Donald Markwell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198292364
- eISBN:
- 9780191715525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter begins by discussing the evolution of Keynes’s ideas that underpinned his approach to reconstruction after the first and second world wars. Keynes’s economics after the First ...
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This concluding chapter begins by discussing the evolution of Keynes’s ideas that underpinned his approach to reconstruction after the first and second world wars. Keynes’s economics after the First World War were classical, stressing sound finance to defeat inflation; after the Second World War, his economics were Keynesian, and while he wished to avoid inflation, he especially sought to ensure full, or at least high, employment. A central element of Keynes’s idealism was the view that there are important economic causes of conflict between states, but that these could be remedied. He also believed at times, not only that the economic causes of conflict could be eliminated, but that certain economic measures, such as the creation of a free trade union, might themselves actively foster political harmony.Less
This concluding chapter begins by discussing the evolution of Keynes’s ideas that underpinned his approach to reconstruction after the first and second world wars. Keynes’s economics after the First World War were classical, stressing sound finance to defeat inflation; after the Second World War, his economics were Keynesian, and while he wished to avoid inflation, he especially sought to ensure full, or at least high, employment. A central element of Keynes’s idealism was the view that there are important economic causes of conflict between states, but that these could be remedied. He also believed at times, not only that the economic causes of conflict could be eliminated, but that certain economic measures, such as the creation of a free trade union, might themselves actively foster political harmony.
Claudia Siebrecht
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266663
- eISBN:
- 9780191905384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266663.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on tearful reactions to the outbreak of war in 1939 as described and recalled by German women in diaries, memoirs, and oral histories. Women who were at different life stages in ...
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This chapter focuses on tearful reactions to the outbreak of war in 1939 as described and recalled by German women in diaries, memoirs, and oral histories. Women who were at different life stages in 1939 offer nuanced and explicit testimonies of their emotional responses, which were predominantly framed with references to the First World War. Retained memories of bereavement and hardship are particularly striking, and this chapter argues that both personal and familial experiences of the period between 1914 and 1918 were of key importance as they accumulated into an emotional archive. This emotional archive represented a crucial reference point for women to gauge a contemporaneous response to a political event—the outbreak of war in 1939. It also facilitated the construction of a personal stance and political positioning to war in a retrospective post-Second World War context. Women’s tears of 1939 were therefore about more than the outbreak of war; they were about owning and disowning different parts of their past.Less
This chapter focuses on tearful reactions to the outbreak of war in 1939 as described and recalled by German women in diaries, memoirs, and oral histories. Women who were at different life stages in 1939 offer nuanced and explicit testimonies of their emotional responses, which were predominantly framed with references to the First World War. Retained memories of bereavement and hardship are particularly striking, and this chapter argues that both personal and familial experiences of the period between 1914 and 1918 were of key importance as they accumulated into an emotional archive. This emotional archive represented a crucial reference point for women to gauge a contemporaneous response to a political event—the outbreak of war in 1939. It also facilitated the construction of a personal stance and political positioning to war in a retrospective post-Second World War context. Women’s tears of 1939 were therefore about more than the outbreak of war; they were about owning and disowning different parts of their past.
James Hinton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243297
- eISBN:
- 9780191714054
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243297.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The associational life of middle-class women in 20th-century England has been largely ignored by historians. During the Second World War women's clubs, guilds, and institutes provided a basis for the ...
