Sebastian Balfour and Alejandro Quiroga
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199206674
- eISBN:
- 9780191709791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206674.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the development of Spanish national identity from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of Francoism. Spanish nationalism has been adopted by different political ...
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This chapter explores the development of Spanish national identity from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of Francoism. Spanish nationalism has been adopted by different political ideologies and used as a tool of social control by a variety of regimes. In the first three quarters of the 19th century, Spanish nationalism was used to consolidate liberal revolution. Between 1875 and 1930, Spanish nationalism became a counter-revolutionary tool. During the Second Republic, Spanish nationalism was used as an instrument to promote democracy and social reform. Francoism was a backlash against this democratic Spanish nationalism; the dictatorship used an authoritarian Spanish nationalism to halt democracy and socio-political reform while it attempted to carry out an economic modernization of the country.Less
This chapter explores the development of Spanish national identity from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of Francoism. Spanish nationalism has been adopted by different political ideologies and used as a tool of social control by a variety of regimes. In the first three quarters of the 19th century, Spanish nationalism was used to consolidate liberal revolution. Between 1875 and 1930, Spanish nationalism became a counter-revolutionary tool. During the Second Republic, Spanish nationalism was used as an instrument to promote democracy and social reform. Francoism was a backlash against this democratic Spanish nationalism; the dictatorship used an authoritarian Spanish nationalism to halt democracy and socio-political reform while it attempted to carry out an economic modernization of the country.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the dismissal of commissaire de police, the nightmare of révocation. The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, bringing about a change in regime and, in the latter case, the Second ...
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This chapter discusses the dismissal of commissaire de police, the nightmare of révocation. The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, bringing about a change in regime and, in the latter case, the Second Republic, also brought inevitable political purges. However, policemen also faced dismissal because they lacked professional competence, fell into disrepute for perceived moral failings (drunkenness, indebtedness, homosexuality, etc.). The risk of denunciations, anonymous and otherwise, is also considered.Less
This chapter discusses the dismissal of commissaire de police, the nightmare of révocation. The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848, bringing about a change in regime and, in the latter case, the Second Republic, also brought inevitable political purges. However, policemen also faced dismissal because they lacked professional competence, fell into disrepute for perceived moral failings (drunkenness, indebtedness, homosexuality, etc.). The risk of denunciations, anonymous and otherwise, is also considered.
Antonio M. Merlo, Vincenzo Galasso, Massimiliano Landi, and Andrea Mattozzi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588282
- eISBN:
- 9780191595417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588282.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Public and Welfare
This chapter provides an overview of the career profiles of Italian legislators over the entire sample period 1948–2008. In particular, it documents the extent to which the characteristics of Italian ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the career profiles of Italian legislators over the entire sample period 1948–2008. In particular, it documents the extent to which the characteristics of Italian legislators (such as their age, gender, education, occupation, and income prior to entering the Parliament) have changed over time and highlight the major differences between the First and the Second Republic. To provide a term of comparison, it also contrasts the profiles of Italian legislators and their evolution over the post-war period to those of the members of the United States Congress.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the career profiles of Italian legislators over the entire sample period 1948–2008. In particular, it documents the extent to which the characteristics of Italian legislators (such as their age, gender, education, occupation, and income prior to entering the Parliament) have changed over time and highlight the major differences between the First and the Second Republic. To provide a term of comparison, it also contrasts the profiles of Italian legislators and their evolution over the post-war period to those of the members of the United States Congress.
Avner Ben-Amos
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203285
- eISBN:
- 9780191675836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203285.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The end of the revolutionary decade opened a period during which the freedom of expression of the republican opposition was severely curtailed. The hostility of the authorities toward public ...
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The end of the revolutionary decade opened a period during which the freedom of expression of the republican opposition was severely curtailed. The hostility of the authorities toward public gatherings and demonstrations became even greater, and using an ‘innocent’ public occasion as a pretext for a political meeting became common practice for the republicans. The most celebrated example of this usage was the Campaign of Banquets that led to the fall of Louis-Philippe. In contrast with either integrative or exclusive funerals, which were ceremonies of power, subversive funerals were used by the opposition and were directed against the ruling regime. The other republican funerals that took place in the nineteenth century before the advent of the Third Republic were organized by the revolutionary regimes of the Second Republic and the Paris Commune. This chapter examines the subversive and revolutionary funerals in France from 1800–1870 encompassing the Bourbon Restoration period, the Second Empire, the Second Republic, the Paris Commune, and the Revolution of 1848.Less
The end of the revolutionary decade opened a period during which the freedom of expression of the republican opposition was severely curtailed. The hostility of the authorities toward public gatherings and demonstrations became even greater, and using an ‘innocent’ public occasion as a pretext for a political meeting became common practice for the republicans. The most celebrated example of this usage was the Campaign of Banquets that led to the fall of Louis-Philippe. In contrast with either integrative or exclusive funerals, which were ceremonies of power, subversive funerals were used by the opposition and were directed against the ruling regime. The other republican funerals that took place in the nineteenth century before the advent of the Third Republic were organized by the revolutionary regimes of the Second Republic and the Paris Commune. This chapter examines the subversive and revolutionary funerals in France from 1800–1870 encompassing the Bourbon Restoration period, the Second Empire, the Second Republic, the Paris Commune, and the Revolution of 1848.
