Alan C. L. Yu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279388
- eISBN:
- 9780191707346
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279388.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This book presents a cross-linguistic study of the phenomenon of infixation, typically associated in English with words like nullim-bloody-possiblenull, and found in all the world's major linguistic ...
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This book presents a cross-linguistic study of the phenomenon of infixation, typically associated in English with words like nullim-bloody-possiblenull, and found in all the world's major linguistic families. Infixation is a central puzzle in prosodic morphology: the book explores its prosodic, phonological, and morphological characteristics; considers its diverse functions, and formulates a general theory to explain the rules and constraints by which it is governed. The book examines 154 infixation patterns from over a hundred languages, including examples from Asia, Europe, Africa, New Guinea, and South America. It compares the formal properties of different kinds of infix, explores the range of diachronic pathways that lead to them, and considers the processes by which they are acquired in first language learning. A central argument of the book concerns the idea that the typological tendencies of language may be traced back to its origins and to the mechanisms of language transmission. The book thus combines the history of infixation with an exploration of the role diachronic and functional factors play in synchronic argumentation: it is an exemplary instance of the holistic approach to linguistic explanation.Less
This book presents a cross-linguistic study of the phenomenon of infixation, typically associated in English with words like nullim-bloody-possiblenull, and found in all the world's major linguistic families. Infixation is a central puzzle in prosodic morphology: the book explores its prosodic, phonological, and morphological characteristics; considers its diverse functions, and formulates a general theory to explain the rules and constraints by which it is governed. The book examines 154 infixation patterns from over a hundred languages, including examples from Asia, Europe, Africa, New Guinea, and South America. It compares the formal properties of different kinds of infix, explores the range of diachronic pathways that lead to them, and considers the processes by which they are acquired in first language learning. A central argument of the book concerns the idea that the typological tendencies of language may be traced back to its origins and to the mechanisms of language transmission. The book thus combines the history of infixation with an exploration of the role diachronic and functional factors play in synchronic argumentation: it is an exemplary instance of the holistic approach to linguistic explanation.
Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The book explores how new democracies face an authoritarian past and past human rights violations, and the way in which policies of truth and justice shape the process of democratization. Eighteen ...
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The book explores how new democracies face an authoritarian past and past human rights violations, and the way in which policies of truth and justice shape the process of democratization. Eighteen countries in Central and South America, Central, Eastern and South Europe and South Africa are analysed in detail. The main variables affecting the implementation of truth and justice policies (purges, truth commissions and trials, among other policies) are: the balance between old and new regime forces; the availability of institutional, human and financial resources, the nature of the ideological preferences and commitments of the elites in question; the mobilization of social groups pressing in favour of these policies; and the importance of human rights in the international arena. The duration and degree of institutionalization of dictatorship is also important. A prolonged dictatorship makes it harder for a new democracy to implement truth and justice policies, particularly when repression occurred in the distant past and if repression gained social complicity. The magnitude and methods of repression used against opposition forces in the dictatorship also shape transitional truth and justice: torture, assassination, and disappearances and clandestine repression in general (as in Central and South America, South Africa) require a different response to official institutionalized ‘softer’ repression (as in Portugal, Spain and Eastern Europe). The findings indicate that, with hindsight, there appears to be no direct relation between the implementation of policies of backward-looking truth and justice and the quality of new democracies. Democracy is just as strong and deep in Spain, Hungary and Uruguay, where there was no punishment or truth telling, as it is in Portugal, the Czech Republic or Argentina, which experienced purges and trials. However, such policies are justified not merely on instrumental grounds, but also for ethical reasons, and they symbolize a break with a violent, undemocratic past.Less
The book explores how new democracies face an authoritarian past and past human rights violations, and the way in which policies of truth and justice shape the process of democratization. Eighteen countries in Central and South America, Central, Eastern and South Europe and South Africa are analysed in detail. The main variables affecting the implementation of truth and justice policies (purges, truth commissions and trials, among other policies) are: the balance between old and new regime forces; the availability of institutional, human and financial resources, the nature of the ideological preferences and commitments of the elites in question; the mobilization of social groups pressing in favour of these policies; and the importance of human rights in the international arena. The duration and degree of institutionalization of dictatorship is also important. A prolonged dictatorship makes it harder for a new democracy to implement truth and justice policies, particularly when repression occurred in the distant past and if repression gained social complicity. The magnitude and methods of repression used against opposition forces in the dictatorship also shape transitional truth and justice: torture, assassination, and disappearances and clandestine repression in general (as in Central and South America, South Africa) require a different response to official institutionalized ‘softer’ repression (as in Portugal, Spain and Eastern Europe). The findings indicate that, with hindsight, there appears to be no direct relation between the implementation of policies of backward-looking truth and justice and the quality of new democracies. Democracy is just as strong and deep in Spain, Hungary and Uruguay, where there was no punishment or truth telling, as it is in Portugal, the Czech Republic or Argentina, which experienced purges and trials. However, such policies are justified not merely on instrumental grounds, but also for ethical reasons, and they symbolize a break with a violent, undemocratic past.
