Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Hong Kong is among the richest cities in the world. Yet over the past 15 years, living conditions for the average family have deteriorated despite a robust economy, ample budget surpluses and record ...
More
Hong Kong is among the richest cities in the world. Yet over the past 15 years, living conditions for the average family have deteriorated despite a robust economy, ample budget surpluses and record labour productivity. Successive governments have been reluctant to invest in services for the elderly, the disabled, the long-term sick, and the poor, while education has become more elitist. The political system has helped to entrench a mistaken consensus that social spending is a threat to financial stability and economic prosperity. This trenchant attack on government mismanagement traces how officials have created a ‘new poverty’ in Hong Kong and argues that their misguided policies are both a legacy of the colonial era and a deliberate choice by modern governments, and not the result of economic crises. This provocative book will be essential reading for anyone wishing to understand why poverty returned to Hong Kong in this century.Less
Hong Kong is among the richest cities in the world. Yet over the past 15 years, living conditions for the average family have deteriorated despite a robust economy, ample budget surpluses and record labour productivity. Successive governments have been reluctant to invest in services for the elderly, the disabled, the long-term sick, and the poor, while education has become more elitist. The political system has helped to entrench a mistaken consensus that social spending is a threat to financial stability and economic prosperity. This trenchant attack on government mismanagement traces how officials have created a ‘new poverty’ in Hong Kong and argues that their misguided policies are both a legacy of the colonial era and a deliberate choice by modern governments, and not the result of economic crises. This provocative book will be essential reading for anyone wishing to understand why poverty returned to Hong Kong in this century.
Krista E. Latham, Alyson O’Daniel, and Justin Maiers
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400691
- eISBN:
- 9781683400813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400691.003.0011
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Methodology and Techniques
Chapter 11 explores undocumented migrant deaths on the U.S.-Mexico border. Recent changes to border policies have led to an increase in migrant deaths. In order to make sense of this humanitarian ...
More
Chapter 11 explores undocumented migrant deaths on the U.S.-Mexico border. Recent changes to border policies have led to an increase in migrant deaths. In order to make sense of this humanitarian crisis, political economic theory that considers power and structural inequalities is applied. A careful review demonstrates how, coupled with historical trajectories in Latin America, the rise of neoliberalism has led to increases in social inequality and violence, resulting in increased migration as the oppressed flee in the hopes of finding a different life. Due to the dangerous conditions encountered along the journey, many migrants die every year attempting to find this new life.Less
Chapter 11 explores undocumented migrant deaths on the U.S.-Mexico border. Recent changes to border policies have led to an increase in migrant deaths. In order to make sense of this humanitarian crisis, political economic theory that considers power and structural inequalities is applied. A careful review demonstrates how, coupled with historical trajectories in Latin America, the rise of neoliberalism has led to increases in social inequality and violence, resulting in increased migration as the oppressed flee in the hopes of finding a different life. Due to the dangerous conditions encountered along the journey, many migrants die every year attempting to find this new life.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
When a political system is as dominated by business interests as it is in Hong Kong and where social expenditure is not permitted to hinder the pursuit of profits, the credibility of both the policy ...
More
When a political system is as dominated by business interests as it is in Hong Kong and where social expenditure is not permitted to hinder the pursuit of profits, the credibility of both the policy makers and their decisions must always be in danger. However, this chapter shows that the community does not judge the government and its merits by the social benefits which it provides. Income inequality does not provoke unrest, and the affluent do not arouse envy, however unfairly the workforce is rewarded for its sustained high productivity and its resilience. Incompetence is criticised, but is not politically fatal. The real test of Chief Executives and their ministers turns out to be mostly about their ethics.Less
When a political system is as dominated by business interests as it is in Hong Kong and where social expenditure is not permitted to hinder the pursuit of profits, the credibility of both the policy makers and their decisions must always be in danger. However, this chapter shows that the community does not judge the government and its merits by the social benefits which it provides. Income inequality does not provoke unrest, and the affluent do not arouse envy, however unfairly the workforce is rewarded for its sustained high productivity and its resilience. Incompetence is criticised, but is not politically fatal. The real test of Chief Executives and their ministers turns out to be mostly about their ethics.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Efforts to increase social expenditure by professionals in the health and welfare sectors were beleaguered by the financial and bureaucratic barriers erected by the colonial administration. The more ...
