Harry Blutstein
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992897
- eISBN:
- 9781526104311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992897.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Reverend Leon Sullivan created one of the first global programmes that encouraged transnational firms to accept that they had social responsibilities beyond just making profits. Harnessing public ...
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Reverend Leon Sullivan created one of the first global programmes that encouraged transnational firms to accept that they had social responsibilities beyond just making profits. Harnessing public opinion, he convinced leading companies operating in South Africa to desegregate their workplaces and challenge apartheid. This campaign set a model of others, who believed that firms have a responsibility to not only ‘do not harm,’ but to contribute to making ‘the world a better place.’ Since the 1980s, the number of global corporate social responsibility programmes (CSR) has grown, although many have fallen short of their commitments and disappointed the expectations of the public. Nevertheless, the codes and standards associated with CSR programmes have created a body of non-legal norms, which have become an important feature of global governance.Less
Reverend Leon Sullivan created one of the first global programmes that encouraged transnational firms to accept that they had social responsibilities beyond just making profits. Harnessing public opinion, he convinced leading companies operating in South Africa to desegregate their workplaces and challenge apartheid. This campaign set a model of others, who believed that firms have a responsibility to not only ‘do not harm,’ but to contribute to making ‘the world a better place.’ Since the 1980s, the number of global corporate social responsibility programmes (CSR) has grown, although many have fallen short of their commitments and disappointed the expectations of the public. Nevertheless, the codes and standards associated with CSR programmes have created a body of non-legal norms, which have become an important feature of global governance.
David Nicol
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780748694549
- eISBN:
- 9781474400787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694549.003.0011
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
David Nicol examines closely how learners’ capacities for self-regulation may be strengthened by developing their skills in making evaluative judgements. He identifies peer review as a key means for ...
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David Nicol examines closely how learners’ capacities for self-regulation may be strengthened by developing their skills in making evaluative judgements. He identifies peer review as a key means for developing evaluative capacities; sets out principles that can inform the design of peer review and illustrates how these principles can be put into action.Less
David Nicol examines closely how learners’ capacities for self-regulation may be strengthened by developing their skills in making evaluative judgements. He identifies peer review as a key means for developing evaluative capacities; sets out principles that can inform the design of peer review and illustrates how these principles can be put into action.
Stuart Hodkinson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526141866
- eISBN:
- 9781526144713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526141866.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter charts the death of public housing from its emergence as part of a wider collective resistance to the social murder of unregulated capitalism to its planned demise under neoliberal ...
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This chapter charts the death of public housing from its emergence as part of a wider collective resistance to the social murder of unregulated capitalism to its planned demise under neoliberal policies of privatisation, demunicipalisation, deregulation, and austerity. A first section explains how public housing represented both the partial decommodification of shelter and the protection of residents’ health and safety through a wider system of building regulation and control. A second section argues that these qualities made public housing a target for privatisation and demunicipalisation policies that have recommodified and financialised housing and land for profit-seeking corporate interests. It was in this context that ‘outsourced regeneration’ featured in this book was born with the launch in 2000 of New Labour’s Decent Homes programme to bring all social housing in England up to a minimum decent standard by 2010. The chapter ends with an explanation of how the assault on public housing has been accompanied by the rolling back of building regulations and the rolling out of self-regulation that has weakened building safety and residents’ ability to hold their landlords to account.Less
This chapter charts the death of public housing from its emergence as part of a wider collective resistance to the social murder of unregulated capitalism to its planned demise under neoliberal policies of privatisation, demunicipalisation, deregulation, and austerity. A first section explains how public housing represented both the partial decommodification of shelter and the protection of residents’ health and safety through a wider system of building regulation and control. A second section argues that these qualities made public housing a target for privatisation and demunicipalisation policies that have recommodified and financialised housing and land for profit-seeking corporate interests. It was in this context that ‘outsourced regeneration’ featured in this book was born with the launch in 2000 of New Labour’s Decent Homes programme to bring all social housing in England up to a minimum decent standard by 2010. The chapter ends with an explanation of how the assault on public housing has been accompanied by the rolling back of building regulations and the rolling out of self-regulation that has weakened building safety and residents’ ability to hold their landlords to account.
