Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, and Christof Hartmann (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249596
- eISBN:
- 9780191600012
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249598.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Gives a comprehensive overview of national elections and referendums in South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. For all relevant states, the legal provisions on suffrage as well as ...
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Gives a comprehensive overview of national elections and referendums in South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. For all relevant states, the legal provisions on suffrage as well as parliamentary and presidential electoral systems are analysed in both a historical and a comparative manner. Investigates the effects of elections and electoral systems on the development of the political regimes. The concluding section summarizes the context‐specific availability and reliability of official electoral statistics. The appendix presents the basic features of the parliamentary electoral systems currently applied in the 30 states of the three regions.Less
Gives a comprehensive overview of national elections and referendums in South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. For all relevant states, the legal provisions on suffrage as well as parliamentary and presidential electoral systems are analysed in both a historical and a comparative manner. Investigates the effects of elections and electoral systems on the development of the political regimes. The concluding section summarizes the context‐specific availability and reliability of official electoral statistics. The appendix presents the basic features of the parliamentary electoral systems currently applied in the 30 states of the three regions.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This book explores the development of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein’s classic Broadway musical South Pacific. In particular, it notes how the team balanced the creation of a commercially ...
More
This book explores the development of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein’s classic Broadway musical South Pacific. In particular, it notes how the team balanced the creation of a commercially successful work with the desire to make a passionate statement against racial intolerance that they knew would almost certainly be controversial. Through the examination of archival materials, many of which are heretofore unexplored in the literature on Rodgers and Hammerstein, the book reveals the creative processes of two masters near the peak of their craft. In addition, this book explores the musical as a cultural, social, and political text of the postwar and early cold war eras. Using contemporaneous sources as well as recent scholarship, it analyzes South Pacific in terms of how it deals with, or reflects, postwar constructs of race, gender, colonialism, and the then new prototype of the rising young business executive. Moreover, each subject is examined from a unique perspective. For instance, Nellie Forbush’s racial intolerance is viewed through the lens of literature about race during the prewar era, the time when her ideas would have developed; and the chapter on gender reveals how Hammerstein altered the gender constructs of his principal characters from how they appeared in James A. Michener’s novel Tales of the South Pacific, on which the musical was based. Through exploring the work’s development and reading it as an open text revealing of its time and of contemporary American society, this book offers new insight into South Pacific and its creators.Less
This book explores the development of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein’s classic Broadway musical South Pacific. In particular, it notes how the team balanced the creation of a commercially successful work with the desire to make a passionate statement against racial intolerance that they knew would almost certainly be controversial. Through the examination of archival materials, many of which are heretofore unexplored in the literature on Rodgers and Hammerstein, the book reveals the creative processes of two masters near the peak of their craft. In addition, this book explores the musical as a cultural, social, and political text of the postwar and early cold war eras. Using contemporaneous sources as well as recent scholarship, it analyzes South Pacific in terms of how it deals with, or reflects, postwar constructs of race, gender, colonialism, and the then new prototype of the rising young business executive. Moreover, each subject is examined from a unique perspective. For instance, Nellie Forbush’s racial intolerance is viewed through the lens of literature about race during the prewar era, the time when her ideas would have developed; and the chapter on gender reveals how Hammerstein altered the gender constructs of his principal characters from how they appeared in James A. Michener’s novel Tales of the South Pacific, on which the musical was based. Through exploring the work’s development and reading it as an open text revealing of its time and of contemporary American society, this book offers new insight into South Pacific and its creators.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This chapter provides biographical information about James A. Michener’s involvement in, and writing about, World War II in the Pacific as well as an analysis of Tales of the South Pacific, the ...