Paul Giles
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136134
- eISBN:
- 9781400836512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136134.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines how the contours of American literature have changed over time by focusing on the shifting geospatial dynamics associated with the American South. In particular, it juxtaposes ...
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This chapter examines how the contours of American literature have changed over time by focusing on the shifting geospatial dynamics associated with the American South. In particular, it juxtaposes South America with the American South in order to highlight the historically variable nature of their interrelationship and the complicated ways in which these domains have intersected over time. The chapter first considers how the American South was imagined in the writings of William Bartram, William Gilmore Simms, and José Martí before discussing the notions of southern “regionalism” and pseudo-geography in the works of Zora Neale Hurston and Elizabeth Bishop. It also analyzes the fiction of William Faulkner and Frederick Barthelme.Less
This chapter examines how the contours of American literature have changed over time by focusing on the shifting geospatial dynamics associated with the American South. In particular, it juxtaposes South America with the American South in order to highlight the historically variable nature of their interrelationship and the complicated ways in which these domains have intersected over time. The chapter first considers how the American South was imagined in the writings of William Bartram, William Gilmore Simms, and José Martí before discussing the notions of southern “regionalism” and pseudo-geography in the works of Zora Neale Hurston and Elizabeth Bishop. It also analyzes the fiction of William Faulkner and Frederick Barthelme.
Mark Maslin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter highlights and explains the impressive story of the persistence of the Amazonian rainforest throughout the Cenozoic. Palaeoclimate and palaeoecological records suggest that the Amazon ...
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This chapter highlights and explains the impressive story of the persistence of the Amazonian rainforest throughout the Cenozoic. Palaeoclimate and palaeoecological records suggest that the Amazon rainforest originated in the late Cretaceous and has been a permanent feature of South America for at least the last 55 million years. During the late Palaocene the ‘rainforest’ or ‘megathermal moist forest’ (MTMF) may have stretched as far south as 45°S in South America. The main climatic feature of the last 55 million years has been global cooling and the general constriction of the megathermal moist forests to the tropics. However, the Amazon rainforest has survived the high temperatures of the early Eocene climate optimum and the aridity and low carbon dioxide levels of the Quaternary glacial periods. The Amazon rainforest should, therefore, not be viewed as a geologically ephemeral feature of South America, but rather as a constant feature of the global Cenozoic biosphere. The forest is now, however, entering a set of climatic conditions with no past analogue.Less
This chapter highlights and explains the impressive story of the persistence of the Amazonian rainforest throughout the Cenozoic. Palaeoclimate and palaeoecological records suggest that the Amazon rainforest originated in the late Cretaceous and has been a permanent feature of South America for at least the last 55 million years. During the late Palaocene the ‘rainforest’ or ‘megathermal moist forest’ (MTMF) may have stretched as far south as 45°S in South America. The main climatic feature of the last 55 million years has been global cooling and the general constriction of the megathermal moist forests to the tropics. However, the Amazon rainforest has survived the high temperatures of the early Eocene climate optimum and the aridity and low carbon dioxide levels of the Quaternary glacial periods. The Amazon rainforest should, therefore, not be viewed as a geologically ephemeral feature of South America, but rather as a constant feature of the global Cenozoic biosphere. The forest is now, however, entering a set of climatic conditions with no past analogue.