More
Efforts to increase social expenditure by professionals in the health and welfare sectors were beleaguered by the financial and bureaucratic barriers erected by the colonial administration. The more generous funding allocated to health, education and welfare in the 1990s was too little to make up for earlier decades of under-spending. The future major social services were under serious threat as British rule was coming to an end. Opposition to social expenditure was gathering strength because of the growing prestige of the business model as the key to public sector efficiency. The social reforms had come so late in the colonial era that they were easily reversed.Less
Efforts to increase social expenditure by professionals in the health and welfare sectors were beleaguered by the financial and bureaucratic barriers erected by the colonial administration. The more generous funding allocated to health, education and welfare in the 1990s was too little to make up for earlier decades of under-spending. The future major social services were under serious threat as British rule was coming to an end. Opposition to social expenditure was gathering strength because of the growing prestige of the business model as the key to public sector efficiency. The social reforms had come so late in the colonial era that they were easily reversed.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The chapter reviews a catalogue of policy decisions which aggravated rather than relieved the physical and mental distress of those least able to care for themselves. In both the health and the ...
More
The chapter reviews a catalogue of policy decisions which aggravated rather than relieved the physical and mental distress of those least able to care for themselves. In both the health and the welfare fields, individuals and their families, suffered from mistreatment that ranged from uncaring to callous. The government-business nexus was convinced that social expenditure was a luxury that threatened even the world’s richest economies with ruin and which Hong Kong could not afford. Nevertheless, the poverty created by Hong Kong’s Third World legacy and the current shortfalls in social expenditure could not be dismissed indefinitely.Less
The chapter reviews a catalogue of policy decisions which aggravated rather than relieved the physical and mental distress of those least able to care for themselves. In both the health and the welfare fields, individuals and their families, suffered from mistreatment that ranged from uncaring to callous. The government-business nexus was convinced that social expenditure was a luxury that threatened even the world’s richest economies with ruin and which Hong Kong could not afford. Nevertheless, the poverty created by Hong Kong’s Third World legacy and the current shortfalls in social expenditure could not be dismissed indefinitely.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter shows how the community came to give overriding priority to the preservation of Hong Kong’s unique combination of personal freedom, social stability and open and honest government, In ...
More
This chapter shows how the community came to give overriding priority to the preservation of Hong Kong’s unique combination of personal freedom, social stability and open and honest government, In the process, the deprived, disadvantaged and disabled lost their traditional defenders, and the advocates of social reform declined in numbers and influence. Yet, there was still a collective conscience at work in Hong Kong, whose indignation at revelations of mistreatment of victims of life’s tragedies was usually prompt and politically too overwhelming for officials to ignore.Less
This chapter shows how the community came to give overriding priority to the preservation of Hong Kong’s unique combination of personal freedom, social stability and open and honest government, In the process, the deprived, disadvantaged and disabled lost their traditional defenders, and the advocates of social reform declined in numbers and influence. Yet, there was still a collective conscience at work in Hong Kong, whose indignation at revelations of mistreatment of victims of life’s tragedies was usually prompt and politically too overwhelming for officials to ignore.
G. Reginald Daniel and Andrew Michael Lee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814770733
- eISBN:
- 9780814770474
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814770733.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter focuses on Brazil's racial order, characterized by widespread miscegenation and cultural blending. The country implemented a ternary racial order characterized by fluid racial markers ...