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The associational life of middle-class women in 20th-century England has been largely ignored by historians. During the Second World War women's clubs, guilds, and institutes provided a basis for the mobilization of up to a million women, mainly housewives, into unpaid part-time work. Women's Voluntary Services (WVS) — which was set up by the government in 1938 to organize this work — generated a rich archive of reports and correspondence which provide the social historian with a unique window into the female public sphere. Questioning the view that world war two served to democratize English society, the book shows how the mobilization enabled middle-class social leaders to reinforce their claims to authority. Displaying ‘character’ through their voluntary work, the leisured women at the centre of this study made themselves indispensable to the war effort. The book delineates these ‘continuities of class’, reconstructing intimate portraits of local female social leadership in contrasting settings across provincial England, tracing complex and often acerbic rivalries within the voluntary sector, and uncovering gulfs of mutual distrust and incomprehension dividing publicly active women along gendered frontiers of class and party. Britain's wartime mobilization relied on an uneasy balance between voluntarism and the expanding power of the state, calling on a Victorian ethos of public service to cope with the profoundly un-Victorian problems of total war. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that these female social leaders finally found themselves marginalized by bureaucracy and professionalization.Less
The associational life of middle-class women in 20th-century England has been largely ignored by historians. During the Second World War women's clubs, guilds, and institutes provided a basis for the mobilization of up to a million women, mainly housewives, into unpaid part-time work. Women's Voluntary Services (WVS) — which was set up by the government in 1938 to organize this work — generated a rich archive of reports and correspondence which provide the social historian with a unique window into the female public sphere. Questioning the view that world war two served to democratize English society, the book shows how the mobilization enabled middle-class social leaders to reinforce their claims to authority. Displaying ‘character’ through their voluntary work, the leisured women at the centre of this study made themselves indispensable to the war effort. The book delineates these ‘continuities of class’, reconstructing intimate portraits of local female social leadership in contrasting settings across provincial England, tracing complex and often acerbic rivalries within the voluntary sector, and uncovering gulfs of mutual distrust and incomprehension dividing publicly active women along gendered frontiers of class and party. Britain's wartime mobilization relied on an uneasy balance between voluntarism and the expanding power of the state, calling on a Victorian ethos of public service to cope with the profoundly un-Victorian problems of total war. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that these female social leaders finally found themselves marginalized by bureaucracy and professionalization.
Lucy Noakes
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266663
- eISBN:
- 9780191905384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266663.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Second World War saw the conscription and mobilisation of around 5.8 million British men for military service. Very few had any prior military experience or training. This chapter looks at some ...
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The Second World War saw the conscription and mobilisation of around 5.8 million British men for military service. Very few had any prior military experience or training. This chapter looks at some of the letters, diaries, and memoirs written by men serving in the Army to consider how they tried to construct a new, militarised sense of identity, and the emotional styles that they used to communicate this. Letters, diaries, and memoirs provided a resource for both the expression of emotions that could not be articulated in the military community, and for the process of fashioning a new militarised selfhood. Drawing on work undertaken by historians working on the construction of selfhood, the chapter examines a range of these documents to consider the ways that men constructed and articulated this new militarised identity, and the emotional styles that they utilised to do so. However, war provided multiple challenges to these new, hybrid, identities, none more so than the threat of death, or the death of friends and comrades. The chapter concludes by considering the emotional styles that some men used to record their encounters with death, and the ways that these encounters could destabilise their new, militarised, selfhoods.Less
The Second World War saw the conscription and mobilisation of around 5.8 million British men for military service. Very few had any prior military experience or training. This chapter looks at some of the letters, diaries, and memoirs written by men serving in the Army to consider how they tried to construct a new, militarised sense of identity, and the emotional styles that they used to communicate this. Letters, diaries, and memoirs provided a resource for both the expression of emotions that could not be articulated in the military community, and for the process of fashioning a new militarised selfhood. Drawing on work undertaken by historians working on the construction of selfhood, the chapter examines a range of these documents to consider the ways that men constructed and articulated this new militarised identity, and the emotional styles that they utilised to do so. However, war provided multiple challenges to these new, hybrid, identities, none more so than the threat of death, or the death of friends and comrades. The chapter concludes by considering the emotional styles that some men used to record their encounters with death, and the ways that these encounters could destabilise their new, militarised, selfhoods.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292494
- eISBN:
- 9780191599682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829249X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Explores segregation in the military and resistance to its abolition ever since the founding of the country and the War of Independence to President Truman's 1947 Committee on Civil Rights and well ...