Stuart Hodkinson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526141866
- eISBN:
- 9781526144713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526141866.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter focuses on the more sinister side of the outsourced state under PFI that was clearly present in the Grenfell disaster – the ‘accountability vacuum’. It draws on interviews with public ...
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This chapter focuses on the more sinister side of the outsourced state under PFI that was clearly present in the Grenfell disaster – the ‘accountability vacuum’. It draws on interviews with public and private sector professionals, residents involved in PFI schemes, and whistle-blowers, to illuminate specific examples of this deficit. A first section focuses on the lack of public or regulatory scrutiny of PFI contracts that reply on self-certified performance reporting, akin to paying a fox to guard the hen house. A second section explains how poorly-written contracts that set largely meaningless Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) result in minimal financial penalties despite demonstrable failings. A third section shows how local authorities’ prioritise the protection of long-term partnerships with private companies over genuine resident involvement and empowerment. A fourth section describes how resident disempowerment is compounded by the absence of both genuinely independent and powerful regulatory bodies, as well as legal routes that residents could use to get redress. It provides a number of examples of how those who did speak out were routinely ignored and sometimes actively silenced.Less
This chapter focuses on the more sinister side of the outsourced state under PFI that was clearly present in the Grenfell disaster – the ‘accountability vacuum’. It draws on interviews with public and private sector professionals, residents involved in PFI schemes, and whistle-blowers, to illuminate specific examples of this deficit. A first section focuses on the lack of public or regulatory scrutiny of PFI contracts that reply on self-certified performance reporting, akin to paying a fox to guard the hen house. A second section explains how poorly-written contracts that set largely meaningless Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) result in minimal financial penalties despite demonstrable failings. A third section shows how local authorities’ prioritise the protection of long-term partnerships with private companies over genuine resident involvement and empowerment. A fourth section describes how resident disempowerment is compounded by the absence of both genuinely independent and powerful regulatory bodies, as well as legal routes that residents could use to get redress. It provides a number of examples of how those who did speak out were routinely ignored and sometimes actively silenced.
Brian O'Neill and Elisabeth Staksrud
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781847428837
- eISBN:
- 9781447307723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428837.003.0026
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
In this chapter, the background to the EU Kids Online project's policy objectives is reviewed and the principal recommendations that emerged from the findings highlighted. The focus is primarily on ...
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In this chapter, the background to the EU Kids Online project's policy objectives is reviewed and the principal recommendations that emerged from the findings highlighted. The focus is primarily on Europe and policy actions framed at a European level and/or implemented within member states of the European Union. Against a background of intense debate regarding the effectiveness of self-regulatory regimes as mechanisms for online child protection, the chapter examines gaps in policy formulations for internet safety, asking whether current policy is effective and how policymakers can address future challenges in an area that continues to evolve and become more complex.Less
In this chapter, the background to the EU Kids Online project's policy objectives is reviewed and the principal recommendations that emerged from the findings highlighted. The focus is primarily on Europe and policy actions framed at a European level and/or implemented within member states of the European Union. Against a background of intense debate regarding the effectiveness of self-regulatory regimes as mechanisms for online child protection, the chapter examines gaps in policy formulations for internet safety, asking whether current policy is effective and how policymakers can address future challenges in an area that continues to evolve and become more complex.
Roy F. Baumeister
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262026680
- eISBN:
- 9780262321488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026680.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Baumeister discusses determinism and reductionism with emphases on self-regulation and conscious and meaningful causation of behavior. Baumeister concludes that freedom exists but can only be seen by ...