More
This chapter focuses on Brazil's racial order, characterized by widespread miscegenation and cultural blending. The country implemented a ternary racial order characterized by fluid racial markers that distinguish individuals as White, multiracial, and Black based on physical appearance rather than ancestry. Moreover, there was no legalized racial discrimination. Social inequality was supposedly based on class and culture. Brazil's racial democracy was popularized in anthropologist Gilberto Freyre who argued that the Portuguese colonizers, compared to their Anglo-North American counterparts, were receptive to miscegenation and generous in differentiating multiracials from Blacks. However, these phenomena were motivated by self-interest, and related respectively to the ratio of European men to women, and the ratio of Whites to Blacks.Less
This chapter focuses on Brazil's racial order, characterized by widespread miscegenation and cultural blending. The country implemented a ternary racial order characterized by fluid racial markers that distinguish individuals as White, multiracial, and Black based on physical appearance rather than ancestry. Moreover, there was no legalized racial discrimination. Social inequality was supposedly based on class and culture. Brazil's racial democracy was popularized in anthropologist Gilberto Freyre who argued that the Portuguese colonizers, compared to their Anglo-North American counterparts, were receptive to miscegenation and generous in differentiating multiracials from Blacks. However, these phenomena were motivated by self-interest, and related respectively to the ratio of European men to women, and the ratio of Whites to Blacks.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) is widely mistrusted by the community as a whole. Most of the opposition to social security is based on myths - that CSSA encourages workers to give up ...
More
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) is widely mistrusted by the community as a whole. Most of the opposition to social security is based on myths - that CSSA encourages workers to give up their jobs - something shamelessly created by the government and business leaders and supported by respected academic opinion. The system is designed to be as unpleasant and demeaning as possible for applicants and their children. The two largest groups of beneficiary – the elderly and the unemployed - have no alternative to CSSA because of the government-business collaboration since 1967 to prevent or postpone the introduction of a universal scheme for retirement (the Mandatory Provident Fund) and unemployment (social insurance).Less
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) is widely mistrusted by the community as a whole. Most of the opposition to social security is based on myths - that CSSA encourages workers to give up their jobs - something shamelessly created by the government and business leaders and supported by respected academic opinion. The system is designed to be as unpleasant and demeaning as possible for applicants and their children. The two largest groups of beneficiary – the elderly and the unemployed - have no alternative to CSSA because of the government-business collaboration since 1967 to prevent or postpone the introduction of a universal scheme for retirement (the Mandatory Provident Fund) and unemployment (social insurance).
Shane Blackman and Ruth Rogers (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447330523
- eISBN:
- 9781447330578
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447330523.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The book critically engages with neo-liberal policies and media representations of youth austerity as a constructed social crisis but remaining the mechanism used by both government and media to ...
More
The book critically engages with neo-liberal policies and media representations of youth austerity as a constructed social crisis but remaining the mechanism used by both government and media to exert control over young adults;
It explores the diversity of intersections relating to youth marginality across social class, gender and racial boundaries; looking into contemporary theory of advanced youth marginality.
It challenges the dominant notions of youth ‘underclass’ and marginalisation and the representation of ‘youth as trouble’ through participatory research methods to project young people’s ‘real’ experience and voice in spheres of leisure and recreation from street corners to open spaces in relation to surveillance and sanctions;
It develops an understanding of the importance of personal, emotional, familial and collective experiences of poverty and austerity and the strategies of resistance and survival, or consent under social hardship and discrimination from the Police;
It critically assesses the dynamics of social, cultural and educational policies in the shaping social life of young adults as refugees, looked after young people in Care, young mothers, working class youth and young people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, with reference to contemporary debates on neo-liberalism.Less
The book critically engages with neo-liberal policies and media representations of youth austerity as a constructed social crisis but remaining the mechanism used by both government and media to exert control over young adults;
It explores the diversity of intersections relating to youth marginality across social class, gender and racial boundaries; looking into contemporary theory of advanced youth marginality.
It challenges the dominant notions of youth ‘underclass’ and marginalisation and the representation of ‘youth as trouble’ through participatory research methods to project young people’s ‘real’ experience and voice in spheres of leisure and recreation from street corners to open spaces in relation to surveillance and sanctions;
It develops an understanding of the importance of personal, emotional, familial and collective experiences of poverty and austerity and the strategies of resistance and survival, or consent under social hardship and discrimination from the Police;
It critically assesses the dynamics of social, cultural and educational policies in the shaping social life of young adults as refugees, looked after young people in Care, young mothers, working class youth and young people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, with reference to contemporary debates on neo-liberalism.
