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The varieties of capitalism approach focuses on explaining variation in industry specialization at the national level. However, much evidence from the field of economic geography suggests that industries tend to cluster within regional economies, and empirical evidence suggests that there are regions within coordinated market economies that have sustained clusters of radically innovative companies. Focusing on the successful wireless Internet and software cluster in Stockholm, Sweden, this chapter explores mechanisms by which alternative patterns of economic coordination may develop. The analysis focuses on the role of large companies, particularly in industries in which technical interdependencies between firms is strong in creating patterns of economic coordination that run counter to national models.

This chapter explores whether and to what extent a measure adopted by the State in the furtherance of international obligations other than those provided for in the investment treaty bears any consequences not only in the appreciation of state liability, but also in the determination of the quantum of compensation and in the choice of the method of valuation. The review of ICSID jurisprudence shows considerable shifts in the appreciation of this issue. The chapter consider several cases: Compañia del Desarollo de Santa Elena SA v. Republic of Costa Rica; Siemens v. Argentina; and SPP v. Egypt. The SPP v. Egypt case sets a useful precedent in that it clearly shows how international obligations arising under different areas of international law can be specifically relevant not only in the appreciation of the legal nature of the taking but also in the choice of the method of valuation affecting the quantum of compensation.

EMI was making progress with MRI. They obtained a 0.1 T electro-magnet and tried imaging a human head. During one group meeting a member of the electronic support group entered the room who turned out to be Ian Young, formerly of E.R. Watts. He was not EMI’s only consultant on MRI. In Nottingham, Andrew obtained his Wolfson grant. They obtained a head image by the sensitive point method. Disquiet emerged within the group. Following Raymond’s taking the group’s latest and best slide for a conference meeting to which he’d been invited. Because of this action, Moore and Holland denied Raymond any further images and further collaboration ceased. From that point on there were 3 independent groups in the Physics Department, Mine, Moore’s and Andrew’s. Paul Bottomley, Andrew’s research student, claimed in his thesis, that it would be difficult to image at frequencies much above 4 MHz. In their book, NMR Imaging in Biomedicine by Mansfield and Morris, a figure of 10 MHz was suggested. He was able to recruit Terry Baines, an electronic engineer, who helped in the design and construction of equipment. The Germany company, Siemens engaged him for a period as a consultant and took on Andrew Maudsley to help design their first MRI scanner. The head of their MRI section was Dr Schittenhelm. As the 1980’s progressed, his research group made a collective decision on EPI. Various members concentrated on the theory and applications of EPI. Roger Ordidge made a movie of a live rabbit and presented a paper at an international conference held in Winston Salem, North Carolina. His talk was a show stopper, showing the world’s first MRI movie of a living animal. In 1991 Penny Gowland joined the group making significant improvements to their paediatric imaging. In the mid-eighties Michael Stehling, a German, joined the author's group. He was a medical doctor and a physicist. He worked hard to improve the quality of their images and also to extend the range of pathologies studied.

This chapter examines the open innovation (OI) project of Siemens AG. It describes the company’s range of OI activities and the recruitment of smart people for the project. It discusses the increasing budget devoted to outside innovation by large companies around the world and highlights the need for innovation projects needed to generate money-making products and services. This chapter also explains that OI projects vary over the course of product and service development and that leaders have the very challenging task of defining needed knowledge and bringing knowledge-holders together across complicated organizational structures.

Chapter 2 examines the economic aspects of the business of submarine telegraphy with a strong focus on the 1870s when crucial structures and trends emerged. Key actors in this chapter are John Pender, James Anderson, and their Eastern and Associated Cable Companies as well as the Siemens clan and their two cable manufacturing and operating companies, Siemens Brothers and the Direct United States Cable Company. In its last part, the chapter offers an analysis of shareholder lists and gives detailed insights into the financial network structure of ocean telegraphy.

When should organizations, as opposed to individuals, be the targets of sanctions for transnational bribery? The OECD paradigm calls for the net of liability to be cast widely, not only over individual perpetrators but also over the organizations they represent, and perhaps also over companies that own, merge with, or acquire those entities. There have even been moves to sanction states whose officials have solicited or accepted bribes, including by barring recovery of compensation from the bribe payer. Organizational liability is typically justified as a way to induce private regulation, which is presumed to be relatively effective and efficient. However, the effectiveness of self-regulation is contingent on factors such as the presence of complementary legal institutions and expertise. There are also questions about its expense and legitimacy.