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Explores segregation in the military and resistance to its abolition ever since the founding of the country and the War of Independence to President Truman's 1947 Committee on Civil Rights and well into the 1960s. King examines original transcripts of testimony before Truman's committee and other investigations into segregation especially prior to and during the Second World War. He also looks at the policies and reports of the American Navy, Marine Corps, and the Army as well as those of Black American soldiers stationed abroad in Britain and Europe. Throughout the chapter, he traces the tensions arising from the war's premise to promote democracy in the new global community while tolerating the suppression of civil rights domestically.Less
Explores segregation in the military and resistance to its abolition ever since the founding of the country and the War of Independence to President Truman's 1947 Committee on Civil Rights and well into the 1960s. King examines original transcripts of testimony before Truman's committee and other investigations into segregation especially prior to and during the Second World War. He also looks at the policies and reports of the American Navy, Marine Corps, and the Army as well as those of Black American soldiers stationed abroad in Britain and Europe. Throughout the chapter, he traces the tensions arising from the war's premise to promote democracy in the new global community while tolerating the suppression of civil rights domestically.
Kiku Adatto
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199769063
- eISBN:
- 9780199896851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199769063.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter recounts the war bond campaign of the Second World War, illustrating a notion of thrift fully embedded in a social attempt to serve the greater good. Saving money was equated directly ...
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This chapter recounts the war bond campaign of the Second World War, illustrating a notion of thrift fully embedded in a social attempt to serve the greater good. Saving money was equated directly with service to the nation and was pitched as a duty of sacrifice to support the war effort. One of the central characteristics of this campaign was that it enabled everyone down to newspaper boys to participate in a society-wide thrift movement. As such, the World War II war bond effort put thrift in the service of democracy, both in the sense that it directly supported the war being fought for democratic ideals and in the sense that it allowed the participation of all sectors in the American war effort. This national ethic of collective thrift for the greater good largely died in the prosperity that followed World War II, and it has not been restored even during subsequent wars in the latter part of the 20th century.Less
This chapter recounts the war bond campaign of the Second World War, illustrating a notion of thrift fully embedded in a social attempt to serve the greater good. Saving money was equated directly with service to the nation and was pitched as a duty of sacrifice to support the war effort. One of the central characteristics of this campaign was that it enabled everyone down to newspaper boys to participate in a society-wide thrift movement. As such, the World War II war bond effort put thrift in the service of democracy, both in the sense that it directly supported the war being fought for democratic ideals and in the sense that it allowed the participation of all sectors in the American war effort. This national ethic of collective thrift for the greater good largely died in the prosperity that followed World War II, and it has not been restored even during subsequent wars in the latter part of the 20th century.
Ranald C. Michie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280612
- eISBN:
- 9780191712784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280612.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter discusses developments in the global securities market from the onset of the Second World War to 1970. Topics covered include the impact of the Second World War, the US securities market ...
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This chapter discusses developments in the global securities market from the onset of the Second World War to 1970. Topics covered include the impact of the Second World War, the US securities market at the end of the war, securities markets outside the US, and the international securities market. It is argued that by the end of the Second World War, securities markets had become marginal appendages within financial systems, with pride of place being given to the actions of governments and banks. Government intervention was seen as the solution to all types of economic problems, whether it was a domestic shortage of finance or the stability of the international monetary system.Less
This chapter discusses developments in the global securities market from the onset of the Second World War to 1970. Topics covered include the impact of the Second World War, the US securities market at the end of the war, securities markets outside the US, and the international securities market. It is argued that by the end of the Second World War, securities markets had become marginal appendages within financial systems, with pride of place being given to the actions of governments and banks. Government intervention was seen as the solution to all types of economic problems, whether it was a domestic shortage of finance or the stability of the international monetary system.
Martin van Creveld
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608638
- eISBN:
- 9780191731754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608638.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In Chapter 10, Martin van Creveld focuses on grand strategy and military strategy in the First and Second World Wars. He first examines the similarities between the two wars at the highest level: ‘to ...
