James Lewis and Nicholas Levine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) is a small New Religion which, in the short span of eight years, has evoked intense controversy. An unusual synthesis of traditional Catholicism, esoteric cosmology, ...
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The Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) is a small New Religion which, in the short span of eight years, has evoked intense controversy. An unusual synthesis of traditional Catholicism, esoteric cosmology, and psychology, the OCS already has centers in a dozen major cities in the United States. Thus far, however, it has eluded the attention of scholars of alternative religions. An offshoot of an earlier group, the Holy Order of MANS, the OCS developed a distinctive set of beliefs and practices that set it apart from the mother faith. It has cultivated some curious and provocative features for a Christian-based religion, including the elevation of women to full participation and status within the evolving sacred order. Its treatment of gender is refreshingly egalitarian; women can be priests, and Mary is deified and given equal status with Jesus. Another unusual feature of the group is its emphasis on introspection and intensive psychological and emotional work for all members. Beyond surveying the history, doctrines and practices of this unusual group, this book brings data from the author's study of the OCS to bear on many items of conventional wisdom in the New Religions field. It shows, for example, that far from joining the Order in response to a “youth crisis”, the average age of new OCS members is 37. This and a number of other characteristics of the OCS membership challenge generally accepted conclusions about recruits to New Religions. In addition to the six core chapters, three other experts contribute chapters on: the results of personality and I.Q. tests administered to members; membership attitudes; comparison of OCS with mainstream denominations; and sex roles in the OCS.Less
The Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) is a small New Religion which, in the short span of eight years, has evoked intense controversy. An unusual synthesis of traditional Catholicism, esoteric cosmology, and psychology, the OCS already has centers in a dozen major cities in the United States. Thus far, however, it has eluded the attention of scholars of alternative religions. An offshoot of an earlier group, the Holy Order of MANS, the OCS developed a distinctive set of beliefs and practices that set it apart from the mother faith. It has cultivated some curious and provocative features for a Christian-based religion, including the elevation of women to full participation and status within the evolving sacred order. Its treatment of gender is refreshingly egalitarian; women can be priests, and Mary is deified and given equal status with Jesus. Another unusual feature of the group is its emphasis on introspection and intensive psychological and emotional work for all members. Beyond surveying the history, doctrines and practices of this unusual group, this book brings data from the author's study of the OCS to bear on many items of conventional wisdom in the New Religions field. It shows, for example, that far from joining the Order in response to a “youth crisis”, the average age of new OCS members is 37. This and a number of other characteristics of the OCS membership challenge generally accepted conclusions about recruits to New Religions. In addition to the six core chapters, three other experts contribute chapters on: the results of personality and I.Q. tests administered to members; membership attitudes; comparison of OCS with mainstream denominations; and sex roles in the OCS.
Gloria L. Schaab
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195329124
- eISBN:
- 9780199785711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329124.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Chapter 6 contributes to the renaissance of a practical theology of Trinity by delineating some positive implications of its evolutionary theology of the suffering God for feminist, ecological, and ...
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Chapter 6 contributes to the renaissance of a practical theology of Trinity by delineating some positive implications of its evolutionary theology of the suffering God for feminist, ecological, and pastoral concerns. It proposes a female panentheistic‐procreative paradigm of the creative suffering of the Triune God through female images of God drawn from biblical and rabbinical traditions. In keeping with such a paradigm, it advances a model of midwifery as an approach toward ecological ethics. Finally, in view of the ubiquity and diversity of suffering in the cosmos and its creatures, it sets forth a pastoral model of threefold differentiation of suffering in God as sympathy, empathy, and protopathy.Less
Chapter 6 contributes to the renaissance of a practical theology of Trinity by delineating some positive implications of its evolutionary theology of the suffering God for feminist, ecological, and pastoral concerns. It proposes a female panentheistic‐procreative paradigm of the creative suffering of the Triune God through female images of God drawn from biblical and rabbinical traditions. In keeping with such a paradigm, it advances a model of midwifery as an approach toward ecological ethics. Finally, in view of the ubiquity and diversity of suffering in the cosmos and its creatures, it sets forth a pastoral model of threefold differentiation of suffering in God as sympathy, empathy, and protopathy.