Sheila Riddell (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447300137
- eISBN:
- 9781447307709
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300137.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
Across Europe, systems of education and lifelong learning have the potential to either widen or reduce existing patterns of social inequality. The expansion of educational opportunities over the last ...
More
Across Europe, systems of education and lifelong learning have the potential to either widen or reduce existing patterns of social inequality. The expansion of educational opportunities over the last two decades has tended to cement rather than erode social divisions. Knowledge extensive policies are required to ensure that access to higher education and lifelong learning is available to as many people as possible. In addition, there is a need to ensure that people with few or no educational qualifications have access to work which pays a living wage and ensure their social inclusion.Less
Across Europe, systems of education and lifelong learning have the potential to either widen or reduce existing patterns of social inequality. The expansion of educational opportunities over the last two decades has tended to cement rather than erode social divisions. Knowledge extensive policies are required to ensure that access to higher education and lifelong learning is available to as many people as possible. In addition, there is a need to ensure that people with few or no educational qualifications have access to work which pays a living wage and ensure their social inclusion.
Haagen D. Klaus
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813041506
- eISBN:
- 9780813043876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813041506.003.0003
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The act of simply noting the presence or absence of skeletal trauma is not enough; bioarchaeologists need to expand and take more into consideration as violence involves much more than trauma. As ...
More
The act of simply noting the presence or absence of skeletal trauma is not enough; bioarchaeologists need to expand and take more into consideration as violence involves much more than trauma. As Haagen D. Klaus discusses in this chapter, structural violence is disparity related to health, nutrition, or quality of life that exists in one subgroup and not another as a result of social inequality. According to Klaus, however, structural violence does not exist in all societies but is likely present only in those cultures with established hierarchical systems where one group has coercive control over another group's well-being. This form of violence is often not considered violent because it is normalized within the society, which allows it to become endemic and persist over generations. The value of understanding structural violence for bioarchaeologists is that it provides an interpretive framework for understanding a broader spectrum of violence in the past.Less
The act of simply noting the presence or absence of skeletal trauma is not enough; bioarchaeologists need to expand and take more into consideration as violence involves much more than trauma. As Haagen D. Klaus discusses in this chapter, structural violence is disparity related to health, nutrition, or quality of life that exists in one subgroup and not another as a result of social inequality. According to Klaus, however, structural violence does not exist in all societies but is likely present only in those cultures with established hierarchical systems where one group has coercive control over another group's well-being. This form of violence is often not considered violent because it is normalized within the society, which allows it to become endemic and persist over generations. The value of understanding structural violence for bioarchaeologists is that it provides an interpretive framework for understanding a broader spectrum of violence in the past.
Angela Stroud
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469627892
- eISBN:
- 9781469627915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627892.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter examines how ideas about crime and criminals are shaped by neoliberal cultural discourses of personal responsibility that not only justify why people need to be armed but also ...
More
This chapter examines how ideas about crime and criminals are shaped by neoliberal cultural discourses of personal responsibility that not only justify why people need to be armed but also rationalize inequality and obscure the social reproduction privilege. Respondents’ perceptions of what motivates criminals is a central focus of the chapter, including a race and class analysis of what makes school shooters different from gang members, and how perceptions of poverty are tied to ideas about criminality. Most respondents believe that criminals are simply looking for an easy way to survive, something they see as being in stark contrast to their own commitment to personal responsibility and hard work. Their CHLs and guns more generally are extensions of a commitment to self-reliance that in its most extreme form manifests in elaborate disaster preparedness plans.Less
This chapter examines how ideas about crime and criminals are shaped by neoliberal cultural discourses of personal responsibility that not only justify why people need to be armed but also rationalize inequality and obscure the social reproduction privilege. Respondents’ perceptions of what motivates criminals is a central focus of the chapter, including a race and class analysis of what makes school shooters different from gang members, and how perceptions of poverty are tied to ideas about criminality. Most respondents believe that criminals are simply looking for an easy way to survive, something they see as being in stark contrast to their own commitment to personal responsibility and hard work. Their CHLs and guns more generally are extensions of a commitment to self-reliance that in its most extreme form manifests in elaborate disaster preparedness plans.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Hong Kong’s economic problems since 2000 are the official excuse for cuts in social spending. But the problems themselves are the outcome of deliberate choices made by Chief Executives and Financial ...