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In Chapter 10, Martin van Creveld focuses on grand strategy and military strategy in the First and Second World Wars. He first examines the similarities between the two wars at the highest level: ‘to wit, the one where national policy and politics, strategy, diplomacy, economics and mobilization meet and interact’. The second part of the chapter discusses the military strategy of the principal belligerents. The author highlights the differences between the two wars, the role of armoured formations on the ground, naval warfare, and the extensive use of air power. He maintains that, in reality, these two total wars should be seen as parts of a single protracted struggle of attrition, with victory ultimately gained by the side with greater resources in terms of bigger military forces (army, navy, and air force), backed by larger populations, a stronger military‐industrial base for scientific research and production, and greater economic leverage.Less
In Chapter 10, Martin van Creveld focuses on grand strategy and military strategy in the First and Second World Wars. He first examines the similarities between the two wars at the highest level: ‘to wit, the one where national policy and politics, strategy, diplomacy, economics and mobilization meet and interact’. The second part of the chapter discusses the military strategy of the principal belligerents. The author highlights the differences between the two wars, the role of armoured formations on the ground, naval warfare, and the extensive use of air power. He maintains that, in reality, these two total wars should be seen as parts of a single protracted struggle of attrition, with victory ultimately gained by the side with greater resources in terms of bigger military forces (army, navy, and air force), backed by larger populations, a stronger military‐industrial base for scientific research and production, and greater economic leverage.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and ...
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During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and most-sought after status quo as a military analyst. This chapter discusses growing distance from the precepts of war and Britain's war policy. On the onset of the Second World War, Liddell Hart pursued a different form of stand against the war that relegated him to isolation. Questioning Britain's stand against the Nazi Germany, he concluded the prevailing strategy of Britain in defeating Germany was largely illusionary. He also maintained that Britain's concept of ‘victory ’ proved to be counter-productive and reckless. He believed that Britain should adopt a long-term view of conflict rather than exhausting efforts that would bring American and Soviet domination. He instead, proposed for Cold War against the Germany wherein he proposed to make Britain impregnable but devoid of offensive efforts.Less
During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and most-sought after status quo as a military analyst. This chapter discusses growing distance from the precepts of war and Britain's war policy. On the onset of the Second World War, Liddell Hart pursued a different form of stand against the war that relegated him to isolation. Questioning Britain's stand against the Nazi Germany, he concluded the prevailing strategy of Britain in defeating Germany was largely illusionary. He also maintained that Britain's concept of ‘victory ’ proved to be counter-productive and reckless. He believed that Britain should adopt a long-term view of conflict rather than exhausting efforts that would bring American and Soviet domination. He instead, proposed for Cold War against the Germany wherein he proposed to make Britain impregnable but devoid of offensive efforts.
Hew Strachan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to ...
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This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.Less
This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.
Ranald Michie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269495
- eISBN:
- 9780191710162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269495.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
During the 20th century the City of London survived the impact of two world wars, a worldwide economic collapse, growing restrictions on international trade and finance imposed by governments, and ...
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During the 20th century the City of London survived the impact of two world wars, a worldwide economic collapse, growing restrictions on international trade and finance imposed by governments, and the decline of Britain as an economic and imperial power. All these were major blows to its standing as a financial centre, and after 1945 it did appear that it had finally lost its dominant position in the world to New York. Meanwhile, in addition, its role in Europe was threatened by Zurich. The fact that the City was able to both reclaim its international importance, and repel European competition, was testimony to the inherent strengths it possessed at the beginning of the century, its ability to transform itself in response to opportunities and challenges, and the failure of alternative centres to capitalize on London's weaknesses and so replace it.Less
During the 20th century the City of London survived the impact of two world wars, a worldwide economic collapse, growing restrictions on international trade and finance imposed by governments, and the decline of Britain as an economic and imperial power. All these were major blows to its standing as a financial centre, and after 1945 it did appear that it had finally lost its dominant position in the world to New York. Meanwhile, in addition, its role in Europe was threatened by Zurich. The fact that the City was able to both reclaim its international importance, and repel European competition, was testimony to the inherent strengths it possessed at the beginning of the century, its ability to transform itself in response to opportunities and challenges, and the failure of alternative centres to capitalize on London's weaknesses and so replace it.