John Corrigan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226313931
- eISBN:
- 9780226314099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226314099.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
Americans who were opposed to Catholics, Mormons, and other minority religions imagined those communities to exist in space apart from the United States. Protestants increasingly looked overseas for ...
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Americans who were opposed to Catholics, Mormons, and other minority religions imagined those communities to exist in space apart from the United States. Protestants increasingly looked overseas for examples of religious intolerance. They projected the reality of religious intolerance in America, much of which they caused, to other parts of the world. They imagined South America as the "twin" of North America, plagued by Roman Catholic rule that oppressed Protestants. In the late nineteenth century they increasingly sought U.S. intervention in South American states and succeeded in influencing the State Department to negotiate in several of those states religious protections for Protestants. Wilsonianism subsequently carried forward key elements of that agenda.Less
Americans who were opposed to Catholics, Mormons, and other minority religions imagined those communities to exist in space apart from the United States. Protestants increasingly looked overseas for examples of religious intolerance. They projected the reality of religious intolerance in America, much of which they caused, to other parts of the world. They imagined South America as the "twin" of North America, plagued by Roman Catholic rule that oppressed Protestants. In the late nineteenth century they increasingly sought U.S. intervention in South American states and succeeded in influencing the State Department to negotiate in several of those states religious protections for Protestants. Wilsonianism subsequently carried forward key elements of that agenda.
Bryan Shorrocks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570660
- eISBN:
- 9780191717680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570660.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter introduces savannahs and looks at their distribution worldwide. It examines the general climatic and physical conditions that produce them. It briefly looks at the Llanos of the Orinoco ...
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This chapter introduces savannahs and looks at their distribution worldwide. It examines the general climatic and physical conditions that produce them. It briefly looks at the Llanos of the Orinoco basin of Venezuela and Columbia, and the cerrado of Brazil. It also looks briefly at the savannahs of northern Australia where eucalyptus and kangaroos replace the acacias, and ungulates of Africa. The chapter concludes with a geographical survey of the major savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, from the arid savannahs that border the desert regions in the north and south, through the dry savannah and woodland savannahs that run from northern Kenya to northern Botswana, to the forest savannahs that surround the central lowland rainforest of the Congo basin. The influence of temperature and rainfall on the savannahs of Africa are briefly considered, and the action of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone described.Less
This chapter introduces savannahs and looks at their distribution worldwide. It examines the general climatic and physical conditions that produce them. It briefly looks at the Llanos of the Orinoco basin of Venezuela and Columbia, and the cerrado of Brazil. It also looks briefly at the savannahs of northern Australia where eucalyptus and kangaroos replace the acacias, and ungulates of Africa. The chapter concludes with a geographical survey of the major savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, from the arid savannahs that border the desert regions in the north and south, through the dry savannah and woodland savannahs that run from northern Kenya to northern Botswana, to the forest savannahs that surround the central lowland rainforest of the Congo basin. The influence of temperature and rainfall on the savannahs of Africa are briefly considered, and the action of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone described.
James Albert (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268685
- eISBN:
- 9780520948501
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268685.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The fish faunas of continental South and Central America constitute one of the greatest concentrations of aquatic diversity on Earth, consisting of about 10% of all living vertebrate species. This ...
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The fish faunas of continental South and Central America constitute one of the greatest concentrations of aquatic diversity on Earth, consisting of about 10% of all living vertebrate species. This book explores the evolutionary origins of this unique ecosystem. The chapters address central themes in the study of tropical biodiversity: why is the Amazon basin home to so many distinct evolutionary lineages? What roles do ecological specialization, speciation, and extinction play in the formation of regional assemblages? How do dispersal barriers contribute to isolation and diversification? Focusing on whole faunas rather than individual taxonomic groups, this volume shows that the area’s high regional diversity is not the result of recent diversification in lowland tropical rainforests. Rather, it is the product of species accumulating over tens of millions of years and across a continental arena.Less
The fish faunas of continental South and Central America constitute one of the greatest concentrations of aquatic diversity on Earth, consisting of about 10% of all living vertebrate species. This book explores the evolutionary origins of this unique ecosystem. The chapters address central themes in the study of tropical biodiversity: why is the Amazon basin home to so many distinct evolutionary lineages? What roles do ecological specialization, speciation, and extinction play in the formation of regional assemblages? How do dispersal barriers contribute to isolation and diversification? Focusing on whole faunas rather than individual taxonomic groups, this volume shows that the area’s high regional diversity is not the result of recent diversification in lowland tropical rainforests. Rather, it is the product of species accumulating over tens of millions of years and across a continental arena.
