J. R. Maddicott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199585502
- eISBN:
- 9780191723148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585502.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Political History
This chapter assesses the impact of the baronial reform movement of 1258–65 on the development of parliament. It argues that the reforming barons saw parliament as a public forum and the appropriate ...
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This chapter assesses the impact of the baronial reform movement of 1258–65 on the development of parliament. It argues that the reforming barons saw parliament as a public forum and the appropriate setting for political decision‐making. The extensive legislative programme through which reform was enacted also served to establish parliament as the proper venue for large‐scale legislation, foreshadowing the parliamentary legislation of Edward I. In another major development the knights whose support was needed by Simon de Montfort, the reformers' leader, began to play a central part in parliamentary business, not in consenting to taxation, as hitherto, but in general discussion of political matters. Although the reforming enterprise was overthrown in 1265, Henry III continued the reformers' policy of working through parliament and continued too to respect the newfound place of the knights in parliamentary life.Less
This chapter assesses the impact of the baronial reform movement of 1258–65 on the development of parliament. It argues that the reforming barons saw parliament as a public forum and the appropriate setting for political decision‐making. The extensive legislative programme through which reform was enacted also served to establish parliament as the proper venue for large‐scale legislation, foreshadowing the parliamentary legislation of Edward I. In another major development the knights whose support was needed by Simon de Montfort, the reformers' leader, began to play a central part in parliamentary business, not in consenting to taxation, as hitherto, but in general discussion of political matters. Although the reforming enterprise was overthrown in 1265, Henry III continued the reformers' policy of working through parliament and continued too to respect the newfound place of the knights in parliamentary life.
S. T. Ambler
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198754022
- eISBN:
- 9780191815751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754022.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter considers how around half of the episcopate came to support Simon de Montfort, beginning with the king’s muster in March 1264, when several bishops declared their loyalty to Montfort. It ...
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This chapter considers how around half of the episcopate came to support Simon de Montfort, beginning with the king’s muster in March 1264, when several bishops declared their loyalty to Montfort. It argues that a key force in deciding their allegiance was Montfort’s charisma: the belief that he was uncommonly virtuous, and his cause divinely sanctioned. This force was so powerful as to realign the bishops’ values. The chapter then examines the portrayal of Montfort in the Song of Lewes, which describes Montfort in terms that demonstrate the depth of devotion that he inspired, and suggests how his persona evoked the model of sanctity inspired by Thomas Becket, as well as how the transformation of his cause into a crusade encouraged support. The chapter then goes on to survey the activities that the Montfortian bishops and other clergy undertook as part of and on behalf of the Montfortian regime.Less
This chapter considers how around half of the episcopate came to support Simon de Montfort, beginning with the king’s muster in March 1264, when several bishops declared their loyalty to Montfort. It argues that a key force in deciding their allegiance was Montfort’s charisma: the belief that he was uncommonly virtuous, and his cause divinely sanctioned. This force was so powerful as to realign the bishops’ values. The chapter then examines the portrayal of Montfort in the Song of Lewes, which describes Montfort in terms that demonstrate the depth of devotion that he inspired, and suggests how his persona evoked the model of sanctity inspired by Thomas Becket, as well as how the transformation of his cause into a crusade encouraged support. The chapter then goes on to survey the activities that the Montfortian bishops and other clergy undertook as part of and on behalf of the Montfortian regime.
Jennifer Jahner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198847724
- eISBN:
- 9780191882401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198847724.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter explores how the rhetoric of crusading shaped the literature of baronial revolt in thirteenth-century England, concentrating particularly on the Second Barons’ War of 1263–1267. It ...