Claire Langhamer, Lucy Noakes, and Claudia Siebrecht
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266663
- eISBN:
- 9780191905384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266663.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
War is often lived through and remembered as a time of heightened emotional intensity during which patriotic fervour, the break-up of families, encounters with the enemy, loss of life, and ...
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War is often lived through and remembered as a time of heightened emotional intensity during which patriotic fervour, the break-up of families, encounters with the enemy, loss of life, and extraordinary levels of violence engendered a range of complex emotional responses. This edited collection places the emotions of war centre stage. It explores specific emotional responses in particular wartime locations, it maps national and transnational emotional cultures, and it proposes new ways of deploying emotion as an analytical device. This introductory chapter considers what happens when we place the emotions of war centre stage, demonstrating how cornerstones of historical writing and analysis, such as the chronological divide between ‘war’ and ‘postwar’ can look very different when we approach war through a study of emotions.Less
War is often lived through and remembered as a time of heightened emotional intensity during which patriotic fervour, the break-up of families, encounters with the enemy, loss of life, and extraordinary levels of violence engendered a range of complex emotional responses. This edited collection places the emotions of war centre stage. It explores specific emotional responses in particular wartime locations, it maps national and transnational emotional cultures, and it proposes new ways of deploying emotion as an analytical device. This introductory chapter considers what happens when we place the emotions of war centre stage, demonstrating how cornerstones of historical writing and analysis, such as the chronological divide between ‘war’ and ‘postwar’ can look very different when we approach war through a study of emotions.
Martin Francis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266663
- eISBN:
- 9780191905384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266663.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter offers a case study of the affective registers of British imperial policy during the Second World War. It examines how the conduct of war and diplomacy by Sir Miles Lampson, British ...
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This chapter offers a case study of the affective registers of British imperial policy during the Second World War. It examines how the conduct of war and diplomacy by Sir Miles Lampson, British Ambassador in Cairo, was shaped by his emotional dispositions, in particular his domestic obligations and attachments, his insecure pride, and his susceptibility to jealousy and resentment. It locates Lampson’s personal negotiation between private feeling and public action in the broader context of the heightened emotional registers of wartime Egypt, where it became virtually impossible to quarantine intimate desires, especially romantic and sexual longings, within the private sphere. More critically, it also demonstrates how broader anxieties about Britain’s waning global hegemony during the Second World War were manifested in the various forms of psychological projection, displacement, and compulsion exhibited by Lampson, and also in the Ambassador’s recourse in his statecraft to gossip and rumour.Less
This chapter offers a case study of the affective registers of British imperial policy during the Second World War. It examines how the conduct of war and diplomacy by Sir Miles Lampson, British Ambassador in Cairo, was shaped by his emotional dispositions, in particular his domestic obligations and attachments, his insecure pride, and his susceptibility to jealousy and resentment. It locates Lampson’s personal negotiation between private feeling and public action in the broader context of the heightened emotional registers of wartime Egypt, where it became virtually impossible to quarantine intimate desires, especially romantic and sexual longings, within the private sphere. More critically, it also demonstrates how broader anxieties about Britain’s waning global hegemony during the Second World War were manifested in the various forms of psychological projection, displacement, and compulsion exhibited by Lampson, and also in the Ambassador’s recourse in his statecraft to gossip and rumour.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The place and purpose of trusteeship in the post‐Second World War world order aroused passions and suspicions that were no less pronounced than those which threatened to disrupt the peace ...