Cynthia Grant Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390209
- eISBN:
- 9780199866670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390209.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
After earning a B.A. at Radcliffe and spending five disillusioning years working with social relief agencies, Abby Adams Eliot is asked by the Women's Education Association of Boston to start a ...
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After earning a B.A. at Radcliffe and spending five disillusioning years working with social relief agencies, Abby Adams Eliot is asked by the Women's Education Association of Boston to start a nursery school in the city. They send her to London to study the concept at Rachel McMillan's training center. Upon her return, she opens the Ruggles Street Nursery and Training School and remains its director for thirty years. Abby finds her life partner in Anna Evelyth Holman, who in 1919, goes to war‐torn France with the Radcliffe Unit to help the Red Cross. Back home, Anna teaches science at the Winsor School in Boston, while Abby carries her expertise to Unitarian Sunday School programs and helps Sophia Fahs in her effort to modernize the curriculum. After her mother's death, Abby becomes the matriarch of Camp Maple Hill.Less
After earning a B.A. at Radcliffe and spending five disillusioning years working with social relief agencies, Abby Adams Eliot is asked by the Women's Education Association of Boston to start a nursery school in the city. They send her to London to study the concept at Rachel McMillan's training center. Upon her return, she opens the Ruggles Street Nursery and Training School and remains its director for thirty years. Abby finds her life partner in Anna Evelyth Holman, who in 1919, goes to war‐torn France with the Radcliffe Unit to help the Red Cross. Back home, Anna teaches science at the Winsor School in Boston, while Abby carries her expertise to Unitarian Sunday School programs and helps Sophia Fahs in her effort to modernize the curriculum. After her mother's death, Abby becomes the matriarch of Camp Maple Hill.
Terryl L. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195313901
- eISBN:
- 9780199871933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313901.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In the Hellenistic era, the center of Christian learning shifted to Alexandria. Philo effects a synthesis of Platonic and Hebraic ideas, including preexistence. The idea persists through numerous ...
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In the Hellenistic era, the center of Christian learning shifted to Alexandria. Philo effects a synthesis of Platonic and Hebraic ideas, including preexistence. The idea persists through numerous apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal traditions, associated with Enoch, Moses, Joseph, Ezra, and Solomon. It also appears in Gnostic texts from Nag Hammadi, often in connection with the figure of Sophia. In Paul, the preexistent church and Christ's preexistence are important.Less
In the Hellenistic era, the center of Christian learning shifted to Alexandria. Philo effects a synthesis of Platonic and Hebraic ideas, including preexistence. The idea persists through numerous apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal traditions, associated with Enoch, Moses, Joseph, Ezra, and Solomon. It also appears in Gnostic texts from Nag Hammadi, often in connection with the figure of Sophia. In Paul, the preexistent church and Christ's preexistence are important.
Nicholas M. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter presents a basic overview of the history of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS). The OCS is only a decade old, but it has grown out of a number of predecessor movements: the Holy Order of ...
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This chapter presents a basic overview of the history of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS). The OCS is only a decade old, but it has grown out of a number of predecessor movements: the Holy Order of MANS (HOOM), the Brotherhood of Christ, and the Holy Order of Sophia. Earl Blighton, who was involved in alternative spirituality for much of his life, founded the HOOM during the heyday of the counterculture. Father Peter Bowes, who had been a minister in the Holy Order of MANS, founded the Brotherhood of Christ. Father Peter's brotherhood was short-lived. But one of Bowes's students, Mother Clare Watts, founded an all-women's order, the Holy Order of Sophia, which later became the Order of Christ Sophia after Bowes and Watts joined forces. The historical backdrop for the OCS is thus the history of these predecessor movements and the biographies of Blighton, Bowes, and Watts.Less
This chapter presents a basic overview of the history of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS). The OCS is only a decade old, but it has grown out of a number of predecessor movements: the Holy Order of MANS (HOOM), the Brotherhood of Christ, and the Holy Order of Sophia. Earl Blighton, who was involved in alternative spirituality for much of his life, founded the HOOM during the heyday of the counterculture. Father Peter Bowes, who had been a minister in the Holy Order of MANS, founded the Brotherhood of Christ. Father Peter's brotherhood was short-lived. But one of Bowes's students, Mother Clare Watts, founded an all-women's order, the Holy Order of Sophia, which later became the Order of Christ Sophia after Bowes and Watts joined forces. The historical backdrop for the OCS is thus the history of these predecessor movements and the biographies of Blighton, Bowes, and Watts.