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This chapter explores how the rhetoric of crusading shaped the literature of baronial revolt in thirteenth-century England, concentrating particularly on the Second Barons’ War of 1263–1267. It argues that crusading not only provided a template for polemical argument but also inflected the ways that participants understood Anglia as a territory and an idea. From the time of the early Latin histories of the First Crusade, a rhetorically amplified style had been crucial to promulgating Christian jurisdictional claims to the Holy Land. This chapter examines the legacy of this “crusading style” within insular revolts of the thirteenth century, focusing on the ephemeral verse that emerged alongside civil war. Poems such as the ornately Latinate Song of Lewes reveal the poetic and political sophistication of baronial partisans. In their triumphalism, such works also obscure the violence visited upon communities across England—especially Jewish communities, who became targets of attacks at once anti-royalist and anti-Semitic in tenor.Less
This chapter explores how the rhetoric of crusading shaped the literature of baronial revolt in thirteenth-century England, concentrating particularly on the Second Barons’ War of 1263–1267. It argues that crusading not only provided a template for polemical argument but also inflected the ways that participants understood Anglia as a territory and an idea. From the time of the early Latin histories of the First Crusade, a rhetorically amplified style had been crucial to promulgating Christian jurisdictional claims to the Holy Land. This chapter examines the legacy of this “crusading style” within insular revolts of the thirteenth century, focusing on the ephemeral verse that emerged alongside civil war. Poems such as the ornately Latinate Song of Lewes reveal the poetic and political sophistication of baronial partisans. In their triumphalism, such works also obscure the violence visited upon communities across England—especially Jewish communities, who became targets of attacks at once anti-royalist and anti-Semitic in tenor.
Jennifer Jahner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198847724
- eISBN:
- 9780191882401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198847724.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter explores post-Lateran IV ecclesiastical reformism, focusing on the ecclesiology and pastoral theology of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Grosseteste understood pastoral care not ...
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This chapter explores post-Lateran IV ecclesiastical reformism, focusing on the ecclesiology and pastoral theology of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Grosseteste understood pastoral care not only as the clergy’s most vital responsibility to the laity but also as a form of participation in the divinely ordered natural universe. His pastoral and estate management writings to women accordingly reveal the degree to which this ecclesiology finds inspiration in the ideal of the justly governed estate. This chapter reads Grosseteste’s Anglo-French soteriological allegory, the Château d’Amour, alongside his writings to and for women, showing how the logic of secular property law becomes a means of narrating Christian time from the Creation through the Redemption to the Final Judgment. Grosseteste’s larger corpus, however, also reveals the extent to which his vision of Christian history is premised on Jewish exclusion, not only in theological but legal and practical terms.Less
This chapter explores post-Lateran IV ecclesiastical reformism, focusing on the ecclesiology and pastoral theology of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Grosseteste understood pastoral care not only as the clergy’s most vital responsibility to the laity but also as a form of participation in the divinely ordered natural universe. His pastoral and estate management writings to women accordingly reveal the degree to which this ecclesiology finds inspiration in the ideal of the justly governed estate. This chapter reads Grosseteste’s Anglo-French soteriological allegory, the Château d’Amour, alongside his writings to and for women, showing how the logic of secular property law becomes a means of narrating Christian time from the Creation through the Redemption to the Final Judgment. Grosseteste’s larger corpus, however, also reveals the extent to which his vision of Christian history is premised on Jewish exclusion, not only in theological but legal and practical terms.
S. T. Ambler
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198754022
- eISBN:
- 9780191815751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754022.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the process by which the Montfortian bishops were reconciled with king and pope (Clement IV, Gui Foulquois: the papal legate who had met the Montfortian bishops in the summer of ...
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This chapter examines the process by which the Montfortian bishops were reconciled with king and pope (Clement IV, Gui Foulquois: the papal legate who had met the Montfortian bishops in the summer of 1264) after the downfall of Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in August 1265, before exploring a funeral sermon preached at the papal court by Eudes de Châteauroux for John Gervase, bishop of Winchester, in January 1268. The sermon considers how it was possible that a man of such learning and background as Gervase could err in such a way, in supporting Montfort, suggesting that he believed that he was doing the right thing, and thus counselling understanding and reconciliation.Less
This chapter examines the process by which the Montfortian bishops were reconciled with king and pope (Clement IV, Gui Foulquois: the papal legate who had met the Montfortian bishops in the summer of 1264) after the downfall of Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in August 1265, before exploring a funeral sermon preached at the papal court by Eudes de Châteauroux for John Gervase, bishop of Winchester, in January 1268. The sermon considers how it was possible that a man of such learning and background as Gervase could err in such a way, in supporting Montfort, suggesting that he believed that he was doing the right thing, and thus counselling understanding and reconciliation.