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The place and purpose of trusteeship in the post‐Second World War world order aroused passions and suspicions that were no less pronounced than those which threatened to disrupt the peace negotiations at Versailles two decades earlier, and these tensions, which divided the US and Britain in particular, emanated from a fundamental disagreement over the purpose of trusteeship and its relation to the future of empire in world affairs. British commentators on empire tended to interpret the idea of trusteeship in the context of an imperial tradition that dated back to Edmund Burke's interest in the affairs of the East India Company, invoking trusteeship as a principle against which to judge colonial administration and, therefore, understood the tutelage of dependent peoples as a justification of empire. Americans, who were born of a very different colonial and political experience, were a great deal less inclined to see trusteeship as a justification of empire than as an alternative to the perpetuation of empire. Interrogates the claims that structured the terms of this debate, how they shaped the purpose of trusteeship as contemplated in the Charter of the UN, and the ideas upon which the anti‐colonial movement seized in order to destroy the legitimacy of trusteeship in international society. There are five sections: The Atlantic Charter and the Future of Empire; The Reform of Empire; Trusteeship and the Charter of the UN; The End of Empire; and Human Equality and the Illegitimacy of Trusteeship.Less
The place and purpose of trusteeship in the post‐Second World War world order aroused passions and suspicions that were no less pronounced than those which threatened to disrupt the peace negotiations at Versailles two decades earlier, and these tensions, which divided the US and Britain in particular, emanated from a fundamental disagreement over the purpose of trusteeship and its relation to the future of empire in world affairs. British commentators on empire tended to interpret the idea of trusteeship in the context of an imperial tradition that dated back to Edmund Burke's interest in the affairs of the East India Company, invoking trusteeship as a principle against which to judge colonial administration and, therefore, understood the tutelage of dependent peoples as a justification of empire. Americans, who were born of a very different colonial and political experience, were a great deal less inclined to see trusteeship as a justification of empire than as an alternative to the perpetuation of empire. Interrogates the claims that structured the terms of this debate, how they shaped the purpose of trusteeship as contemplated in the Charter of the UN, and the ideas upon which the anti‐colonial movement seized in order to destroy the legitimacy of trusteeship in international society. There are five sections: The Atlantic Charter and the Future of Empire; The Reform of Empire; Trusteeship and the Charter of the UN; The End of Empire; and Human Equality and the Illegitimacy of Trusteeship.
KEITH JEFFERY
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205647
- eISBN:
- 9780191676727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205647.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
The Second World War marked the greatest and the ultimate period of ‘revival’ of the British Empire. In the short term, at least, the impact of war did much to strengthen the Imperial system. The ...
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The Second World War marked the greatest and the ultimate period of ‘revival’ of the British Empire. In the short term, at least, the impact of war did much to strengthen the Imperial system. The general nature of British imperialism, with its peacetime free press, civil rights, habeas corpus, the cultivation of élites, and promises, paid enormous dividends during the war. The way the constituent parts of the Empire went to war in 1939 is quite revealing about the relationships that existed between the ‘Mother Country’ and its Imperial possessions. The effect of the Second World War on the Empire is shown. The Second World War saw the apotheosis of the British Empire, yet it contained elements of both the best and the worst in the Imperial relationship.Less
The Second World War marked the greatest and the ultimate period of ‘revival’ of the British Empire. In the short term, at least, the impact of war did much to strengthen the Imperial system. The general nature of British imperialism, with its peacetime free press, civil rights, habeas corpus, the cultivation of élites, and promises, paid enormous dividends during the war. The way the constituent parts of the Empire went to war in 1939 is quite revealing about the relationships that existed between the ‘Mother Country’ and its Imperial possessions. The effect of the Second World War on the Empire is shown. The Second World War saw the apotheosis of the British Empire, yet it contained elements of both the best and the worst in the Imperial relationship.
Philip L. Cottrell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269495
- eISBN:
- 9780191710162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269495.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter discusses the effects of the First World War on the City, reviewing opportunities for much greater dealings in foreign exchange and the ‘bill on London's rapid revival’. The war not only ...