Nicholas M. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the order's beliefs and practices. Earl Blighton, known to Holy Order of MANS (HOOM) members as Father Paul, wedded new thought and an esoteric belief system that included ...
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This chapter examines the order's beliefs and practices. Earl Blighton, known to Holy Order of MANS (HOOM) members as Father Paul, wedded new thought and an esoteric belief system that included elements from Indian yoga systems to traditional practices from Catholicism. Order of Christ Sophia situates itself firmly in the tradition of the Holy Order of MANS. This is evident in the Holy Order of Christ Sophia's (OCS) theological terminology, clerical attire, and day-to-day rituals. There have also been certain additions to the original HOOM synthesis. Perhaps the most important new element is the addition of a psychotherapeutic dimension that engages members in a kind of ongoing group therapy as an integral part of their spiritual practice.Less
This chapter examines the order's beliefs and practices. Earl Blighton, known to Holy Order of MANS (HOOM) members as Father Paul, wedded new thought and an esoteric belief system that included elements from Indian yoga systems to traditional practices from Catholicism. Order of Christ Sophia situates itself firmly in the tradition of the Holy Order of MANS. This is evident in the Holy Order of Christ Sophia's (OCS) theological terminology, clerical attire, and day-to-day rituals. There have also been certain additions to the original HOOM synthesis. Perhaps the most important new element is the addition of a psychotherapeutic dimension that engages members in a kind of ongoing group therapy as an integral part of their spiritual practice.
James R. Lewis and Christine Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Demographic questionnaires were administered to members of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) in 2005 and 2008. This chapter examines the membership's characteristics and analyzes how people became ...
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Demographic questionnaires were administered to members of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) in 2005 and 2008. This chapter examines the membership's characteristics and analyzes how people became members. Though some of the OCS data support generally accepted conclusions that researchers have drawn from earlier studies of new religious movements, on certain points the data call into question—sometimes dramatically—prior generalizations. Thus, for example, the scholarly consensus is that the great majority of recruits become involved in new religious movements (NRMs) in response to the “youth crisis” that takes place during the difficult transition from adolescence to adulthood. The average member of the order, however, became involved in his or her 30s. This and a number of other characteristics of the OCS membership challenge general conclusions about recruits to new religions that have been drawn from previous research.Less
Demographic questionnaires were administered to members of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) in 2005 and 2008. This chapter examines the membership's characteristics and analyzes how people became members. Though some of the OCS data support generally accepted conclusions that researchers have drawn from earlier studies of new religious movements, on certain points the data call into question—sometimes dramatically—prior generalizations. Thus, for example, the scholarly consensus is that the great majority of recruits become involved in new religious movements (NRMs) in response to the “youth crisis” that takes place during the difficult transition from adolescence to adulthood. The average member of the order, however, became involved in his or her 30s. This and a number of other characteristics of the OCS membership challenge general conclusions about recruits to new religions that have been drawn from previous research.
James R. Lewis and Nicholas M. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In its relatively short lifespan of ten years, the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) has experienced more than its fair share of controversy. From an accusatory media, to disenchanted ex-members, to ...
