the early sixteenth century, the crown ...
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This chapter discusses how the Spanish king began regulating the relationship between the Old World and the New World. In a series of laws dating from the early sixteenth century, the crown instituted a legal monopoly: only natives of the kingdoms of Spain could immigrate, settle, and trade in Spanish America. In the following decades, the presence of foreigners in Spanish America set about an endless chain of royal decrees demanding that local authorities locate these illegal immigrants and expel them from the continent. As a result of these measures, whenever people wanted to immigrate or trade in the New World, and whenever they were included in lists of foreigners to be expelled, a conflict arose that could be resolved only through their formal classification as natives or foreigners.Less
This chapter discusses how the Spanish king began regulating the relationship between the Old World and the New World. In a series of laws dating from the early sixteenth century, the crown instituted a legal monopoly: only natives of the kingdoms of Spain could immigrate, settle, and trade in Spanish America. In the following decades, the presence of foreigners in Spanish America set about an endless chain of royal decrees demanding that local authorities locate these illegal immigrants and expel them from the continent. As a result of these measures, whenever people wanted to immigrate or trade in the New World, and whenever they were included in lists of foreigners to be expelled, a conflict arose that could be resolved only through their formal classification as natives or foreigners.
John Lynch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198211358
- eISBN:
- 9780191678189
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The caudillo of Spanish America was both regional chieftain and, in the turbulent years of the early nineteenth century, national leader. His power base rested on ownership of land and control of ...
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The caudillo of Spanish America was both regional chieftain and, in the turbulent years of the early nineteenth century, national leader. His power base rested on ownership of land and control of armed bands. He was the rival of constitutional rulers and the precursor of modern dictators. His is a dominant figure in Latin American history. This book explores the changing perception of the caudillo — bandit chief, guerrilla leader, republican hero — and examines his multi-faceted role as regional strongman, war leader, landowner, distributor of patronage, and the ‘necessary gendarme’ who maintained social order. It traces the origins and development of the caudillo tradition, and sets it in its contemporary context. Its scholarly analysis of this central theme in the history of Spanish America is underpinned by detailed case-studies of four major caudillos: Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina), José Antonio Páez (Venezuela), Antonio López de Santa Anna (Mexico), and Rafael Carrera (Guatemala). This is an important contribution to our understanding of political and social structures during the formative period of the nation-state in Spanish America.Less
The caudillo of Spanish America was both regional chieftain and, in the turbulent years of the early nineteenth century, national leader. His power base rested on ownership of land and control of armed bands. He was the rival of constitutional rulers and the precursor of modern dictators. His is a dominant figure in Latin American history. This book explores the changing perception of the caudillo — bandit chief, guerrilla leader, republican hero — and examines his multi-faceted role as regional strongman, war leader, landowner, distributor of patronage, and the ‘necessary gendarme’ who maintained social order. It traces the origins and development of the caudillo tradition, and sets it in its contemporary context. Its scholarly analysis of this central theme in the history of Spanish America is underpinned by detailed case-studies of four major caudillos: Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina), José Antonio Páez (Venezuela), Antonio López de Santa Anna (Mexico), and Rafael Carrera (Guatemala). This is an important contribution to our understanding of political and social structures during the formative period of the nation-state in Spanish America.
J. C. A. Stagg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300139051
- eISBN:
- 9780300153286
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300139051.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In examining how the United States gained control over the northern borderlands of Spanish America, this work reassesses the diplomacy of President James Madison. Historians have assumed that ...
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In examining how the United States gained control over the northern borderlands of Spanish America, this work reassesses the diplomacy of President James Madison. Historians have assumed that Madison's motive in sending agents into the Spanish borderlands between 1810 and 1813 was to subvert Spanish rule, but the author argues that his real intent was to find peaceful and legal resolutions to long-standing disputes over the boundaries of Louisiana at a time when the Spanish-American Empire was in the process of dissolution. Drawing on an array of American, British, French, and Spanish sources, he describes how a myriad cast of local leaders, officials, and other small players affected the borderlands diplomacy between the United States and Spain, and casts new light on Madison's contribution to early American expansionism.Less
In examining how the United States gained control over the northern borderlands of Spanish America, this work reassesses the diplomacy of President James Madison. Historians have assumed that Madison's motive in sending agents into the Spanish borderlands between 1810 and 1813 was to subvert Spanish rule, but the author argues that his real intent was to find peaceful and legal resolutions to long-standing disputes over the boundaries of Louisiana at a time when the Spanish-American Empire was in the process of dissolution. Drawing on an array of American, British, French, and Spanish sources, he describes how a myriad cast of local leaders, officials, and other small players affected the borderlands diplomacy between the United States and Spain, and casts new light on Madison's contribution to early American expansionism.
John Lynch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198211358
- eISBN:
- 9780191678189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Peace perpetuated the structures of war and established in Spanish America a dual process: constitutionalism and caudillism. Republican leaders tended to prefer one or the other, and caudillism was a ...