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This chapter discusses the effects of the First World War on the City, reviewing opportunities for much greater dealings in foreign exchange and the ‘bill on London's rapid revival’. The war not only resulted in sterling becoming a floating currency but also caused the London capital market to be regulated, which is analysed in this chapter. The chapter then focuses upon how the 1931 liquidity crisis severely affected the City through leading houses' substantial commitments to Central and Eastern Europe. It also reviews the City's ‘long winter’ caused by, first, the world economy's prostrate state, and then the Second World War. In addition, the discussion in this chapter focuses on the recovery of the City's international role during the 1950s and the beginnings of an entirely new foundation for its global importance with the emergence of the Euromarkets. Some reflections on the City's experience during the first half of the 20th century are offered at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter discusses the effects of the First World War on the City, reviewing opportunities for much greater dealings in foreign exchange and the ‘bill on London's rapid revival’. The war not only resulted in sterling becoming a floating currency but also caused the London capital market to be regulated, which is analysed in this chapter. The chapter then focuses upon how the 1931 liquidity crisis severely affected the City through leading houses' substantial commitments to Central and Eastern Europe. It also reviews the City's ‘long winter’ caused by, first, the world economy's prostrate state, and then the Second World War. In addition, the discussion in this chapter focuses on the recovery of the City's international role during the 1950s and the beginnings of an entirely new foundation for its global importance with the emergence of the Euromarkets. Some reflections on the City's experience during the first half of the 20th century are offered at the end of the chapter.
Keith Robbins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198263715
- eISBN:
- 9780191714283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263715.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
This chapter positions the churches in the European crisis of the 1930s. It notes a flourishing of Christian pacifism, strong Catholic support for Franco, broad approval of ‘appeasement’ of German ...
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This chapter positions the churches in the European crisis of the 1930s. It notes a flourishing of Christian pacifism, strong Catholic support for Franco, broad approval of ‘appeasement’ of German grievances but concern about the treatment of the German churches — all in the context of a European struggle between Fascism and Communism. Continental theologians had a divisive impact as Christian doctrine was again reconsidered. There was fresh thought on the relationship between church, community, and state worldwide. Protestant-Catholic relations are particularly considered in divided Ireland and in Scotland. The Second World War (and the Cold War) both raised issues about ‘the Christian West’. Finally, post-war, the churches had to rebuild, literally and metaphorically, in the new era of the Welfare State and Socialism. The 1953 Coronation showed that Christian Britain had appeared to overcome the crises of the two previous decades.Less
This chapter positions the churches in the European crisis of the 1930s. It notes a flourishing of Christian pacifism, strong Catholic support for Franco, broad approval of ‘appeasement’ of German grievances but concern about the treatment of the German churches — all in the context of a European struggle between Fascism and Communism. Continental theologians had a divisive impact as Christian doctrine was again reconsidered. There was fresh thought on the relationship between church, community, and state worldwide. Protestant-Catholic relations are particularly considered in divided Ireland and in Scotland. The Second World War (and the Cold War) both raised issues about ‘the Christian West’. Finally, post-war, the churches had to rebuild, literally and metaphorically, in the new era of the Welfare State and Socialism. The 1953 Coronation showed that Christian Britain had appeared to overcome the crises of the two previous decades.
WENDY WEBSTER
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226641
- eISBN:
- 9780191718069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226641.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter shows how adventure tales of the Second World War in the 1950s offered a new energizing myth of nation. If wartime imagery represented a high point in inclusive imagery of Britishness, ...