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Baumeister discusses determinism and reductionism with emphases on self-regulation and conscious and meaningful causation of behavior. Baumeister concludes that freedom exists but can only be seen by looking at the proper level of analysis. In their comments, Holton questions some of Baumeister's philosophical moves, and then Payne and Cameron suggest new psychological methods (centrally the process dissociation procedure) to better understand conscious intentions and their causal roles. Baumeister responds appreciatively but defends his claim that “rational choice deserves a role in a psychological theory of free will.”Less
Baumeister discusses determinism and reductionism with emphases on self-regulation and conscious and meaningful causation of behavior. Baumeister concludes that freedom exists but can only be seen by looking at the proper level of analysis. In their comments, Holton questions some of Baumeister's philosophical moves, and then Payne and Cameron suggest new psychological methods (centrally the process dissociation procedure) to better understand conscious intentions and their causal roles. Baumeister responds appreciatively but defends his claim that “rational choice deserves a role in a psychological theory of free will.”
Onnig H. Dombalagian
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028622
- eISBN:
- 9780262324298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028622.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter considers the role of private litigation, public enforcement and public surveillance in policing the integrity of information flows. It first discusses longstanding threats to integrity ...
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This chapter considers the role of private litigation, public enforcement and public surveillance in policing the integrity of information flows. It first discusses longstanding threats to integrity (such as fraud, insider trading and other forms of market abuse, and manipulative and disruptive trading practices), as well as emerging threats to reliability of information flows, (such disruptions to market continuity, operational capability, and systemic risk). It then considers the traditional role of private antifraud litigation in the United States in deterring and remediating fraud, as well as the trend to limit class action litigation in favor of public enforcement and other remedial mechanisms. It concludes with a discussion of self-regulatory surveillance mechanisms and efforts to enhance direct regulatory surveillance after the recent financial crisis.Less
This chapter considers the role of private litigation, public enforcement and public surveillance in policing the integrity of information flows. It first discusses longstanding threats to integrity (such as fraud, insider trading and other forms of market abuse, and manipulative and disruptive trading practices), as well as emerging threats to reliability of information flows, (such disruptions to market continuity, operational capability, and systemic risk). It then considers the traditional role of private antifraud litigation in the United States in deterring and remediating fraud, as well as the trend to limit class action litigation in favor of public enforcement and other remedial mechanisms. It concludes with a discussion of self-regulatory surveillance mechanisms and efforts to enhance direct regulatory surveillance after the recent financial crisis.
David M. Day and Margit Wiesner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479880058
- eISBN:
- 9781479888276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880058.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter provides an overview of theoretical process models for the explanation of crime in developmental context. It introduces key propositions from leading developmental and life-course ...
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This chapter provides an overview of theoretical process models for the explanation of crime in developmental context. It introduces key propositions from leading developmental and life-course theories of offending, including the dual taxonomy of antisocial behavior, coercion theory, interactional theory, and age-graded theory of informal social control, and stresses the need for further elaboration of the role of human agency in criminal trajectories across the life span. The chapter also describes the core tenets of the relational developmental systems framework, which serves as a major metamodel that undergirds contemporary developmental science. It is argued that developmental science theories of intentional self-regulation across the life span hold great promise to enrich criminological theorizing on human agency.Less
This chapter provides an overview of theoretical process models for the explanation of crime in developmental context. It introduces key propositions from leading developmental and life-course theories of offending, including the dual taxonomy of antisocial behavior, coercion theory, interactional theory, and age-graded theory of informal social control, and stresses the need for further elaboration of the role of human agency in criminal trajectories across the life span. The chapter also describes the core tenets of the relational developmental systems framework, which serves as a major metamodel that undergirds contemporary developmental science. It is argued that developmental science theories of intentional self-regulation across the life span hold great promise to enrich criminological theorizing on human agency.