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This chapter provides biographical information about James A. Michener’s involvement in, and writing about, World War II in the Pacific as well as an analysis of Tales of the South Pacific, the source for the characters and situations in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical. After noting the source of the name Bali Ha’i and the book’s unusual palindromic structure, the chapter discusses Michener’s thematic and narrative techniques, paying careful attention to his discussions of race and racial intolerance among servicemen and women in the Pacific theater. Finally, the chapter provides information drawn from Hammerstein’s notes on the book, found among his papers in the Library of Congress and thus far undiscussed in the literature on Hammerstein or South Pacific. These notes provide insight into Hammerstein’s earliest thoughts concerning the adaptation of Michener’s Pulitzer Prize–winning book. The chapter also introduces co-author and director Joshua Logan.Less
This chapter provides biographical information about James A. Michener’s involvement in, and writing about, World War II in the Pacific as well as an analysis of Tales of the South Pacific, the source for the characters and situations in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical. After noting the source of the name Bali Ha’i and the book’s unusual palindromic structure, the chapter discusses Michener’s thematic and narrative techniques, paying careful attention to his discussions of race and racial intolerance among servicemen and women in the Pacific theater. Finally, the chapter provides information drawn from Hammerstein’s notes on the book, found among his papers in the Library of Congress and thus far undiscussed in the literature on Hammerstein or South Pacific. These notes provide insight into Hammerstein’s earliest thoughts concerning the adaptation of Michener’s Pulitzer Prize–winning book. The chapter also introduces co-author and director Joshua Logan.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
After discussing postwar feminism and concepts of gender, this chapter focuses on Hammerstein’s alteration of gender representations from Michener’s novel. The exploration of Nellie, whose ...
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After discussing postwar feminism and concepts of gender, this chapter focuses on Hammerstein’s alteration of gender representations from Michener’s novel. The exploration of Nellie, whose characterization signals a change in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s female characters, reveals a musical connection between her and de Becque that contradicts most readings of her character, which suggest that she defers to him and gives up her identity to become his dependent. Close study of the score demonstrates otherwise, and this chapter provides a reading of Nellie that equates her emotional status with de Becque’s. Drawing on recent work in the field of men’s studies, the subsequent examination of de Becque and Cable, reveals that Hammerstein altered their masculinity, feminizing Cable and turning de Becque into an American warrior by sending him on a suicidal mission and having him return in full military regalia. After this establishment of his masculine credentials, de Becque joins Nellie in the musical’s iconic final image, which suggests the postwar nuclear family. This chapter also considers Joshua Logan’s representation of the male body in this and other works for the stage.Less
After discussing postwar feminism and concepts of gender, this chapter focuses on Hammerstein’s alteration of gender representations from Michener’s novel. The exploration of Nellie, whose characterization signals a change in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s female characters, reveals a musical connection between her and de Becque that contradicts most readings of her character, which suggest that she defers to him and gives up her identity to become his dependent. Close study of the score demonstrates otherwise, and this chapter provides a reading of Nellie that equates her emotional status with de Becque’s. Drawing on recent work in the field of men’s studies, the subsequent examination of de Becque and Cable, reveals that Hammerstein altered their masculinity, feminizing Cable and turning de Becque into an American warrior by sending him on a suicidal mission and having him return in full military regalia. After this establishment of his masculine credentials, de Becque joins Nellie in the musical’s iconic final image, which suggests the postwar nuclear family. This chapter also considers Joshua Logan’s representation of the male body in this and other works for the stage.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
From its opening scene, South Pacific presents problematic images of colonialism that indicate a Western cultural hegemony over the indigenous island peoples and suggests the subsequent influence of ...
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From its opening scene, South Pacific presents problematic images of colonialism that indicate a Western cultural hegemony over the indigenous island peoples and suggests the subsequent influence of postwar capitalism in the region. The character of Bloody Mary simultaneously represents an attempt at assimilation and a carefully enforced outsider status. Although her economic acumen gives Mary a degree of power within the imposed culture, her ethnic difference prevents her assimilation into it. This friction plays an important role in the subplot of Mary, her daughter, and Joe Cable, who cannot reconcile himself to loving an Other. Further, this chapter examines Nellie’s presence at the end of the play as an indicator of the increased postwar American presence in the South Pacific and reinforces a discussion of Nellie as an autonomous character with more power, cultural as well as emotional, than she is generally credited for. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the cultural power of popular song and how popular song topics pervade the musical.Less
From its opening scene, South Pacific presents problematic images of colonialism that indicate a Western cultural hegemony over the indigenous island peoples and suggests the subsequent influence of postwar capitalism in the region. The character of Bloody Mary simultaneously represents an attempt at assimilation and a carefully enforced outsider status. Although her economic acumen gives Mary a degree of power within the imposed culture, her ethnic difference prevents her assimilation into it. This friction plays an important role in the subplot of Mary, her daughter, and Joe Cable, who cannot reconcile himself to loving an Other. Further, this chapter examines Nellie’s presence at the end of the play as an indicator of the increased postwar American presence in the South Pacific and reinforces a discussion of Nellie as an autonomous character with more power, cultural as well as emotional, than she is generally credited for. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the cultural power of popular song and how popular song topics pervade the musical.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This introductory chapter considers the 2008 Broadway revival of South Pacific (created by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II). The enthusiastic reception of this production suggests the show’s ...