Thomas C. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780748643882
- eISBN:
- 9780748676699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643882.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The dominant theme of Anglo-American economic diplomacy during the Second World War was an attempt by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration to promote a multilateral system, based on equality of ...
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The dominant theme of Anglo-American economic diplomacy during the Second World War was an attempt by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration to promote a multilateral system, based on equality of access to markets and raw materials. Doubting Britain's ability to compete in such a system without various safeguards to protect its export markets, the British government baulked at the US proposal and clung to its autarkic structures constructed during the interwar years. In considering Anglo-American economic diplomacy in South America this book paints a different picture. It was Britain that promoted multilateralism in this region. Britain lacked the preferential position in South America that it sought to defend in other parts of the world. A multilateral system based on free and equal access therefore represented its best chance of maintaining commercial footholds. The Roosevelt administration was divided concerning the appropriate attitude to be taken towards British interests in South America. On the one hand there were those like the State Department's internationalists who wished to protect British interests in South America in the service of bringing about a multilateral system on a global scale. Others, however, like the State Department's Latin Americanists and influential temporary government agencies, pursued policies which excluded British interests from South America, thereby threatening the successful implementation of multilateral system. As such, this book argues that exploring relations between the US and Britain in South America results in a greater understanding of the broader economic diplomacy conducted between the two powers during the Second World War.Less
The dominant theme of Anglo-American economic diplomacy during the Second World War was an attempt by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration to promote a multilateral system, based on equality of access to markets and raw materials. Doubting Britain's ability to compete in such a system without various safeguards to protect its export markets, the British government baulked at the US proposal and clung to its autarkic structures constructed during the interwar years. In considering Anglo-American economic diplomacy in South America this book paints a different picture. It was Britain that promoted multilateralism in this region. Britain lacked the preferential position in South America that it sought to defend in other parts of the world. A multilateral system based on free and equal access therefore represented its best chance of maintaining commercial footholds. The Roosevelt administration was divided concerning the appropriate attitude to be taken towards British interests in South America. On the one hand there were those like the State Department's internationalists who wished to protect British interests in South America in the service of bringing about a multilateral system on a global scale. Others, however, like the State Department's Latin Americanists and influential temporary government agencies, pursued policies which excluded British interests from South America, thereby threatening the successful implementation of multilateral system. As such, this book argues that exploring relations between the US and Britain in South America results in a greater understanding of the broader economic diplomacy conducted between the two powers during the Second World War.
Denis J. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207145
- eISBN:
- 9780191708893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
From 8,000-5,500 BP, the African Sahara was a centre for domestication of millets and sorghum. Agriculture in the region was extinguished following a sustained drought after 5,450 BP, but may have ...
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From 8,000-5,500 BP, the African Sahara was a centre for domestication of millets and sorghum. Agriculture in the region was extinguished following a sustained drought after 5,450 BP, but may have contributed to the development of the Nile Valley as one of the greatest agro-urban cultures of the ancient world. In Central Europe, after 8,500 BP, farming was introduced by migrants from the Near East who slowly travelled northwestwards along the fertile river valleys from the Balkans towards the Atlantic coast. Other seaborne migrants brought farming to southern Europe via the Mediterranean. Complex urban cultures did not develop in this region for many millennia. Agro-urban cultures developed separately in Mesoamerica, the Andes, and parts of North America once the indigenous crops could be cultivated under high yield conditions. Social collapse and simplification occurred repeatedly in several parts of the continent, probably due to a combination of climatic and social factors.Less
From 8,000-5,500 BP, the African Sahara was a centre for domestication of millets and sorghum. Agriculture in the region was extinguished following a sustained drought after 5,450 BP, but may have contributed to the development of the Nile Valley as one of the greatest agro-urban cultures of the ancient world. In Central Europe, after 8,500 BP, farming was introduced by migrants from the Near East who slowly travelled northwestwards along the fertile river valleys from the Balkans towards the Atlantic coast. Other seaborne migrants brought farming to southern Europe via the Mediterranean. Complex urban cultures did not develop in this region for many millennia. Agro-urban cultures developed separately in Mesoamerica, the Andes, and parts of North America once the indigenous crops could be cultivated under high yield conditions. Social collapse and simplification occurred repeatedly in several parts of the continent, probably due to a combination of climatic and social factors.