David M. Day and Margit Wiesner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479880058
- eISBN:
- 9781479888276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880058.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Prior reviews of the criminal trajectory literature mostly excluded findings on the relation of criminal trajectory groups to later life outcomes, turning points, and desistance. To set the stage for ...
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Prior reviews of the criminal trajectory literature mostly excluded findings on the relation of criminal trajectory groups to later life outcomes, turning points, and desistance. To set the stage for the review of this literature, the chapter first draws on the broader literature to define key terms, such as desistance and turning points, and to describe influential theories of desistance from crime and empirical findings. It is argued that criminal trajectory research needs to better integrate with these independent strands of research to advance the understanding of desisting offender trajectory groups. The chapter also details how emerging, innovative methodological approaches for the examination of turning point effects can help strengthen future criminal trajectory research on these issues. Next, the findings of criminal trajectory studies on later life outcomes and desistance are reviewed. Future research needs are identified to move the field forward. Last, the chapter seeks to make the case for a programmatic agenda that ties criminal trajectory research to developmental science models of intentional self-regulation across the life span, such as tripartite Selection, Optimization, and Compensation theory from Paul Baltes, to help explore the role of human agency in the development of crime.Less
Prior reviews of the criminal trajectory literature mostly excluded findings on the relation of criminal trajectory groups to later life outcomes, turning points, and desistance. To set the stage for the review of this literature, the chapter first draws on the broader literature to define key terms, such as desistance and turning points, and to describe influential theories of desistance from crime and empirical findings. It is argued that criminal trajectory research needs to better integrate with these independent strands of research to advance the understanding of desisting offender trajectory groups. The chapter also details how emerging, innovative methodological approaches for the examination of turning point effects can help strengthen future criminal trajectory research on these issues. Next, the findings of criminal trajectory studies on later life outcomes and desistance are reviewed. Future research needs are identified to move the field forward. Last, the chapter seeks to make the case for a programmatic agenda that ties criminal trajectory research to developmental science models of intentional self-regulation across the life span, such as tripartite Selection, Optimization, and Compensation theory from Paul Baltes, to help explore the role of human agency in the development of crime.
David M. Day and Margit Wiesner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479880058
- eISBN:
- 9781479888276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880058.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
It has been 25 years since the criminal trajectory methodology was first introduced. Scientists from multiple fields have now arrived at a much more balanced view of its strengths and weaknesses. The ...
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It has been 25 years since the criminal trajectory methodology was first introduced. Scientists from multiple fields have now arrived at a much more balanced view of its strengths and weaknesses. The final chapter of this book looks back at the accumulated research on criminal trajectories and renews the call on criminological trajectory researchers to interface better with contemporary developmental science frameworks. This call is not intended to replace extant developmental and life-course theories of crime but, rather, to complement them by incorporating meta-theoretical propositions from the field of developmental science. To this end, this chapter offers 12 suggestions for the next generation of trajectory researchers. They range from methodological issues, including the need for stricter reporting standards and greater methodological rigor, to substantive research needs, such as the exploration of the role of biological processes, and the study of prospective links to trajectory groups of distinct behaviors and intentional self-regulatory strategies that foster desisting pathways of crime.Less
It has been 25 years since the criminal trajectory methodology was first introduced. Scientists from multiple fields have now arrived at a much more balanced view of its strengths and weaknesses. The final chapter of this book looks back at the accumulated research on criminal trajectories and renews the call on criminological trajectory researchers to interface better with contemporary developmental science frameworks. This call is not intended to replace extant developmental and life-course theories of crime but, rather, to complement them by incorporating meta-theoretical propositions from the field of developmental science. To this end, this chapter offers 12 suggestions for the next generation of trajectory researchers. They range from methodological issues, including the need for stricter reporting standards and greater methodological rigor, to substantive research needs, such as the exploration of the role of biological processes, and the study of prospective links to trajectory groups of distinct behaviors and intentional self-regulatory strategies that foster desisting pathways of crime.