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This introductory chapter considers the 2008 Broadway revival of South Pacific (created by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II). The enthusiastic reception of this production suggests the show’s unabated ability to entertain as well as its continued relevance to problematic issues in American culture. Further, this production has reinstated much material cut from the original production before it opened in 1949 and thus provides an example of a musical as an “open text,” or a text that has changing content and meaning due to its not having a definitive version. This in turn invites consideration of earlier forms of the show during its developmental period and in subsequent productions, and it supports the investigation of drafts and sketches for the show that were rejected for various reasons. After stating the purpose of the book, which is to investigate the musical’s thematic concerns and how they were developed or altered, the chapter concludes with a summary of subsequent chapters.Less
This introductory chapter considers the 2008 Broadway revival of South Pacific (created by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II). The enthusiastic reception of this production suggests the show’s unabated ability to entertain as well as its continued relevance to problematic issues in American culture. Further, this production has reinstated much material cut from the original production before it opened in 1949 and thus provides an example of a musical as an “open text,” or a text that has changing content and meaning due to its not having a definitive version. This in turn invites consideration of earlier forms of the show during its developmental period and in subsequent productions, and it supports the investigation of drafts and sketches for the show that were rejected for various reasons. After stating the purpose of the book, which is to investigate the musical’s thematic concerns and how they were developed or altered, the chapter concludes with a summary of subsequent chapters.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
After a preliminary discussion of race and World War II that draws from historian Micahel Bess’s work on the subject, this chapter demonstrates how Hammerstein repeatedly subdued South Pacific’s ...
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After a preliminary discussion of race and World War II that draws from historian Micahel Bess’s work on the subject, this chapter demonstrates how Hammerstein repeatedly subdued South Pacific’s criticism of prejudice throughout the creative process. Beginning with an examination of Nellie Forbush and what her background in 1930s prewar rural Arkansas would have been, the chapter moves on to reveal how Hammerstein retained her prejudice while making it increasingly less abrasive than it was in James A. Michener’s Tales of the South Pacific. Attention is then shifted to Joe Cable, whose grappling with prejudice provides the musical’s tragic subplot. Act 2, scene 4, the musical’s climactic scene, is analyzed in its many manifestations indicated by the numerous drafts and sketch studies for it found among Hammerstein’s papers. While some representations of race in the musical remain problematic—references to the Japanese enemy and the characterization of island women, for example—this chapter demonstrates Hammerstein’s ongoing commitment to racial equality and tolerance that anticipate the American civil rights movement.Less
After a preliminary discussion of race and World War II that draws from historian Micahel Bess’s work on the subject, this chapter demonstrates how Hammerstein repeatedly subdued South Pacific’s criticism of prejudice throughout the creative process. Beginning with an examination of Nellie Forbush and what her background in 1930s prewar rural Arkansas would have been, the chapter moves on to reveal how Hammerstein retained her prejudice while making it increasingly less abrasive than it was in James A. Michener’s Tales of the South Pacific. Attention is then shifted to Joe Cable, whose grappling with prejudice provides the musical’s tragic subplot. Act 2, scene 4, the musical’s climactic scene, is analyzed in its many manifestations indicated by the numerous drafts and sketch studies for it found among Hammerstein’s papers. While some representations of race in the musical remain problematic—references to the Japanese enemy and the characterization of island women, for example—this chapter demonstrates Hammerstein’s ongoing commitment to racial equality and tolerance that anticipate the American civil rights movement.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This chapter is concerned with drafts and sketches involving two principal characters in Tales of the South Pacific that eventually were reduced to bit roles in South Pacific. After discussing the ...