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This chapter shows how adventure tales of the Second World War in the 1950s offered a new energizing myth of nation. If wartime imagery represented a high point in inclusive imagery of Britishness, the reworking of Second World War narratives from a ‘people's war’ to a ‘hero's war’ produced a far more exclusive story. The inclusiveness of wartime imagery had been, in part, a product of the need to recruit to the war effort. The shift to an exclusive story of national greatness in the 1950s meant that Second World War imagery took over the territory which empire imagery vacated, and in the 1950s, the war film bore more resemblance to the pre-war empire genre than the post-war empire film. Second World War narratives, transposing manly and high-minded heroes from an imperial to a Second World War setting, offered a new myth of national destiny.Less
This chapter shows how adventure tales of the Second World War in the 1950s offered a new energizing myth of nation. If wartime imagery represented a high point in inclusive imagery of Britishness, the reworking of Second World War narratives from a ‘people's war’ to a ‘hero's war’ produced a far more exclusive story. The inclusiveness of wartime imagery had been, in part, a product of the need to recruit to the war effort. The shift to an exclusive story of national greatness in the 1950s meant that Second World War imagery took over the territory which empire imagery vacated, and in the 1950s, the war film bore more resemblance to the pre-war empire genre than the post-war empire film. Second World War narratives, transposing manly and high-minded heroes from an imperial to a Second World War setting, offered a new myth of national destiny.
Joy Damousi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266663
- eISBN:
- 9780191905384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266663.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In October 1949, in the closing month of the Greek Civil War, a young soldier named Pandelis Klinkatsis was killed stepping on a landmine in Northern Greece. Pandelis was my uncle. The announcement ...
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In October 1949, in the closing month of the Greek Civil War, a young soldier named Pandelis Klinkatsis was killed stepping on a landmine in Northern Greece. Pandelis was my uncle. The announcement of his death devastated his immediate family including my mother Sophia. I focus this chapter on the individual story of the loss of my uncle and my mother’s grief to cast a wider canvas on the emotions of war and their enduring legacies. This story explores the repercussions of war such as migration, the impact on sibling and romantic love, absence and separation during and after war. It examines the implications of these displacements in writing an emotional history of war. Such a history is typically conveyed through oral storytelling, and oral history forms the basis of the narrative. But there are two other ways in which the memory and emotion of war experience are kept alive in a transnational world. The first expression is in the form of photography, the second is the role grave sites play in the nexus between mourning and memory over time. Pandelis’s story takes us to Greece, Austria, America, and Australia. I argue that it encapsulates the complex geographical and emotional fragments created by war, which are manifest in love and death, mourning and memory, in a transnational context across four countries. Both the Second World War and the Greek Civil War created a landscape of emotions—the legacies of which are indelible—and continue to the present day.Less
In October 1949, in the closing month of the Greek Civil War, a young soldier named Pandelis Klinkatsis was killed stepping on a landmine in Northern Greece. Pandelis was my uncle. The announcement of his death devastated his immediate family including my mother Sophia. I focus this chapter on the individual story of the loss of my uncle and my mother’s grief to cast a wider canvas on the emotions of war and their enduring legacies. This story explores the repercussions of war such as migration, the impact on sibling and romantic love, absence and separation during and after war. It examines the implications of these displacements in writing an emotional history of war. Such a history is typically conveyed through oral storytelling, and oral history forms the basis of the narrative. But there are two other ways in which the memory and emotion of war experience are kept alive in a transnational world. The first expression is in the form of photography, the second is the role grave sites play in the nexus between mourning and memory over time. Pandelis’s story takes us to Greece, Austria, America, and Australia. I argue that it encapsulates the complex geographical and emotional fragments created by war, which are manifest in love and death, mourning and memory, in a transnational context across four countries. Both the Second World War and the Greek Civil War created a landscape of emotions—the legacies of which are indelible—and continue to the present day.
TALBOT C. IMLAY
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261222
- eISBN:
- 9780191717550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261222.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History, British and Irish Modern History
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to examine how well nations and societies meet the test of war. Specifically, the book considers the cases of ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to examine how well nations and societies meet the test of war. Specifically, the book considers the cases of France and Britain before and during the Second World War. It examines three dimensions vital to understanding how France and Britain met the test of war: the strategic, domestic-political, and political-economic. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to examine how well nations and societies meet the test of war. Specifically, the book considers the cases of France and Britain before and during the Second World War. It examines three dimensions vital to understanding how France and Britain met the test of war: the strategic, domestic-political, and political-economic. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