Walter D. Mignolo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156095
- eISBN:
- 9781400845064
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156095.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This book is an extended argument about the “coloniality” of power. In a shrinking world where sharp dichotomies, such as East/West and developing/developed, blur and shift, this book points to the ...
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This book is an extended argument about the “coloniality” of power. In a shrinking world where sharp dichotomies, such as East/West and developing/developed, blur and shift, this book points to the inadequacy of current practices in the social sciences and area studies. It explores the crucial notion of “colonial difference” in the study of the modern colonial world and traces the emergence of an epistemic shift, which the book calls “border thinking.” Further, the book expands the horizons of those debates already under way in postcolonial studies of Asia and Africa by dwelling on the genealogy of thoughts of South/Central America, the Caribbean, and Latino/as in the United States. The book's concept of “border gnosis,” or sensing and knowing by dwelling in imperial/colonial borderlands, counters the tendency of occidentalist perspectives to manage, and thus limit, understanding. A new preface discusses this book as a dialogue with Hegel's Philosophy of History.Less
This book is an extended argument about the “coloniality” of power. In a shrinking world where sharp dichotomies, such as East/West and developing/developed, blur and shift, this book points to the inadequacy of current practices in the social sciences and area studies. It explores the crucial notion of “colonial difference” in the study of the modern colonial world and traces the emergence of an epistemic shift, which the book calls “border thinking.” Further, the book expands the horizons of those debates already under way in postcolonial studies of Asia and Africa by dwelling on the genealogy of thoughts of South/Central America, the Caribbean, and Latino/as in the United States. The book's concept of “border gnosis,” or sensing and knowing by dwelling in imperial/colonial borderlands, counters the tendency of occidentalist perspectives to manage, and thus limit, understanding. A new preface discusses this book as a dialogue with Hegel's Philosophy of History.
Pieter Muysken and Mily Crevels
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198723813
- eISBN:
- 9780191791154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents some of the main issues relating to language diversification in South America. How to explain the large number of genealogical units (107–118) in the continent, in view of its ...
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This chapter presents some of the main issues relating to language diversification in South America. How to explain the large number of genealogical units (107–118) in the continent, in view of its relatively recent human settlement, probably around 15,000 years ago? First the chapter presents the major language families such as Arawakan and Tupian. Then the chapter describes the major typological patterns characterizing the continent and their geographical distribution in terms of linguistic areas and the putative Andean-Amazonian divide, which is questioned here. A number of potential explanations for the diversity are presented: few large empires, geographical barriers, late development of food crops, possible effects of European invasion, ethos of ethnic boundary maintenance, and low population densities until recently. There is no conclusive evidence yet for any single explanation. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the chapters in the book regarding South America.Less
This chapter presents some of the main issues relating to language diversification in South America. How to explain the large number of genealogical units (107–118) in the continent, in view of its relatively recent human settlement, probably around 15,000 years ago? First the chapter presents the major language families such as Arawakan and Tupian. Then the chapter describes the major typological patterns characterizing the continent and their geographical distribution in terms of linguistic areas and the putative Andean-Amazonian divide, which is questioned here. A number of potential explanations for the diversity are presented: few large empires, geographical barriers, late development of food crops, possible effects of European invasion, ethos of ethnic boundary maintenance, and low population densities until recently. There is no conclusive evidence yet for any single explanation. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the chapters in the book regarding South America.
David Beresford-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264768
- eISBN:
- 9780191754005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264768.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The loss of riparian woodland recorded in the archaeological and geomorphological records of the basins of the lower Ica Valley is but one early part of a larger and still ongoing history of the ...