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This chapter is concerned with drafts and sketches involving two principal characters in Tales of the South Pacific that eventually were reduced to bit roles in South Pacific. After discussing the importance of Harbison and Nurse Culbert in Michener’s novel and Hammerstein’s initial interest in them, this chapter traces their gradual excision from the script. For Culbert, this process also involved major changes in two of the show’s best known numbers—“I’m Gonna Wash That Man Right Out-a My Hair” and “I’m in Love with a Wonderful Guy”—and the elimination of a subplot connecting Culbert with the comic character Luther Billis. The examination of Harbison includes a detailed analysis of a long but eventually discarded draft for act 1, scene 1, in which Hammerstein created a satire of the postwar young white collar executive that recalls the postwar writings of C. Wright Mills, William H. Whyte Jr., and David Riesman; the draft also contains a full set of lyrics for which no music is extant.Less
This chapter is concerned with drafts and sketches involving two principal characters in Tales of the South Pacific that eventually were reduced to bit roles in South Pacific. After discussing the importance of Harbison and Nurse Culbert in Michener’s novel and Hammerstein’s initial interest in them, this chapter traces their gradual excision from the script. For Culbert, this process also involved major changes in two of the show’s best known numbers—“I’m Gonna Wash That Man Right Out-a My Hair” and “I’m in Love with a Wonderful Guy”—and the elimination of a subplot connecting Culbert with the comic character Luther Billis. The examination of Harbison includes a detailed analysis of a long but eventually discarded draft for act 1, scene 1, in which Hammerstein created a satire of the postwar young white collar executive that recalls the postwar writings of C. Wright Mills, William H. Whyte Jr., and David Riesman; the draft also contains a full set of lyrics for which no music is extant.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This concluding chapter features a discussion of productions of South Pacific subsequent to the original Broadway run. Several of the productions, including a national tour starring Erin Dilly and ...
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This concluding chapter features a discussion of productions of South Pacific subsequent to the original Broadway run. Several of the productions, including a national tour starring Erin Dilly and Michael Nouri that was in rehearsal during the events of 9/11, reveal aspects of the show previously unobserved, and the latest revival, which Bartlett Sher directed for Lincoln Center and which is the first Broadway production since the original, is extremely relevant to current events. The chapter concludes with an assessment of South Pacific as a musical from its era and as an ongoing cultural document that continues to shed light on issues of race, gender, and foreign relations in postwar American culture.Less
This concluding chapter features a discussion of productions of South Pacific subsequent to the original Broadway run. Several of the productions, including a national tour starring Erin Dilly and Michael Nouri that was in rehearsal during the events of 9/11, reveal aspects of the show previously unobserved, and the latest revival, which Bartlett Sher directed for Lincoln Center and which is the first Broadway production since the original, is extremely relevant to current events. The chapter concludes with an assessment of South Pacific as a musical from its era and as an ongoing cultural document that continues to shed light on issues of race, gender, and foreign relations in postwar American culture.
Erika J Techera
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580910
- eISBN:
- 9780191723025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580910.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter examines the theoretical bases that may be used to support the formal recognition of customary law, and to illustrate why it should be acknowledged as an important source of law in the ...
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This chapter examines the theoretical bases that may be used to support the formal recognition of customary law, and to illustrate why it should be acknowledged as an important source of law in the legally pluralist post-colonial societies of the South Pacific. It shows that the recognition of customary law in the postcolonial societies of the South Pacific finds theoretical support in the concept of legal pluralism, principles of human and indigenous rights, and also environmental justice. However, there is little doubt that customary law has been eroded by colonization, and faces a modern challenge in globalization and its renewed interest in uniformity and homogenization. Conversely, the globalization of law, and more importantly, local responses to it, can offer an opportunity to access a broader landscape of laws leading to adaptation, transformation, and new forms of governance. Older forms of law and regulation can be resurrected, reinvigorated, and reinvented in order to achieve contemporary goals and address current issues. This transformative process can be started from above but must also be locally driven from below.Less
This chapter examines the theoretical bases that may be used to support the formal recognition of customary law, and to illustrate why it should be acknowledged as an important source of law in the legally pluralist post-colonial societies of the South Pacific. It shows that the recognition of customary law in the postcolonial societies of the South Pacific finds theoretical support in the concept of legal pluralism, principles of human and indigenous rights, and also environmental justice. However, there is little doubt that customary law has been eroded by colonization, and faces a modern challenge in globalization and its renewed interest in uniformity and homogenization. Conversely, the globalization of law, and more importantly, local responses to it, can offer an opportunity to access a broader landscape of laws leading to adaptation, transformation, and new forms of governance. Older forms of law and regulation can be resurrected, reinvigorated, and reinvented in order to achieve contemporary goals and address current issues. This transformative process can be started from above but must also be locally driven from below.