Laura Ashe
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199575381
- eISBN:
- 9780191845420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199575381.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter discusses the rise of conflicted, multilingual ideas of Englishness and nationhood in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Extended discussion is offered of the Middle English ...
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This chapter discusses the rise of conflicted, multilingual ideas of Englishness and nationhood in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Extended discussion is offered of the Middle English romance Havelok, in terms of its representations of power and justice; the French and English Brut histories, and their vernacular views of the recent past; philosophies of kingship and their role in the Barons’ Wars and the deposition of Edward II; the rise of parliament, the importance of Magna Carta, and the idea of constitutional government; the role of the vernaculars in spreading critical and historical ideas; a rise in class conflict, and social and public discourse of complaint.Less
This chapter discusses the rise of conflicted, multilingual ideas of Englishness and nationhood in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Extended discussion is offered of the Middle English romance Havelok, in terms of its representations of power and justice; the French and English Brut histories, and their vernacular views of the recent past; philosophies of kingship and their role in the Barons’ Wars and the deposition of Edward II; the rise of parliament, the importance of Magna Carta, and the idea of constitutional government; the role of the vernaculars in spreading critical and historical ideas; a rise in class conflict, and social and public discourse of complaint.
David Carpenter
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780300238358
- eISBN:
- 9780300255508
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300238358.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Nine years of age when he came to the throne in 1216, Henry III had to rule within the limits set by the establishment of Magna Carta and the emergence of parliament. Pacific, conciliatory, and ...
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Nine years of age when he came to the throne in 1216, Henry III had to rule within the limits set by the establishment of Magna Carta and the emergence of parliament. Pacific, conciliatory, and deeply religious, Henry brought many years of peace to England and rebuilt Westminster Abbey in honour of his patron saint, Edward the Confessor. He poured money into embellishing his palaces and creating a magnificent court. Yet this investment in ‘soft power’ did not prevent a great revolution in 1258, led by Simon de Montfort, ending Henry's personal rule. This book brings to life Henry's character and reign as never before. The book stresses the king's achievements as well as his failures while offering an entirely new perspective on the intimate connections between medieval politics and religion.Less
Nine years of age when he came to the throne in 1216, Henry III had to rule within the limits set by the establishment of Magna Carta and the emergence of parliament. Pacific, conciliatory, and deeply religious, Henry brought many years of peace to England and rebuilt Westminster Abbey in honour of his patron saint, Edward the Confessor. He poured money into embellishing his palaces and creating a magnificent court. Yet this investment in ‘soft power’ did not prevent a great revolution in 1258, led by Simon de Montfort, ending Henry's personal rule. This book brings to life Henry's character and reign as never before. The book stresses the king's achievements as well as his failures while offering an entirely new perspective on the intimate connections between medieval politics and religion.
S. T. Ambler
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198754022
- eISBN:
- 9780191815751
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754022.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
In thirteenth-century England, circumstance and personality converged to produce an episcopate uncommonly dedicated not only to its pastoral mission but also to the defence of the kingdom and the ...