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In its relatively short lifespan of ten years, the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) has experienced more than its fair share of controversy. From an accusatory media, to disenchanted ex-members, to direct assaults from the anti-cult movement (ACM), the order has matured in a hostile milieu. This chapter examines the major areas in which the OCS has been involved in controversy: first, confrontations with former members of the Holy Order of MANS (ex-HOOMies) who question the OCS's legitimacy; second, confrontation with disenchanted former members of the OCS; and third, confrontation with the media and ACM figures.Less
In its relatively short lifespan of ten years, the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) has experienced more than its fair share of controversy. From an accusatory media, to disenchanted ex-members, to direct assaults from the anti-cult movement (ACM), the order has matured in a hostile milieu. This chapter examines the major areas in which the OCS has been involved in controversy: first, confrontations with former members of the Holy Order of MANS (ex-HOOMies) who question the OCS's legitimacy; second, confrontation with disenchanted former members of the OCS; and third, confrontation with the media and ACM figures.
James R. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Understanding religious experiences is central for understanding a wide variety of contemporary religious movements. This chapter examines the range of religious experiences reported by members of ...
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Understanding religious experiences is central for understanding a wide variety of contemporary religious movements. This chapter examines the range of religious experiences reported by members of the Order of Christ Sophia. Members of the order conceive of themselves as Christian mystics, a self-identification that emphasizes this dimension of the religious life. Religious experience has also been a foundational category of analysis for certain classical theorists of religious studies. Because this approach has been rejected by a number of important recent theorists, the chapter offers an argument for taking religious experiences seriously, without burdening this category of human experience with the responsibility for legitimating the larger enterprise of religious studies.Less
Understanding religious experiences is central for understanding a wide variety of contemporary religious movements. This chapter examines the range of religious experiences reported by members of the Order of Christ Sophia. Members of the order conceive of themselves as Christian mystics, a self-identification that emphasizes this dimension of the religious life. Religious experience has also been a foundational category of analysis for certain classical theorists of religious studies. Because this approach has been rejected by a number of important recent theorists, the chapter offers an argument for taking religious experiences seriously, without burdening this category of human experience with the responsibility for legitimating the larger enterprise of religious studies.
Lucille Michaels and Mary Francis Drake
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter presents a psychological profile of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS). The study was designed to add to the body of empirical research to promote a better understanding of the ...
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This chapter presents a psychological profile of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS). The study was designed to add to the body of empirical research to promote a better understanding of the psychological effects of membership in new religious movements (NRMs). Because the Order of Christ Sophia has not previously been empirically studied, it offers new information and an alternative perspective to the available research. The chapter includes the use of measures found in prior research on NRMs to allow for direct comparisons between OCS members and participants in other NRMs.Less
This chapter presents a psychological profile of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS). The study was designed to add to the body of empirical research to promote a better understanding of the psychological effects of membership in new religious movements (NRMs). Because the Order of Christ Sophia has not previously been empirically studied, it offers new information and an alternative perspective to the available research. The chapter includes the use of measures found in prior research on NRMs to allow for direct comparisons between OCS members and participants in other NRMs.
James R. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at the future prospects for the order in terms of Rodney Stark's analysis of how religions grow—or, to use Stark's terminology, how religions “succeed”. It is argued that although ...
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This chapter looks at the future prospects for the order in terms of Rodney Stark's analysis of how religions grow—or, to use Stark's terminology, how religions “succeed”. It is argued that although many specific components of his theoretical formulation are useful, other components miss the mark. The first part of the chapter critiques certain aspects of the Stark model of religious growth. It then applies his success model to evaluate the Order of Christ Sophia's potential for future growth. In terms of Stark's theoretical formulation, the order's prospects appear bright. The final section speculates about the OCS's postcharismatic future.Less
This chapter looks at the future prospects for the order in terms of Rodney Stark's analysis of how religions grow—or, to use Stark's terminology, how religions “succeed”. It is argued that although many specific components of his theoretical formulation are useful, other components miss the mark. The first part of the chapter critiques certain aspects of the Stark model of religious growth. It then applies his success model to evaluate the Order of Christ Sophia's potential for future growth. In terms of Stark's theoretical formulation, the order's prospects appear bright. The final section speculates about the OCS's postcharismatic future.
Richard Kieckhefer
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154665
- eISBN:
- 9780199835676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154665.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
There is broad consensus that churches should be places of beauty, but for different reasons. The aesthetic design of a church may be viewed as a way of signaling holiness--the presence of the holy ...