Jim Lovensheimer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377026
- eISBN:
- 9780199864560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377026.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
Rodgers and Hammerstein brought liberal sensibilities to work and life from the 1930s through the late 1940s. Although Rodgers was perceived as less political than Hammerstein, the 1932 film The ...
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Rodgers and Hammerstein brought liberal sensibilities to work and life from the 1930s through the late 1940s. Although Rodgers was perceived as less political than Hammerstein, the 1932 film The Phantom President, written with Lorenz Hart, was a satire about a presidential election, and their stage hit Babes in Arms (1937) endorsed Jewish liberalism. Hammerstein’s liberal leanings were present in his life and his art: from his early days in Hollywood, Hammerstein was involved with the Anti-Nazi League, which drew the attention of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and during World War II, he was a member of the Writers’ War Board, a group that was responsible for the American Red Cross ending its practice of segregating blood by race. While South Pacific was the most politically charged of their collaborations, works such as The King and I nonetheless reflect the duo’s beliefs in world harmony and cultural exchange.Less
Rodgers and Hammerstein brought liberal sensibilities to work and life from the 1930s through the late 1940s. Although Rodgers was perceived as less political than Hammerstein, the 1932 film The Phantom President, written with Lorenz Hart, was a satire about a presidential election, and their stage hit Babes in Arms (1937) endorsed Jewish liberalism. Hammerstein’s liberal leanings were present in his life and his art: from his early days in Hollywood, Hammerstein was involved with the Anti-Nazi League, which drew the attention of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and during World War II, he was a member of the Writers’ War Board, a group that was responsible for the American Red Cross ending its practice of segregating blood by race. While South Pacific was the most politically charged of their collaborations, works such as The King and I nonetheless reflect the duo’s beliefs in world harmony and cultural exchange.
John M. Kirk
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061054
- eISBN:
- 9780813051338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061054.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
The largest medical program supported by Cuba outside Latin America is found in tiny Timor-Leste (East Timor), a country devastated by civil war, and with only a few dozen physicians. At the request ...
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The largest medical program supported by Cuba outside Latin America is found in tiny Timor-Leste (East Timor), a country devastated by civil war, and with only a few dozen physicians. At the request of the Timorese government Cuba sent hundreds of physicians to this impoverished country, and also trained 1,000 Timorese to become doctors. Now it has established a medical faculty in the capital, and is training students from many of the small islands of the South Pacific. The evolution of the Cuban role and the impact that it has had are the focus of this chapter.Less
The largest medical program supported by Cuba outside Latin America is found in tiny Timor-Leste (East Timor), a country devastated by civil war, and with only a few dozen physicians. At the request of the Timorese government Cuba sent hundreds of physicians to this impoverished country, and also trained 1,000 Timorese to become doctors. Now it has established a medical faculty in the capital, and is training students from many of the small islands of the South Pacific. The evolution of the Cuban role and the impact that it has had are the focus of this chapter.
Ian Breward
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198263562
- eISBN:
- 9780191600418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263562.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Visions of a Christian society in the South Pacific varied within Protestantism, as well as between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Some settlers argued for a secular society, as distinct from one ...
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Visions of a Christian society in the South Pacific varied within Protestantism, as well as between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Some settlers argued for a secular society, as distinct from one without religious tests or an established church. Primary education was the main area of disagreement, with secular systems established in most colonies by the 1870s, leaving Roman Catholics and Lutherans to finance their own schools. Pressures for political and religious cooperation were strong, leading to Methodist and Presbyterian unions and federation of the Australian colonies. Land wars in New Zealand and New Caledonia left a bitter legacy.Less
Visions of a Christian society in the South Pacific varied within Protestantism, as well as between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Some settlers argued for a secular society, as distinct from one without religious tests or an established church. Primary education was the main area of disagreement, with secular systems established in most colonies by the 1870s, leaving Roman Catholics and Lutherans to finance their own schools. Pressures for political and religious cooperation were strong, leading to Methodist and Presbyterian unions and federation of the Australian colonies. Land wars in New Zealand and New Caledonia left a bitter legacy.