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The loss of riparian woodland recorded in the archaeological and geomorphological records of the basins of the lower Ica Valley is but one early part of a larger and still ongoing history of the deforestation of the coast of Peru. This is an old and gradual story that can be read through the Spanish chronicles, administrative records, and recent memory. This chapter follows the traces of this tale, beginning in the deep past with the archaeology of the south coast, beyond the lower Ica Valley. It then turns to historical documentation, firstly to review the uses of Prosopis by humans on the coast of Peru and in arid lands elsewhere in South America, before finally returning to focus on the south coast to examine the historical record of deforestation there.Less
The loss of riparian woodland recorded in the archaeological and geomorphological records of the basins of the lower Ica Valley is but one early part of a larger and still ongoing history of the deforestation of the coast of Peru. This is an old and gradual story that can be read through the Spanish chronicles, administrative records, and recent memory. This chapter follows the traces of this tale, beginning in the deep past with the archaeology of the south coast, beyond the lower Ica Valley. It then turns to historical documentation, firstly to review the uses of Prosopis by humans on the coast of Peru and in arid lands elsewhere in South America, before finally returning to focus on the south coast to examine the historical record of deforestation there.
Douglas Rodríguez-Olarte, José Iván Mojica Corzo, and Donald C. Taphorn Baechle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268685
- eISBN:
- 9780520948501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268685.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter examines the small, local, river fish faunas in the Magdalena and Maracaibo basins in Northern South America (NSA). It analyzes species richness and distribution patterns of the ...
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This chapter examines the small, local, river fish faunas in the Magdalena and Maracaibo basins in Northern South America (NSA). It analyzes species richness and distribution patterns of the freshwater fishes of the coast of NSA to delimit biogeographic units and relate them to historical and ecological variables. It evaluates the application of techniques of classification and ordination to the river fish faunas and describes the evolution of ichthyofaunas in the Magdalena and Maracaibo drainages.Less
This chapter examines the small, local, river fish faunas in the Magdalena and Maracaibo basins in Northern South America (NSA). It analyzes species richness and distribution patterns of the freshwater fishes of the coast of NSA to delimit biogeographic units and relate them to historical and ecological variables. It evaluates the application of techniques of classification and ordination to the river fish faunas and describes the evolution of ichthyofaunas in the Magdalena and Maracaibo drainages.
Zvi Ben‐Dor Benite
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195307337
- eISBN:
- 9780199867868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307337.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through ...
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This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through telling the story of Canary Island’s discovery several decades before. It also shows how the Ten Tribes were “removed” by European cartographers from their “original” locations in Ethiopia and Central Asia and placed in northeastern Siberia. From there they crossed the water barriers to the Americas. The chapter also discusses how the reformation affected Christian thinking about the ten tribes and heightened the debates about them among Christian thinkers, such as Sebastian Munster, John Calvin, and others. The chapter also discusses how the ten tribes became central in Spanish thinking after the conquest of America. Finally, the chapter shows how the story of the ten tribes became briefly fused with the myth of Atlantis and the history of the Scythians.Less
This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through telling the story of Canary Island’s discovery several decades before. It also shows how the Ten Tribes were “removed” by European cartographers from their “original” locations in Ethiopia and Central Asia and placed in northeastern Siberia. From there they crossed the water barriers to the Americas. The chapter also discusses how the reformation affected Christian thinking about the ten tribes and heightened the debates about them among Christian thinkers, such as Sebastian Munster, John Calvin, and others. The chapter also discusses how the ten tribes became central in Spanish thinking after the conquest of America. Finally, the chapter shows how the story of the ten tribes became briefly fused with the myth of Atlantis and the history of the Scythians.
Kathryn Talalay
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195113938
- eISBN:
- 9780199853816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195113938.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The year 1950 opened a new chapter in Philippa's life when she started her professional travels abroad. While the relationship of Philippa and her mother continued to be troubled, the tour ...