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There is broad consensus that churches should be places of beauty, but for different reasons. The aesthetic design of a church may be viewed as a way of signaling holiness--the presence of the holy (i.e., the divine) within the sacred (i.e., a cultural complex drawing upon sacred tradition and fostering a sacred community). The emphasis in the classic sacramental tradition on an interplay of transcendence and immanence—with creation of height, light, and volume that call attention to themselves and serve as sacred symbols—is illustrated by early descriptions (ekphraseis) of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul) An alternative conception of church aesthetics is found at Christ Church Lutheran in Minneapolis, where architectural forms are simple and subtle reminders of grace. A church by Julia Morgan serves as an example of architectural articulation. And the Thorncrown Chapel at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, illustrates the integration of church design with natural setting.Less
There is broad consensus that churches should be places of beauty, but for different reasons. The aesthetic design of a church may be viewed as a way of signaling holiness--the presence of the holy (i.e., the divine) within the sacred (i.e., a cultural complex drawing upon sacred tradition and fostering a sacred community). The emphasis in the classic sacramental tradition on an interplay of transcendence and immanence—with creation of height, light, and volume that call attention to themselves and serve as sacred symbols—is illustrated by early descriptions (ekphraseis) of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul) An alternative conception of church aesthetics is found at Christ Church Lutheran in Minneapolis, where architectural forms are simple and subtle reminders of grace. A church by Julia Morgan serves as an example of architectural articulation. And the Thorncrown Chapel at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, illustrates the integration of church design with natural setting.
Joan L. Richards
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780300255492
- eISBN:
- 9780300262575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300255492.001.0001
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
Generations of Reason recounts the story of three Cambridge-educated Englishmen and the women with whom they chose to share their commitment to reason in all parts of their lives. In the first ...
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Generations of Reason recounts the story of three Cambridge-educated Englishmen and the women with whom they chose to share their commitment to reason in all parts of their lives. In the first generation, Theophilus and Hannah Lindsey founded the Unitarian Church in 1774. In the second, William Frend, with the support of his wife Sarah, lived a complicated life as a radical political thinker and writer through the Napoleonic era. In the third, Augustus De Morgan pursued mathematics and logic while his wife Sophia explored the world of spiritualism in early Victorian England. These couples were members of a non-traditional family formed when a man married the daughter or niece of the mentor, who had taught him the ways of reason. This dynamic supported a commitment to reason that profoundly shaped the lives of three generations of men, women and children.
The reason this family embraced was an essentially human power with the potential to generate true insight into all aspects of the world. Recognizing the role reason played in their lives casts new light on key developments in English cultural and political history, from the religious conformism of the eighteenth century through the upheavals of the Napoleonic era into the industrial prosperity of the Victorian age. At the same time, it restores the rich world of the essentially meditative, rational sciences of theology, astronomy, mathematics, and logic to their proper place in the English intellectual landscape.Less
Generations of Reason recounts the story of three Cambridge-educated Englishmen and the women with whom they chose to share their commitment to reason in all parts of their lives. In the first generation, Theophilus and Hannah Lindsey founded the Unitarian Church in 1774. In the second, William Frend, with the support of his wife Sarah, lived a complicated life as a radical political thinker and writer through the Napoleonic era. In the third, Augustus De Morgan pursued mathematics and logic while his wife Sophia explored the world of spiritualism in early Victorian England. These couples were members of a non-traditional family formed when a man married the daughter or niece of the mentor, who had taught him the ways of reason. This dynamic supported a commitment to reason that profoundly shaped the lives of three generations of men, women and children.
The reason this family embraced was an essentially human power with the potential to generate true insight into all aspects of the world. Recognizing the role reason played in their lives casts new light on key developments in English cultural and political history, from the religious conformism of the eighteenth century through the upheavals of the Napoleonic era into the industrial prosperity of the Victorian age. At the same time, it restores the rich world of the essentially meditative, rational sciences of theology, astronomy, mathematics, and logic to their proper place in the English intellectual landscape.