Michael Heads
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271968
- eISBN:
- 9780520951808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271968.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
New volcanic islands may be colonized from neighboring islands rather than from distant continents. The source islands may subsequently erode and subside, and eventually form atolls or submerged ...
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New volcanic islands may be colonized from neighboring islands rather than from distant continents. The source islands may subsequently erode and subside, and eventually form atolls or submerged seamounts. Island taxa persist more or less in situ as dynamic metapopulations on individually ephemeral islands. These metapopulations may evolve by vicariance during rifting and basin formation, as in continental groups. In the Pacific, phases of Cretaceous volcanism associated with the South Pacific superswell have produced large igneous plateaus. Some of these include fossil wood in sedimentary strata intercalated with the volcanics. This chapter examines clades that are widely distributed in the central Pacific and endemic there, and relates these to the complex geological history.Less
New volcanic islands may be colonized from neighboring islands rather than from distant continents. The source islands may subsequently erode and subside, and eventually form atolls or submerged seamounts. Island taxa persist more or less in situ as dynamic metapopulations on individually ephemeral islands. These metapopulations may evolve by vicariance during rifting and basin formation, as in continental groups. In the Pacific, phases of Cretaceous volcanism associated with the South Pacific superswell have produced large igneous plateaus. Some of these include fossil wood in sedimentary strata intercalated with the volcanics. This chapter examines clades that are widely distributed in the central Pacific and endemic there, and relates these to the complex geological history.
David Northrup
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205654
- eISBN:
- 9780191676734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205654.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
After the British Isles, the most important source of overseas emigrants within the nineteenth century British Empire was British India. In addition, substantial numbers of Africans, Chinese, and ...
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After the British Isles, the most important source of overseas emigrants within the nineteenth century British Empire was British India. In addition, substantial numbers of Africans, Chinese, and Pacific Islanders entered various parts of the Empire. Most Asian, African, and Pacific immigrants were recruited on long-term labour contracts. Tropical emigrants had much in common with emigrants from Britain in their aspirations, mode of transport, and permanent settlement abroad. The differences in the destinations and status of the two groups were due as much to Imperial policy as to inherent circumstances. Tropical labour migration arose to meet slavery's decline.Less
After the British Isles, the most important source of overseas emigrants within the nineteenth century British Empire was British India. In addition, substantial numbers of Africans, Chinese, and Pacific Islanders entered various parts of the Empire. Most Asian, African, and Pacific immigrants were recruited on long-term labour contracts. Tropical emigrants had much in common with emigrants from Britain in their aspirations, mode of transport, and permanent settlement abroad. The differences in the destinations and status of the two groups were due as much to Imperial policy as to inherent circumstances. Tropical labour migration arose to meet slavery's decline.
D. Bruce Hindmarsh
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245758
- eISBN:
- 9780191602436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245754.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Begins by reviewing the chronological proliferation, literary elaboration, and theological differentiation of the genre of conversion narrative over the course of the eighteenth century in England. ...