Mary Vincent
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206132
- eISBN:
- 9780191676987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206132.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Religion
The Second Spanish Republic survived unchallenged for a mere five years, its fall plunging Spain into a bitter civil war. The brief political history of the republic was characterized by the rapid ...
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The Second Spanish Republic survived unchallenged for a mere five years, its fall plunging Spain into a bitter civil war. The brief political history of the republic was characterized by the rapid polarization of right and left—a process in which religion played a crucial role. Many of the ordinary faithful came to feel excluded from the new Republic, whilst those who aspired to lead them insisted that to be Catholic was to be anti-Republican. This book examines this period in Spanish history, focusing on Salamanca, the home province of the leader of the principal confessional party, Jose Maria Gil Robles, and the place where the right mobilized earlier than anywhere else in Spain. The book demonstrates how political choice was eroded under the Second Republic, and reveals how popular religiosity came to be the right's most potent weapon. This analysis throws new light on the origins of the Spanish Civil War and on the controversies over who bore ultimate responsibility for the conflict.Less
The Second Spanish Republic survived unchallenged for a mere five years, its fall plunging Spain into a bitter civil war. The brief political history of the republic was characterized by the rapid polarization of right and left—a process in which religion played a crucial role. Many of the ordinary faithful came to feel excluded from the new Republic, whilst those who aspired to lead them insisted that to be Catholic was to be anti-Republican. This book examines this period in Spanish history, focusing on Salamanca, the home province of the leader of the principal confessional party, Jose Maria Gil Robles, and the place where the right mobilized earlier than anywhere else in Spain. The book demonstrates how political choice was eroded under the Second Republic, and reveals how popular religiosity came to be the right's most potent weapon. This analysis throws new light on the origins of the Spanish Civil War and on the controversies over who bore ultimate responsibility for the conflict.
Mark Jurdjevic
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199204489
- eISBN:
- 9780191708084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204489.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Chapter One analyzes the career of Francesco Valori and the nature of and motives for his alliance with Savonarola. Francesco and Savonarola first encountered each other as opponents, the former ...
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Chapter One analyzes the career of Francesco Valori and the nature of and motives for his alliance with Savonarola. Francesco and Savonarola first encountered each other as opponents, the former advocating an elite‐dominated oligarchic republic and the latter lobbying for a more broadly‐based and inclusive popular republic. It provides a narrative of the main political events surrounding the expulsion of the Medici and the establishment of the Second Republic and argues that Francesco maintained a distinction between Savonarola's vision of moral reform and his vision of governo largo political reform. The former he followed faithfully and actively; the latter he rejected in favor of his own vision of governo stretto.Less
Chapter One analyzes the career of Francesco Valori and the nature of and motives for his alliance with Savonarola. Francesco and Savonarola first encountered each other as opponents, the former advocating an elite‐dominated oligarchic republic and the latter lobbying for a more broadly‐based and inclusive popular republic. It provides a narrative of the main political events surrounding the expulsion of the Medici and the establishment of the Second Republic and argues that Francesco maintained a distinction between Savonarola's vision of moral reform and his vision of governo largo political reform. The former he followed faithfully and actively; the latter he rejected in favor of his own vision of governo stretto.
PETER McPHEE
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202257
- eISBN:
- 9780191675249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202257.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book seeks to do three things; first, to formulate a cohesive national history of rural politics during a critical period, while respecting the specificities of regional structures and ...