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The year 1950 opened a new chapter in Philippa's life when she started her professional travels abroad. While the relationship of Philippa and her mother continued to be troubled, the tour accomplished one important thing: it renewed Philippa's faith in her ability as a performer. During 1951 and 1955, Philippa visited and performed in every South and Central American country, and numerous Caribbean islands. American National Theatre and Academy's financial support seldom amounted to more than a contribution toward travel expenses for Philippa, yet the sponsorship provided her with an official stamp of approval. While travelling all over Central and South America, Philippa had realized for the first time in her life an alternative to America's colour obsession.Less
The year 1950 opened a new chapter in Philippa's life when she started her professional travels abroad. While the relationship of Philippa and her mother continued to be troubled, the tour accomplished one important thing: it renewed Philippa's faith in her ability as a performer. During 1951 and 1955, Philippa visited and performed in every South and Central American country, and numerous Caribbean islands. American National Theatre and Academy's financial support seldom amounted to more than a contribution toward travel expenses for Philippa, yet the sponsorship provided her with an official stamp of approval. While travelling all over Central and South America, Philippa had realized for the first time in her life an alternative to America's colour obsession.
Edward Dallam Melillo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206623
- eISBN:
- 9780300216486
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206623.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This history explores the many unrecognized, enduring linkages between the state of California and the country of Chile. The book begins in 1786, when a French expedition brought the potato from ...
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This history explores the many unrecognized, enduring linkages between the state of California and the country of Chile. The book begins in 1786, when a French expedition brought the potato from Chile to California, and it concludes with Chilean president Michelle Bachelet's diplomatic visit to the Golden State in 2008. During the intervening centuries, new crops, foods, fertilizers, mining technologies, laborers, and ideas from Chile radically altered California's development. In turn, Californian systems of servitude, exotic species, educational programs, and capitalist development strategies dramatically shaped Chilean history. The book develops a new set of historical perspectives—tracing eastward-moving trends in U.S. history, uncovering South American influences on North America's development, and reframing the Western Hemisphere from a Pacific vantage point.Less
This history explores the many unrecognized, enduring linkages between the state of California and the country of Chile. The book begins in 1786, when a French expedition brought the potato from Chile to California, and it concludes with Chilean president Michelle Bachelet's diplomatic visit to the Golden State in 2008. During the intervening centuries, new crops, foods, fertilizers, mining technologies, laborers, and ideas from Chile radically altered California's development. In turn, Californian systems of servitude, exotic species, educational programs, and capitalist development strategies dramatically shaped Chilean history. The book develops a new set of historical perspectives—tracing eastward-moving trends in U.S. history, uncovering South American influences on North America's development, and reframing the Western Hemisphere from a Pacific vantage point.
Alice H. Amsden
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139693
- eISBN:
- 9780199832897
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139690.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, International
Successful late industrializing countries (the rest) all allocated intermediate assets to the same set of mid‐technology industries, and in almost all cases, these industries started as import ...
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Successful late industrializing countries (the rest) all allocated intermediate assets to the same set of mid‐technology industries, and in almost all cases, these industries started as import substitutes. What differed among countries was how vigorously and rapidly exportables were extracted from a sequentially rising number of import substitution sectors. The wide variation among countries in export coefficient—share of exports (manufactured and non‐manufactured) in GDP—depended on structural characteristics (population size and density), investment rates, and price distortions. Even controlling for these variables, however, some countries became overexporters while others remained underexporters. The reasons behind this disparity—rather than its importance for growth—are explored in this chapter, which addresses in particular the trading institutions of the latecomers and the influence of earlier industrializers on them—notably Japan and its Asian emulators, the USA and its South American emulators, and (later) Europe as a role model.Less
Successful late industrializing countries (the rest) all allocated intermediate assets to the same set of mid‐technology industries, and in almost all cases, these industries started as import substitutes. What differed among countries was how vigorously and rapidly exportables were extracted from a sequentially rising number of import substitution sectors. The wide variation among countries in export coefficient—share of exports (manufactured and non‐manufactured) in GDP—depended on structural characteristics (population size and density), investment rates, and price distortions. Even controlling for these variables, however, some countries became overexporters while others remained underexporters. The reasons behind this disparity—rather than its importance for growth—are explored in this chapter, which addresses in particular the trading institutions of the latecomers and the influence of earlier industrializers on them—notably Japan and its Asian emulators, the USA and its South American emulators, and (later) Europe as a role model.
Jacqueline Rose
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183273
- eISBN:
- 9780191673993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183273.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
The body, although made up of many parts, is always considered as a whole. It is not only related to the human form but also it is considered in terms of its political aspects. The heart in ...