More
Hong Kong’s economic problems since 2000 are the official excuse for cuts in social spending. But the problems themselves are the outcome of deliberate choices made by Chief Executives and Financial Secretaries. These decisions were not forced on the SAR government by business leaders, even though their main aim was to promote business interests regardless of the adverse consequences for ordinary families and for the needy and disabled individuals. These policies were a legacy from the colonial era and reflect a deeply-rooted culture shared by the business and professional classes as well as the civil service.Less
Hong Kong’s economic problems since 2000 are the official excuse for cuts in social spending. But the problems themselves are the outcome of deliberate choices made by Chief Executives and Financial Secretaries. These decisions were not forced on the SAR government by business leaders, even though their main aim was to promote business interests regardless of the adverse consequences for ordinary families and for the needy and disabled individuals. These policies were a legacy from the colonial era and reflect a deeply-rooted culture shared by the business and professional classes as well as the civil service.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208210
- eISBN:
- 9789888268436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208210.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Housing is the single biggest factor in determining a family’s quality of life and is for most people their single biggest investment. Hong Kong housing standards have long been disgraceful. The SAR ...
More
Housing is the single biggest factor in determining a family’s quality of life and is for most people their single biggest investment. Hong Kong housing standards have long been disgraceful. The SAR government has slashed public housing budgets, and the private sector has become increasingly unaffordable in this century. The current crisis is the predictable but preferred outcome of official policies. It can also be shown to be an unnecessary concession to the developers.Less
Housing is the single biggest factor in determining a family’s quality of life and is for most people their single biggest investment. Hong Kong housing standards have long been disgraceful. The SAR government has slashed public housing budgets, and the private sector has become increasingly unaffordable in this century. The current crisis is the predictable but preferred outcome of official policies. It can also be shown to be an unnecessary concession to the developers.
Debra L. Martin and Ryan P. Harrod (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813041506
- eISBN:
- 9780813043876
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813041506.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Bioarchaeology provides a body of theory, method, and data to investigate the origins and evolution of social violence in human groups going back in time for thousands of years. Case studies from ...
More
Bioarchaeology provides a body of theory, method, and data to investigate the origins and evolution of social violence in human groups going back in time for thousands of years. Case studies from different time periods and different cultures demonstrate the commonalities and differences among human groups with respect to the ways that culturally sanctioned violence is used. These richly detailed studies provide ways to examine the relationship between violence and lived experience, and between lived experience and cultural processes. The chapter authors use a variety of theoretical approaches to explain the human behaviors that maintain and perpetuate violent encounters within groups, as well as between groups. It is important to document long chronologies of human behavior because it becomes clearer how change can bring on violent responses (changes such as droughts, population pressure, resource acquisition, or status). These kinds of studies can be used to better understand how to prevent or eradicate violence in human groups today. This volume compels readers to view culturally sanctioned violence not as a necessary evil or an abhorrent behavior but as a way that human groups solve problems that they perceive they have. Ritual violence as part of ceremonies to bring people together, or male coalitions that go out and raid other groups for women and resources are examples where violence aids in solving problems within the culture. Anthropological perspectives on violence using bioarchaeological data from the past are a unique and valuable resource for those wishing to understand violence in all of its manifestations.Less
Bioarchaeology provides a body of theory, method, and data to investigate the origins and evolution of social violence in human groups going back in time for thousands of years. Case studies from different time periods and different cultures demonstrate the commonalities and differences among human groups with respect to the ways that culturally sanctioned violence is used. These richly detailed studies provide ways to examine the relationship between violence and lived experience, and between lived experience and cultural processes. The chapter authors use a variety of theoretical approaches to explain the human behaviors that maintain and perpetuate violent encounters within groups, as well as between groups. It is important to document long chronologies of human behavior because it becomes clearer how change can bring on violent responses (changes such as droughts, population pressure, resource acquisition, or status). These kinds of studies can be used to better understand how to prevent or eradicate violence in human groups today. This volume compels readers to view culturally sanctioned violence not as a necessary evil or an abhorrent behavior but as a way that human groups solve problems that they perceive they have. Ritual violence as part of ceremonies to bring people together, or male coalitions that go out and raid other groups for women and resources are examples where violence aids in solving problems within the culture. Anthropological perspectives on violence using bioarchaeological data from the past are a unique and valuable resource for those wishing to understand violence in all of its manifestations.