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This book seeks to do three things; first, to formulate a cohesive national history of rural politics during a critical period, while respecting the specificities of regional structures and behaviour; secondly, to establish a different interpretation of the whole period of the Second Republic by placing the rural inhabitants of the mid-19th century France at the centre stage; and lastly, to give new light and perspective to the rural French history by giving comparative and theoretical work as well as case-studies on the field of rural studies. The book also discusses of the electoral geography and political makeup of rural France within a narrative framework.Less
This book seeks to do three things; first, to formulate a cohesive national history of rural politics during a critical period, while respecting the specificities of regional structures and behaviour; secondly, to establish a different interpretation of the whole period of the Second Republic by placing the rural inhabitants of the mid-19th century France at the centre stage; and lastly, to give new light and perspective to the rural French history by giving comparative and theoretical work as well as case-studies on the field of rural studies. The book also discusses of the electoral geography and political makeup of rural France within a narrative framework.
Gayle Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199914975
- eISBN:
- 9780199980192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199914975.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
My third chapter considers one of the greatest successes of the cross-cultural dialogues I treat: the interwar wave of the New Biography, which emerged in Spain as la nueva biografía during the ...
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My third chapter considers one of the greatest successes of the cross-cultural dialogues I treat: the interwar wave of the New Biography, which emerged in Spain as la nueva biografía during the country’s liberal moment. In the years of la nueva biografía (1928–34), a fantastic array of Spanish authors, both famous and undiscovered, produced what have been called “vanguard biographies” in experimental, impressionistic styles inspired both by Strachey’s Eminent Victorians and by revolutions in interwar Spanish fiction. I read Marichalar’s remarkable, entertaining biography, The Perils and Fortune of the Duke of Osuna (1930), as a reworking of Strachey’s critiques of nineteenth-century imperialism and hypocritical liberalism. Further enacting the modernist break with the previous century, Marichalar first conceives of his translating Strachey as a cosmopolitan enterprise, then builds in his own work an irony-laden portrait of Spain’s historical failures around his demystifying account of the life of a profligate aristocrat. Osuna was published, too, during the final days of Spain’s period of dictatorship and monarchy, stretching through the founding of the pro-European Spanish Second Republic in 1931. At this moment, Republican reformers looked both within and beyond Spain in their attempt to establish Europe’s most progressive democracy. Avant-garde authors who were part of this “new liberalism,” as it was called, adapted the cosmopolitan genre of the New Biography in order to remake a state seen by the continent as hopelessly feudalistic.Less
My third chapter considers one of the greatest successes of the cross-cultural dialogues I treat: the interwar wave of the New Biography, which emerged in Spain as la nueva biografía during the country’s liberal moment. In the years of la nueva biografía (1928–34), a fantastic array of Spanish authors, both famous and undiscovered, produced what have been called “vanguard biographies” in experimental, impressionistic styles inspired both by Strachey’s Eminent Victorians and by revolutions in interwar Spanish fiction. I read Marichalar’s remarkable, entertaining biography, The Perils and Fortune of the Duke of Osuna (1930), as a reworking of Strachey’s critiques of nineteenth-century imperialism and hypocritical liberalism. Further enacting the modernist break with the previous century, Marichalar first conceives of his translating Strachey as a cosmopolitan enterprise, then builds in his own work an irony-laden portrait of Spain’s historical failures around his demystifying account of the life of a profligate aristocrat. Osuna was published, too, during the final days of Spain’s period of dictatorship and monarchy, stretching through the founding of the pro-European Spanish Second Republic in 1931. At this moment, Republican reformers looked both within and beyond Spain in their attempt to establish Europe’s most progressive democracy. Avant-garde authors who were part of this “new liberalism,” as it was called, adapted the cosmopolitan genre of the New Biography in order to remake a state seen by the continent as hopelessly feudalistic.
Lesley A. Sharp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520229501
- eISBN:
- 9780520935884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520229501.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the nature of education under the Second Republic, and the subsequent demise of President Ratsiraka's vision during the transitional period of the early 1990s. It first presents ...
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This chapter examines the nature of education under the Second Republic, and the subsequent demise of President Ratsiraka's vision during the transitional period of the early 1990s. It first presents a detailed overview of schooling in the Sambirano Valley, which shows the effects of French colonial pedagogy. It then assesses the quality of education in this region, before it finally explores the inequalities of schooling in Madagascar.Less
This chapter examines the nature of education under the Second Republic, and the subsequent demise of President Ratsiraka's vision during the transitional period of the early 1990s. It first presents a detailed overview of schooling in the Sambirano Valley, which shows the effects of French colonial pedagogy. It then assesses the quality of education in this region, before it finally explores the inequalities of schooling in Madagascar.
M. B. B. Biskupski
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658817
- eISBN:
- 9780191744235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658817.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Social History
In the initial post-war years the regime suppressed November 11th as part of a project to denigrate the Second Republic (1918–39), and cast Piłsudski in a very negative light — this to make the ...