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In thirteenth-century England, circumstance and personality converged to produce an episcopate uncommonly dedicated not only to its pastoral mission but also to the defence of the kingdom and the oversight of royal government. This cohort was bound by corporate solidarity and possessed an authority to reform the king—and so influence political events—unknown to the episcopates of other kingdoms. These bishops took a central part in the dramatic events of the reigns of King John and Henry III, throughout rebellion, civil war, and invasion from France, and the turbulent years of minority government and Henry’s early personal rule. They acted as peacemakers, supporting royal power when it was threatened, for the sake of regnal peace, but also using their unique authority to reform the king when his illegal actions threatened to provoke his barons to rebellion. This situation changed, however, between 1258 and 1265, when around half of England’s bishops set aside their loyalty to the king and joined a group of magnates, led by Simon de Montfort, in England’s first revolution, appropriating royal powers in order to establish a new form of government: conciliar rule. As members of Montfort’s regime, they helped to govern England, as well as constructing arguments to justify the new order. This book examines the interaction between the bishops’ actions on the ground and their culture, identity, and political thought. In so doing it reveals how the Montfortian bishops were forced to construct a new philosophy of power in the crucible of political crisis.Less
In thirteenth-century England, circumstance and personality converged to produce an episcopate uncommonly dedicated not only to its pastoral mission but also to the defence of the kingdom and the oversight of royal government. This cohort was bound by corporate solidarity and possessed an authority to reform the king—and so influence political events—unknown to the episcopates of other kingdoms. These bishops took a central part in the dramatic events of the reigns of King John and Henry III, throughout rebellion, civil war, and invasion from France, and the turbulent years of minority government and Henry’s early personal rule. They acted as peacemakers, supporting royal power when it was threatened, for the sake of regnal peace, but also using their unique authority to reform the king when his illegal actions threatened to provoke his barons to rebellion. This situation changed, however, between 1258 and 1265, when around half of England’s bishops set aside their loyalty to the king and joined a group of magnates, led by Simon de Montfort, in England’s first revolution, appropriating royal powers in order to establish a new form of government: conciliar rule. As members of Montfort’s regime, they helped to govern England, as well as constructing arguments to justify the new order. This book examines the interaction between the bishops’ actions on the ground and their culture, identity, and political thought. In so doing it reveals how the Montfortian bishops were forced to construct a new philosophy of power in the crucible of political crisis.
Jennifer Jahner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198847724
- eISBN:
- 9780191882401
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198847724.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta traces the fortunes of literary training and experimentation across the early history of the English common law, from its beginnings in the reign of Henry ...
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Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta traces the fortunes of literary training and experimentation across the early history of the English common law, from its beginnings in the reign of Henry II to its tumultuous consolidations under the reigns of John and Henry III. The period from the mid-twelfth through the thirteenth centuries witnessed an outpouring of innovative legal writing in England, from Magna Carta to the scores of statute books that preserved its provisions. An era of civil war and imperial fracture, it also proved a time of intensive self-definition, as communities both lay and ecclesiastic used law to articulate collective identities. Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta uncovers the role that grammatical and rhetorical training played in shaping these arguments for legal self-definition. Beginning with Thomas Becket, the book interweaves the histories of literary pedagogy and English law, showing how foundational lessons in poetics helped generate both a language and theory of corporate autonomy. Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s phenomenally popular Latin compositional handbook, the Poetria nova, finds its place against the diplomatic backdrop of the English Interdict, while Robert Grosseteste’s Anglo-French devotional poem, the Château d’Amour, is situated within the landscape of property law and Jewish-Christian interactions. Exploring a shared vocabulary across legal and grammatical fields, this book argues that poetic habits of thought proved central to constructing the narratives that medieval law tells about itself and that later scholars tell about the origins of English constitutionalism.Less
Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta traces the fortunes of literary training and experimentation across the early history of the English common law, from its beginnings in the reign of Henry II to its tumultuous consolidations under the reigns of John and Henry III. The period from the mid-twelfth through the thirteenth centuries witnessed an outpouring of innovative legal writing in England, from Magna Carta to the scores of statute books that preserved its provisions. An era of civil war and imperial fracture, it also proved a time of intensive self-definition, as communities both lay and ecclesiastic used law to articulate collective identities. Literature and Law in the Era of Magna Carta uncovers the role that grammatical and rhetorical training played in shaping these arguments for legal self-definition. Beginning with Thomas Becket, the book interweaves the histories of literary pedagogy and English law, showing how foundational lessons in poetics helped generate both a language and theory of corporate autonomy. Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s phenomenally popular Latin compositional handbook, the Poetria nova, finds its place against the diplomatic backdrop of the English Interdict, while Robert Grosseteste’s Anglo-French devotional poem, the Château d’Amour, is situated within the landscape of property law and Jewish-Christian interactions. Exploring a shared vocabulary across legal and grammatical fields, this book argues that poetic habits of thought proved central to constructing the narratives that medieval law tells about itself and that later scholars tell about the origins of English constitutionalism.