Jane Stevenson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198185024
- eISBN:
- 9780191714238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198185024.003.0015
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter examines poor survival rate of early modern German books. It emphasizes an increasing interest in women's capabilities and education, and discusses pietism as a movement that encouraged ...
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This chapter examines poor survival rate of early modern German books. It emphasizes an increasing interest in women's capabilities and education, and discusses pietism as a movement that encouraged women's learning. It also considers educating fathers: German professors who taught their daughters Latin, and a continued use of Latin in court contexts, particularly among the Wittelsbachs, the Braunschweig-Lüneburgs, and in the Palatinate. Women published in Latin, such as Euphrosine Aue, are presented. In the Low Countries, Anna Maria van Schurman was the outstanding, but not the only example, of a multilingual woman scholar, and probably the first woman permitted to attend university (Utrecht) as a student. There were Latinate women among the Dutch petit bourgeosie, notably Elizabeth Koolaart. In the 17th century, princesses and professors' and pastors' daughters in Scandinavia began to study Latin, notably Queen Christina, Sophia Brenner, and Maria Aurora van Königsmarck. Women in the court of Luisa Maria Gonzaga, Queen of Poland, continued to cultivate Latin, notably Sophia Corbiniana, and another outstanding figure is the poet Anna Memorata.Less
This chapter examines poor survival rate of early modern German books. It emphasizes an increasing interest in women's capabilities and education, and discusses pietism as a movement that encouraged women's learning. It also considers educating fathers: German professors who taught their daughters Latin, and a continued use of Latin in court contexts, particularly among the Wittelsbachs, the Braunschweig-Lüneburgs, and in the Palatinate. Women published in Latin, such as Euphrosine Aue, are presented. In the Low Countries, Anna Maria van Schurman was the outstanding, but not the only example, of a multilingual woman scholar, and probably the first woman permitted to attend university (Utrecht) as a student. There were Latinate women among the Dutch petit bourgeosie, notably Elizabeth Koolaart. In the 17th century, princesses and professors' and pastors' daughters in Scandinavia began to study Latin, notably Queen Christina, Sophia Brenner, and Maria Aurora van Königsmarck. Women in the court of Luisa Maria Gonzaga, Queen of Poland, continued to cultivate Latin, notably Sophia Corbiniana, and another outstanding figure is the poet Anna Memorata.
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.003.0056
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
Some time in 1724 Henry Baker, an aspiring poet with a unique ability to teach deaf children to speak and to give them a general education, began a journey from Enfield to Stoke Newington where he ...
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Some time in 1724 Henry Baker, an aspiring poet with a unique ability to teach deaf children to speak and to give them a general education, began a journey from Enfield to Stoke Newington where he stayed with a local family. Baker states that Daniel Defoe first sought him out here. If this is so, Baker met with Defoe for almost three years before he began his courtship of Defoe’s younger daughter, Sophia, on August 11, 1727. The story that Baker wanted to tell involved the difficulties entailed in the courtship — difficulties caused by Defoe’s unwillingness to provide what Baker considered a satisfactory dowry. Before the great deistic offensive of the 1720s, two important controversies (scandals might be the better word) attracted Defoe’s attention, one within the Church of England and the other among the ranks of the Dissenters. Defoe’s first full-length attack upon the position of the deists appears to have been An Essay upon Literature, which, according to John Robert Moore, appeared in April or May 1726.Less
Some time in 1724 Henry Baker, an aspiring poet with a unique ability to teach deaf children to speak and to give them a general education, began a journey from Enfield to Stoke Newington where he stayed with a local family. Baker states that Daniel Defoe first sought him out here. If this is so, Baker met with Defoe for almost three years before he began his courtship of Defoe’s younger daughter, Sophia, on August 11, 1727. The story that Baker wanted to tell involved the difficulties entailed in the courtship — difficulties caused by Defoe’s unwillingness to provide what Baker considered a satisfactory dowry. Before the great deistic offensive of the 1720s, two important controversies (scandals might be the better word) attracted Defoe’s attention, one within the Church of England and the other among the ranks of the Dissenters. Defoe’s first full-length attack upon the position of the deists appears to have been An Essay upon Literature, which, according to John Robert Moore, appeared in April or May 1726.