Kathryn M. Koziol
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813041506
- eISBN:
- 9780813043876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813041506.003.0012
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
In the last several decades archaeological and bioarchaeological research has shown that captivity and slavery are found among many past human societies. The treatment of captives, however, varies ...
More
In the last several decades archaeological and bioarchaeological research has shown that captivity and slavery are found among many past human societies. The treatment of captives, however, varies greatly from society to society and even within the same society. Kathryn M. Koziol reveals social and political relationships among people and how those relationships are related to the rights and obligations of captives. The chapter emphasizes the cultural, historical, and ideological factors that are responsible for differences evident on the human remains from Cahokia. Understanding violence is not simply identifying trauma, but instead involves recognition that violence is part of the cosmology and the performance of social relationships.Less
In the last several decades archaeological and bioarchaeological research has shown that captivity and slavery are found among many past human societies. The treatment of captives, however, varies greatly from society to society and even within the same society. Kathryn M. Koziol reveals social and political relationships among people and how those relationships are related to the rights and obligations of captives. The chapter emphasizes the cultural, historical, and ideological factors that are responsible for differences evident on the human remains from Cahokia. Understanding violence is not simply identifying trauma, but instead involves recognition that violence is part of the cosmology and the performance of social relationships.
Jean Drèze
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833468
- eISBN:
- 9780191871900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833468.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focusses on early child care and school education. Two essays discuss India's schooling system, drawing on the seminal Public Report on Basic Education (known as PROBE report) as well as ...
More
This chapter focusses on early child care and school education. Two essays discuss India's schooling system, drawing on the seminal Public Report on Basic Education (known as PROBE report) as well as on a re‐study of the PROBE villages ten years later, in 2006. This re‐study found evidence of rapid improvement in schooling facilities as well as in school participation, especially among underprivileged groups. However, there was no improvement in classroom activity: in both surveys, half of the sample schools were idle at the time of the investigators’ visit. The other essays in this chapter discuss the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), India's only national programme for children under the six, in a rights perspective. In the mid‐2000s, far‐reaching Supreme Court orders gave a new lease of life to ICDS. Further improvement in this programme, it is argued, could make a big difference to the well‐being and future of Indian children.Less
This chapter focusses on early child care and school education. Two essays discuss India's schooling system, drawing on the seminal Public Report on Basic Education (known as PROBE report) as well as on a re‐study of the PROBE villages ten years later, in 2006. This re‐study found evidence of rapid improvement in schooling facilities as well as in school participation, especially among underprivileged groups. However, there was no improvement in classroom activity: in both surveys, half of the sample schools were idle at the time of the investigators’ visit. The other essays in this chapter discuss the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), India's only national programme for children under the six, in a rights perspective. In the mid‐2000s, far‐reaching Supreme Court orders gave a new lease of life to ICDS. Further improvement in this programme, it is argued, could make a big difference to the well‐being and future of Indian children.
Linda Milbourne
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781847427236
- eISBN:
- 9781447310952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427236.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter brings together themes from earlier chapters considering implications for a future voluntary sector. Previous chapters highlighted the exercise of governmental power; isomorphic ...