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Begins by reviewing the chronological proliferation, literary elaboration, and theological differentiation of the genre of conversion narrative over the course of the eighteenth century in England. In order to see the genre whole, however, and to appreciate the conditions in general under which people turned to this form of spiritual autobiography, the chapter turns to examine first the ways in which the genre fared at the end of the eighteenth century in the context of evangelical mission enterprise beyond the borders of Christendom, and, second, at the ways in which the genre contrasted with the new forms of modern autobiography in England that appeared ‘after Christendom’. The non-Western case studies include David Brainerd’s mission to the Delaware Indians in New Jersey, the conversion of David George and others associated with the Sierra Leone Colony, and the conversion of South Sea Islanders at the turn of the century. Then, finally, the unconversion and re-conversion of the English entrepreneur James Lackington illustrates both the conditions of narratable evangelical conversion in general and the ways in which the evangelical experience moderated and revised modern ideals of individuality associated with the Enlightenment.Less
Begins by reviewing the chronological proliferation, literary elaboration, and theological differentiation of the genre of conversion narrative over the course of the eighteenth century in England. In order to see the genre whole, however, and to appreciate the conditions in general under which people turned to this form of spiritual autobiography, the chapter turns to examine first the ways in which the genre fared at the end of the eighteenth century in the context of evangelical mission enterprise beyond the borders of Christendom, and, second, at the ways in which the genre contrasted with the new forms of modern autobiography in England that appeared ‘after Christendom’. The non-Western case studies include David Brainerd’s mission to the Delaware Indians in New Jersey, the conversion of David George and others associated with the Sierra Leone Colony, and the conversion of South Sea Islanders at the turn of the century. Then, finally, the unconversion and re-conversion of the English entrepreneur James Lackington illustrates both the conditions of narratable evangelical conversion in general and the ways in which the evangelical experience moderated and revised modern ideals of individuality associated with the Enlightenment.
Fiona Paisley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824833428
- eISBN:
- 9780824870133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824833428.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter focuses on the 1955 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference held in Manila, Philippines. As in previous years, organizers sought to encourage that the viewpoints of non-Western women be heard. ...
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This chapter focuses on the 1955 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference held in Manila, Philippines. As in previous years, organizers sought to encourage that the viewpoints of non-Western women be heard. Concerns expressed in this regard saw women ascribed in what would today be considered broadly ethnic commonalities, given that the Pacific region was, in the postwar era, increasingly conceived as a series of subregions home to separate cultural/racial types and to concomitant degrees of advancement. Responding to these massive changes, by the end of the two-week conference the Pan-Pacific Women's Association had taken the momentous step of changing its name to the Pan-Pacific and South East Asia Women's Association (PPSEAWA). The chapter also discusses how conference was marred by the specter of communist sympathy; how race politics were intimately interlaced with the cultural internationalism of the PPSEAWA; and the multiplicity of politics possible under interwar government surveillance and even during the Cold War.Less
This chapter focuses on the 1955 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference held in Manila, Philippines. As in previous years, organizers sought to encourage that the viewpoints of non-Western women be heard. Concerns expressed in this regard saw women ascribed in what would today be considered broadly ethnic commonalities, given that the Pacific region was, in the postwar era, increasingly conceived as a series of subregions home to separate cultural/racial types and to concomitant degrees of advancement. Responding to these massive changes, by the end of the two-week conference the Pan-Pacific Women's Association had taken the momentous step of changing its name to the Pan-Pacific and South East Asia Women's Association (PPSEAWA). The chapter also discusses how conference was marred by the specter of communist sympathy; how race politics were intimately interlaced with the cultural internationalism of the PPSEAWA; and the multiplicity of politics possible under interwar government surveillance and even during the Cold War.
Peter Dauvergne
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034951
- eISBN:
- 9780262336222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034951.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Chapters 2–6 survey the political and socioeconomic forces underlying the global sustainability crisis. Understanding the scale and depth of contemporary forces of capitalism and consumerism requires ...
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Chapters 2–6 survey the political and socioeconomic forces underlying the global sustainability crisis. Understanding the scale and depth of contemporary forces of capitalism and consumerism requires a close look at the consequences of imperialism and colonialism on patterns of violence and exploitation. This chapter begins this process of understanding by sketching the history of ecological imperialism after 1600, seeing this as a reasonable starting date for the beginning of what many scholars are now calling the Anthropocene Epoch (or the age of humans, replacing the geologic epoch of the Holocene beginning 12,000 years ago). It opens with Captain Pedro Fernandes de Queirós’s voyage across the Pacific Ocean in 1605–06 to “discover” modern-day Vanuatu, before turning to look more globally at the devastation of imperialism – and later colonialism – for the South Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Over this time conquerors enslaved and murdered large numbers of indigenous people; cataclysmic change came as well, however, from the introduction of European diseases, plants, and animals. This chapter’s survey of imperialism, colonialism, and globalization sets the stage for Chapter 3, which explores the devastating history of the South Pacific island of Nauru after 1798.Less
Chapters 2–6 survey the political and socioeconomic forces underlying the global sustainability crisis. Understanding the scale and depth of contemporary forces of capitalism and consumerism requires a close look at the consequences of imperialism and colonialism on patterns of violence and exploitation. This chapter begins this process of understanding by sketching the history of ecological imperialism after 1600, seeing this as a reasonable starting date for the beginning of what many scholars are now calling the Anthropocene Epoch (or the age of humans, replacing the geologic epoch of the Holocene beginning 12,000 years ago). It opens with Captain Pedro Fernandes de Queirós’s voyage across the Pacific Ocean in 1605–06 to “discover” modern-day Vanuatu, before turning to look more globally at the devastation of imperialism – and later colonialism – for the South Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Over this time conquerors enslaved and murdered large numbers of indigenous people; cataclysmic change came as well, however, from the introduction of European diseases, plants, and animals. This chapter’s survey of imperialism, colonialism, and globalization sets the stage for Chapter 3, which explores the devastating history of the South Pacific island of Nauru after 1798.