LEON LITVACK
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263517
- eISBN:
- 9780191682582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263517.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter discusses The Lazar–House of Leros, Neale’s last full-length Eastern novel. It was published in 1859, shortly after The Lily of Tiflis and as part of the same series. He tells two ...
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This chapter discusses The Lazar–House of Leros, Neale’s last full-length Eastern novel. It was published in 1859, shortly after The Lily of Tiflis and as part of the same series. He tells two interconnected stories in the novel. One, with the historical basis, deals with the last years of Cyril Loukaris, or Lucar, Neale’s hero in The Patriarchate of Alexandria. The other, which is fictional, follows the life of Sophia, a young girl from Leros, who becomes a Sister of Charity. In the case of Loukaris, it allowed Neale to place in his hero the words which Neale could use to plead the Patriarch’s case. In the case of Sophia, it gave him a vehicle for psychological exploration of the motivations behind the religious life, in an effort to make it attractive to his readers.Less
This chapter discusses The Lazar–House of Leros, Neale’s last full-length Eastern novel. It was published in 1859, shortly after The Lily of Tiflis and as part of the same series. He tells two interconnected stories in the novel. One, with the historical basis, deals with the last years of Cyril Loukaris, or Lucar, Neale’s hero in The Patriarchate of Alexandria. The other, which is fictional, follows the life of Sophia, a young girl from Leros, who becomes a Sister of Charity. In the case of Loukaris, it allowed Neale to place in his hero the words which Neale could use to plead the Patriarch’s case. In the case of Sophia, it gave him a vehicle for psychological exploration of the motivations behind the religious life, in an effort to make it attractive to his readers.
Gerald O'Collins, SJ
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199238903
- eISBN:
- 9780191696794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238903.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter provides information on the wisdom literature of the Old Testament (OT) by focusing on several biblical persons including Job, Ben Sira, and Solomon. Wisdom literature reflects a general ...
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This chapter provides information on the wisdom literature of the Old Testament (OT) by focusing on several biblical persons including Job, Ben Sira, and Solomon. Wisdom literature reflects a general orientation to human life, and pictures individual persons in their everyday existence in a world created by God. The Book of Job tells the story of a saintly person who was tested by God through unexpected and unmerited suffering. He loses his weight, posterity, health, and social life. This book also relates his theological discussions with friends on the origins and nature of his suffering, and finally a response from God. Moreover, Sirach is considered as the most extensive example of Jewish wisdom literature. Wisdom appears at the beginning of Sirach (1: 1–30), at the halfway mark (24: 1–34), and at the end (51: 1–27). Lastly, the Wisdom of Solomon deals with retribution for good and evil, and the effects of immortality of Sophia as well.Less
This chapter provides information on the wisdom literature of the Old Testament (OT) by focusing on several biblical persons including Job, Ben Sira, and Solomon. Wisdom literature reflects a general orientation to human life, and pictures individual persons in their everyday existence in a world created by God. The Book of Job tells the story of a saintly person who was tested by God through unexpected and unmerited suffering. He loses his weight, posterity, health, and social life. This book also relates his theological discussions with friends on the origins and nature of his suffering, and finally a response from God. Moreover, Sirach is considered as the most extensive example of Jewish wisdom literature. Wisdom appears at the beginning of Sirach (1: 1–30), at the halfway mark (24: 1–34), and at the end (51: 1–27). Lastly, the Wisdom of Solomon deals with retribution for good and evil, and the effects of immortality of Sophia as well.
Reidar Due
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231167338
- eISBN:
- 9780231850513
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231167338.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This is a book about how film encountered love in the course of its history. It is also a book about the philosophy of love. Since Plato, erotic love has been praised for leading the soul to ...