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Peace perpetuated the structures of war and established in Spanish America a dual process: constitutionalism and caudillism. Republican leaders tended to prefer one or the other, and caudillism was a matter of choice as well as of conditions. Regional power normally derived from ownership of land and control of labour, and was used to protect the region's resources, against the centre if necessary. A caudillo needed access to land and to patronage, the indispensable materials for building political power. In Argentina, the war against Spain did not create caudillos. The war leaders were civilian politicians aided — or frustrated — by professional soldiers, and the war was fought on distant frontiers. In the process, they helped to produce caudillos in the interior, but not in Buenos Aires itself. In Venezuela, acquisition of land and the formation of estates helped to keep the caudillos in a state of contentment in the years immediately after independence. Mexico provided a less favourable environment for the caudillo than did other parts of Spanish America.Less
Peace perpetuated the structures of war and established in Spanish America a dual process: constitutionalism and caudillism. Republican leaders tended to prefer one or the other, and caudillism was a matter of choice as well as of conditions. Regional power normally derived from ownership of land and control of labour, and was used to protect the region's resources, against the centre if necessary. A caudillo needed access to land and to patronage, the indispensable materials for building political power. In Argentina, the war against Spain did not create caudillos. The war leaders were civilian politicians aided — or frustrated — by professional soldiers, and the war was fought on distant frontiers. In the process, they helped to produce caudillos in the interior, but not in Buenos Aires itself. In Venezuela, acquisition of land and the formation of estates helped to keep the caudillos in a state of contentment in the years immediately after independence. Mexico provided a less favourable environment for the caudillo than did other parts of Spanish America.
John Lynch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198211358
- eISBN:
- 9780191678189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In the post-colonial societies of Spanish America, caudillos fulfilled a vital function on behalf of republican elites as guardians of order and guarantors of the existing social structure. The war ...
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In the post-colonial societies of Spanish America, caudillos fulfilled a vital function on behalf of republican elites as guardians of order and guarantors of the existing social structure. The war of independence raised the value of a caudillo's assets and enabled him to become a military chieftain whose services were indispensable to the cause of liberation. Caudillism was then perpetuated by post-war conflicts, between unitarists and federalists in Argentina, between rival caudillos or caudillo groupings in Venezuela, between neighbouring states in various parts of Spanish America. But the caudillo as warrior does not exhaust the typology of caudillism. The caudillo as warrior, regional chieftain, hacendado, and patrón are obvious models that have tended to overshadow the caudillo as guardian of social order. In Mexico, Antonio López de Santa Anna was regarded as the last resort against anarchy, the ultimate caudillo, the necessary gendarme.Less
In the post-colonial societies of Spanish America, caudillos fulfilled a vital function on behalf of republican elites as guardians of order and guarantors of the existing social structure. The war of independence raised the value of a caudillo's assets and enabled him to become a military chieftain whose services were indispensable to the cause of liberation. Caudillism was then perpetuated by post-war conflicts, between unitarists and federalists in Argentina, between rival caudillos or caudillo groupings in Venezuela, between neighbouring states in various parts of Spanish America. But the caudillo as warrior does not exhaust the typology of caudillism. The caudillo as warrior, regional chieftain, hacendado, and patrón are obvious models that have tended to overshadow the caudillo as guardian of social order. In Mexico, Antonio López de Santa Anna was regarded as the last resort against anarchy, the ultimate caudillo, the necessary gendarme.
Jane Landers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300109009
- eISBN:
- 9780300134858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300109009.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Of all the nations in Europe, it was Spain which was most dependent on the military employment of slaves throughout its history. Armed military service in defense of the Spanish Crown provided a way ...
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Of all the nations in Europe, it was Spain which was most dependent on the military employment of slaves throughout its history. Armed military service in defense of the Spanish Crown provided a way for slaves to gain freedom. As one of the best in the world, the early modern Spanish army was significantly heterogeneous, incorporating volunteers and mercenaries of different nationalities as well as free and enslaved Africans to accomplish its early conquests. This chapter examines the arming of slaves, who were transformed from bondsmen into free vassals, to fortify colonial Spanish America's military campaigns against indigenous populations. It looks at the use of enslaved blacks to explore and expand Spanish frontiers throughout the Americas, to help Spain defend the Caribbean, and to fight against escaped slaves. It also discusses Cuba's creation of militias of free men of color, the rise to power of the French Bourbons, the use of slave soldiers in eighteenth-century Cuba, Spain's deployment of black militias to fight in various revolutions, and the black auxiliaries of Spanish King Carlos IV.Less
Of all the nations in Europe, it was Spain which was most dependent on the military employment of slaves throughout its history. Armed military service in defense of the Spanish Crown provided a way for slaves to gain freedom. As one of the best in the world, the early modern Spanish army was significantly heterogeneous, incorporating volunteers and mercenaries of different nationalities as well as free and enslaved Africans to accomplish its early conquests. This chapter examines the arming of slaves, who were transformed from bondsmen into free vassals, to fortify colonial Spanish America's military campaigns against indigenous populations. It looks at the use of enslaved blacks to explore and expand Spanish frontiers throughout the Americas, to help Spain defend the Caribbean, and to fight against escaped slaves. It also discusses Cuba's creation of militias of free men of color, the rise to power of the French Bourbons, the use of slave soldiers in eighteenth-century Cuba, Spain's deployment of black militias to fight in various revolutions, and the black auxiliaries of Spanish King Carlos IV.