More
This chapter brings together themes from earlier chapters considering implications for a future voluntary sector. Previous chapters highlighted the exercise of governmental power; isomorphic pressures from dominant organisational arrangements; and ideologies associated with the state, market and collaborative governance that have framed discourse and processes of change surrounding voluntary organisations. In particular, the depoliticisation of potentially contested territory, such as in VS advocacy prompts questions about the extent to which independent choices and actions have been curtailed through being drawn into discharging state purposes. This chapter develops these ideas, framing discussion in terms of three questions: the concept of a distinctive voluntary sector role and its potential erosion; the future role of the state in shaping voluntary organisations; and the space within contemporary changes for resistance and positive opportunities. With the emphasis on entrepreneurialism and corporate contracts, the chapter identifies voluntary sector relationships with business as significant in future research but highlights the integral role of the state in casting the voluntary sector's future role in social welfare and more widely. However, the chapter argues the space for alternative narratives which will demand a re-assessment of voluntary sector identities, boundaries and the construction of new alliances.Less
This chapter brings together themes from earlier chapters considering implications for a future voluntary sector. Previous chapters highlighted the exercise of governmental power; isomorphic pressures from dominant organisational arrangements; and ideologies associated with the state, market and collaborative governance that have framed discourse and processes of change surrounding voluntary organisations. In particular, the depoliticisation of potentially contested territory, such as in VS advocacy prompts questions about the extent to which independent choices and actions have been curtailed through being drawn into discharging state purposes. This chapter develops these ideas, framing discussion in terms of three questions: the concept of a distinctive voluntary sector role and its potential erosion; the future role of the state in shaping voluntary organisations; and the space within contemporary changes for resistance and positive opportunities. With the emphasis on entrepreneurialism and corporate contracts, the chapter identifies voluntary sector relationships with business as significant in future research but highlights the integral role of the state in casting the voluntary sector's future role in social welfare and more widely. However, the chapter argues the space for alternative narratives which will demand a re-assessment of voluntary sector identities, boundaries and the construction of new alliances.
Matthew Warner Osborn
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226099897
- eISBN:
- 9780226099927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226099927.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Chapter three demonstrates that changing medical responses to alcohol abuse developed in a social context of capitalist transformation and economic instability. Developing class distinctions, along ...
More
Chapter three demonstrates that changing medical responses to alcohol abuse developed in a social context of capitalist transformation and economic instability. Developing class distinctions, along with new conceptions of gender and race, shaped both perceptions of heavy drinking and the experiences of those who suffered the consequences. The chapter constructs a social portrait of inebriates through a study of over 1,500 individuals recorded as having died of alcohol abuse in Philadelphia between 1825 and 1850. Delving into hospital records, burial registers, almshouse dockets, and other sources, the chapter links medical concerns with pathological drinking to the growth of a socially distinctive middle class, the rapid growth of urban poverty, and fears about urban decay and epidemic disease, especially cholera. The chapter argues that as temperance became the sine qua non of social respectability, the persistence of heavy drinking among the status conscious middle-class drove new medical responses to and definitions of pathological drinking.Less
Chapter three demonstrates that changing medical responses to alcohol abuse developed in a social context of capitalist transformation and economic instability. Developing class distinctions, along with new conceptions of gender and race, shaped both perceptions of heavy drinking and the experiences of those who suffered the consequences. The chapter constructs a social portrait of inebriates through a study of over 1,500 individuals recorded as having died of alcohol abuse in Philadelphia between 1825 and 1850. Delving into hospital records, burial registers, almshouse dockets, and other sources, the chapter links medical concerns with pathological drinking to the growth of a socially distinctive middle class, the rapid growth of urban poverty, and fears about urban decay and epidemic disease, especially cholera. The chapter argues that as temperance became the sine qua non of social respectability, the persistence of heavy drinking among the status conscious middle-class drove new medical responses to and definitions of pathological drinking.