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This is a book about how film encountered love in the course of its history. It is also a book about the philosophy of love. Since Plato, erotic love has been praised for leading the soul to knowledge. The vast tradition of poetry devoted to love has emphasized that love is a feeling. This book presents a new metaphysics and ontology of love as a reciprocal erotic relationship. The book argues that film has been particularly well suited for depicting love in this way, in virtue of its special narrative language. This is a language of expression that has developed in the course of film history. The book spans this history from early silent directors such as Joseph von Sternberg to contemporary filmmakers like Sophia Coppola. At the center of this study is a comparison between Classical French and American love films of the forties and a series of modernist films by Luis Buñuel, François Truffaut and Wong Kar Wai.Less
This is a book about how film encountered love in the course of its history. It is also a book about the philosophy of love. Since Plato, erotic love has been praised for leading the soul to knowledge. The vast tradition of poetry devoted to love has emphasized that love is a feeling. This book presents a new metaphysics and ontology of love as a reciprocal erotic relationship. The book argues that film has been particularly well suited for depicting love in this way, in virtue of its special narrative language. This is a language of expression that has developed in the course of film history. The book spans this history from early silent directors such as Joseph von Sternberg to contemporary filmmakers like Sophia Coppola. At the center of this study is a comparison between Classical French and American love films of the forties and a series of modernist films by Luis Buñuel, François Truffaut and Wong Kar Wai.
Michael J. Everton
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751785
- eISBN:
- 9780199896936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751785.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
The Epilogue reads Gail Hamilton's A Battle of the Books (1870) in light of the ethical issues raised before the Civil War and against the backdrop of the changes it would go through after the war. ...
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The Epilogue reads Gail Hamilton's A Battle of the Books (1870) in light of the ethical issues raised before the Civil War and against the backdrop of the changes it would go through after the war. Despite her skepticism of trade morality, Hamilton did not argue that authors were better off without the trade. The publisher was too much a part of the living world of the author, too essential to the business of authorship. Perhaps the author simply needed to be more like Fern's Ruth: capable of understanding the transactions of the counting room if she was to expect anything like fairness.Less
The Epilogue reads Gail Hamilton's A Battle of the Books (1870) in light of the ethical issues raised before the Civil War and against the backdrop of the changes it would go through after the war. Despite her skepticism of trade morality, Hamilton did not argue that authors were better off without the trade. The publisher was too much a part of the living world of the author, too essential to the business of authorship. Perhaps the author simply needed to be more like Fern's Ruth: capable of understanding the transactions of the counting room if she was to expect anything like fairness.
Jerzy Tomaszewski
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781874774693
- eISBN:
- 9781800340718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.003.0033
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter reviews The Jews of Poznań 1815–1848: Development of a Polish Jewry under the Rule of Prussia. It shows how this book enlarges our factual knowledge and enables us to correct the errors ...
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This chapter reviews The Jews of Poznań 1815–1848: Development of a Polish Jewry under the Rule of Prussia. It shows how this book enlarges our factual knowledge and enables us to correct the errors of older publications. It also shows in what way and why Polish Jews in the Prussian partition gradually became loyal subjects of Prussia, and then Germans of Mosaic faith. An important gap which plagues not only scholars of the history of the Jews in the Prussian partition is the scarcity of sources relevant to the evolution of the attitudes of ordinary people. The chapter asserts that Sophia Kemlein was able to use important records and memoirs that originated from among the wealthy, especially the intelligentsia; but these only partly disclose the views of other strata within the Jewish community. With these limited resources, however, and using many other sources from German and Polish archives, Kemlein has managed to create a convincing picture of the evolution of the whole community.Less
This chapter reviews The Jews of Poznań 1815–1848: Development of a Polish Jewry under the Rule of Prussia. It shows how this book enlarges our factual knowledge and enables us to correct the errors of older publications. It also shows in what way and why Polish Jews in the Prussian partition gradually became loyal subjects of Prussia, and then Germans of Mosaic faith. An important gap which plagues not only scholars of the history of the Jews in the Prussian partition is the scarcity of sources relevant to the evolution of the attitudes of ordinary people. The chapter asserts that Sophia Kemlein was able to use important records and memoirs that originated from among the wealthy, especially the intelligentsia; but these only partly disclose the views of other strata within the Jewish community. With these limited resources, however, and using many other sources from German and Polish archives, Kemlein has managed to create a convincing picture of the evolution of the whole community.