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The body, although made up of many parts, is always considered as a whole. It is not only related to the human form but also it is considered in terms of its political aspects. The heart in particular represents one's sovereignty, a most precious and treasured part. The ownership of the heart and mind is akin to the possession of one's mind. This is most often likened in this chapter as the relationship between South Africa and England, where a black man gives some of the parts of his body for the white people. In this light, Wulf Sachs wrote Black Helmet, which was the first psychoanalysis book to be published in South Africa. It was an attempt to create a work that spoke between the Western nations and the African native, to trespass racial boundaries and reach the subconscious of both groups alike.Less
The body, although made up of many parts, is always considered as a whole. It is not only related to the human form but also it is considered in terms of its political aspects. The heart in particular represents one's sovereignty, a most precious and treasured part. The ownership of the heart and mind is akin to the possession of one's mind. This is most often likened in this chapter as the relationship between South Africa and England, where a black man gives some of the parts of his body for the white people. In this light, Wulf Sachs wrote Black Helmet, which was the first psychoanalysis book to be published in South Africa. It was an attempt to create a work that spoke between the Western nations and the African native, to trespass racial boundaries and reach the subconscious of both groups alike.
Thomas C. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780748643882
- eISBN:
- 9780748676699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643882.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores criticisms of British trade practices in South America from a variety of sources within the US. The recurring theme of this criticism was that Britain was following policies ...
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This chapter explores criticisms of British trade practices in South America from a variety of sources within the US. The recurring theme of this criticism was that Britain was following policies ostensibly aimed at advancing the Allied war effort that in fact harmed US commercial interests in South America, while advancing Britain's own. While on one level these criticisms were a legitimate response to British connivance, various groups within the US inflated them to advance their own agendas. Combined, these groups represented indications from within the US of a wish to exclude Britain from South America in the post-war period. While there was a keen desire within Britain to resist this effort, as criticisms of British trade practices in South America became an increasingly prominent political issue in the US, they were consequently viewed as a threat to ensuring the benevolence of the Roosevelt administration. The British government therefore took a variety of steps to pacify US criticisms of British commercial activities in South America. This resulted in a contraction of British economic interests in the region, and in this sense, an early success on the part of factions within the US aiming to exclude British interests from South America.Less
This chapter explores criticisms of British trade practices in South America from a variety of sources within the US. The recurring theme of this criticism was that Britain was following policies ostensibly aimed at advancing the Allied war effort that in fact harmed US commercial interests in South America, while advancing Britain's own. While on one level these criticisms were a legitimate response to British connivance, various groups within the US inflated them to advance their own agendas. Combined, these groups represented indications from within the US of a wish to exclude Britain from South America in the post-war period. While there was a keen desire within Britain to resist this effort, as criticisms of British trade practices in South America became an increasingly prominent political issue in the US, they were consequently viewed as a threat to ensuring the benevolence of the Roosevelt administration. The British government therefore took a variety of steps to pacify US criticisms of British commercial activities in South America. This resulted in a contraction of British economic interests in the region, and in this sense, an early success on the part of factions within the US aiming to exclude British interests from South America.
Lila Barrera-Hernández
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199645039
- eISBN:
- 9780191738647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199645039.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
This chapter highlights regional arrangements in South America that advance energy integration in the region. Three significant multi-state agreements have the potential to provide the framework for ...
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This chapter highlights regional arrangements in South America that advance energy integration in the region. Three significant multi-state agreements have the potential to provide the framework for moving energy from source to end user in South American nations. These are the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), and the Community of Andean Nations (CAN). Can those regional agreements supply an adequate legal platform for multinational energy networks to develop and operate successfully in South America? What are their strengths and weaknesses? These are the questions that the chapter attempts to answer.Less
This chapter highlights regional arrangements in South America that advance energy integration in the region. Three significant multi-state agreements have the potential to provide the framework for moving energy from source to end user in South American nations. These are the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), and the Community of Andean Nations (CAN). Can those regional agreements supply an adequate legal platform for multinational energy networks to develop and operate successfully in South America? What are their strengths and weaknesses? These are the questions that the chapter attempts to answer.