Paul Sharrad
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199679775
- eISBN:
- 9780191869778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
This chapter focuses on the history of the South Pacific novel as a post-1950s phenomenon. Many Pacific writings from the early phase of literary production came in the form of ‘auto-ethnographic’ ...
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This chapter focuses on the history of the South Pacific novel as a post-1950s phenomenon. Many Pacific writings from the early phase of literary production came in the form of ‘auto-ethnographic’ accounts of village life or the transcription of oral stories in which the separation of the writer is indicated often implicitly in the external viewpoint of the narrative and its use of formal English to depict a clearly non-Anglo world. To become a writer, one had to enter school, where he/she had to be acquainted not only with maths tables and alphabets but also new patterns of behaviour fitted to the subject position of ‘student’, disruptive of a traditional sense of communal identity. The chapter examines how literacy, with its ties to Western education, allowed Pacific Islanders to correct false representations of themselves in colonial adventure stories. It also shows that South Pacific fiction is imbued from the start with the vision of flux and fragmentation that is modernity, while contemporary shifts in Pacific identities due to the pan-Pacific diaspora and transnational networks have encouraged novelistic innovation in the increasingly pervasive print culture of a globalized Pacific.Less
This chapter focuses on the history of the South Pacific novel as a post-1950s phenomenon. Many Pacific writings from the early phase of literary production came in the form of ‘auto-ethnographic’ accounts of village life or the transcription of oral stories in which the separation of the writer is indicated often implicitly in the external viewpoint of the narrative and its use of formal English to depict a clearly non-Anglo world. To become a writer, one had to enter school, where he/she had to be acquainted not only with maths tables and alphabets but also new patterns of behaviour fitted to the subject position of ‘student’, disruptive of a traditional sense of communal identity. The chapter examines how literacy, with its ties to Western education, allowed Pacific Islanders to correct false representations of themselves in colonial adventure stories. It also shows that South Pacific fiction is imbued from the start with the vision of flux and fragmentation that is modernity, while contemporary shifts in Pacific identities due to the pan-Pacific diaspora and transnational networks have encouraged novelistic innovation in the increasingly pervasive print culture of a globalized Pacific.
Alice Te Punga Somerville
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816677566
- eISBN:
- 9781452948003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816677566.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter covers existing accounts of Māori writing in English, describing writers who live and publish outside New Zealand and have specific ties to the Pacific. It focuses on Māori poets Robert ...
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This chapter covers existing accounts of Māori writing in English, describing writers who live and publish outside New Zealand and have specific ties to the Pacific. It focuses on Māori poets Robert Sullivan, Vernice Wineera, and Evelyn Patuawa-Nathan, who write about journeys in which Māori start at Aotearoa and venture out into the region. Originally from the Kaihu valley in North Island, Patuawa-Nathan is the only Māori writer published by the South Pacific Creative Arts Society (SPCAS) in Fiji.Less
This chapter covers existing accounts of Māori writing in English, describing writers who live and publish outside New Zealand and have specific ties to the Pacific. It focuses on Māori poets Robert Sullivan, Vernice Wineera, and Evelyn Patuawa-Nathan, who write about journeys in which Māori start at Aotearoa and venture out into the region. Originally from the Kaihu valley in North Island, Patuawa-Nathan is the only Māori writer published by the South Pacific Creative Arts Society (SPCAS) in Fiji.