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In the initial post-war years the regime suppressed November 11th as part of a project to denigrate the Second Republic (1918–39), and cast Piłsudski in a very negative light — this to make the post-1944 communist regime appear the better. This era was ended in 1956 when a relaxation of restrictions on free speech accompanied the regime change with the rise of Gomułka. On the 40th anniversary the Party made an effort to commemorate the day but remove its Piłsudskiite aspects, something the Sikorski regime did during the war. By 1968 the Party essayed a major re-conceptualization of the date. Party historian Henryk Jabłoński tried to mark the 11th while claiming it was a victory, but an incomplete one. The Party press still offered the Bolshevik Revolution and the brief socialist government of Ignacy Daszyński in Lublin in 1918 as preferred anniversaries.However, an alternative discourse was emerging beyond Party control. This featured demonstrations in large cities on the 11th, and references to Independence Day in the underground press. This phenomenon became much more evident on the 60th anniversary in 1978. The Party's traditional view of November 11th visibly began to crumble. The Party was in ideological crisis as to how to react. Positive articles about both Piłsudski and the 11th appeared in the press. Independence Day was referred to as ‘momentous’. The Party jettisoned its traditional position of silence or excoriation.Mass demonstrations appeared in the country, many began on the 10th — an interwar tradition. Some of these were broken up by police. On the other hand, some governmental bodies actually participated in the celebrations. The Party was obviously in an ideological quandary.The underground press began to muse over whether one could be a Piłsudskiite in this era and concluded, for the most part, that Piłsudski was the symbol of the opposition. Piłsudski became the patron saint of Solidarity; even Lech Walesa's mustache provided a link to Piłsudski. The Party tried to appropriate Piłsudski in its film Polonia Restituta which combined a positive portrait of the Marshal with the editing out of November 11th. It was part of the Party's fitful efforts to embrace either the date or the man, but not together as part of a genealogy of independence.By the mid-1980s the Party had decided to appropriate both Independence Day and Piłsudski, much to the anger of the opposition. This effort culminated in 1988 when the sejm declared that November 11th was Independence Day and the Warsaw city council urged its rapid re-institutionalization lest its meaning be forgotten. Books celebrating Piłsudski and the Legions appeared everywhere as did stamps and coins — some official, others not—with Legionnary or Piłsudski symbolism. A large display in Wrocław linked November 11th to the genealogy associated with the 1918–39 Piłsudskiite explanation of Polish independence, appropriating the insurrectionary tradition and its assorted symbolic paraphernaliaLess
In the initial post-war years the regime suppressed November 11th as part of a project to denigrate the Second Republic (1918–39), and cast Piłsudski in a very negative light — this to make the post-1944 communist regime appear the better. This era was ended in 1956 when a relaxation of restrictions on free speech accompanied the regime change with the rise of Gomułka. On the 40th anniversary the Party made an effort to commemorate the day but remove its Piłsudskiite aspects, something the Sikorski regime did during the war. By 1968 the Party essayed a major re-conceptualization of the date. Party historian Henryk Jabłoński tried to mark the 11th while claiming it was a victory, but an incomplete one. The Party press still offered the Bolshevik Revolution and the brief socialist government of Ignacy Daszyński in Lublin in 1918 as preferred anniversaries.However, an alternative discourse was emerging beyond Party control. This featured demonstrations in large cities on the 11th, and references to Independence Day in the underground press. This phenomenon became much more evident on the 60th anniversary in 1978. The Party's traditional view of November 11th visibly began to crumble. The Party was in ideological crisis as to how to react. Positive articles about both Piłsudski and the 11th appeared in the press. Independence Day was referred to as ‘momentous’. The Party jettisoned its traditional position of silence or excoriation.Mass demonstrations appeared in the country, many began on the 10th — an interwar tradition. Some of these were broken up by police. On the other hand, some governmental bodies actually participated in the celebrations. The Party was obviously in an ideological quandary.The underground press began to muse over whether one could be a Piłsudskiite in this era and concluded, for the most part, that Piłsudski was the symbol of the opposition. Piłsudski became the patron saint of Solidarity; even Lech Walesa's mustache provided a link to Piłsudski. The Party tried to appropriate Piłsudski in its film Polonia Restituta which combined a positive portrait of the Marshal with the editing out of November 11th. It was part of the Party's fitful efforts to embrace either the date or the man, but not together as part of a genealogy of independence.By the mid-1980s the Party had decided to appropriate both Independence Day and Piłsudski, much to the anger of the opposition. This effort culminated in 1988 when the sejm declared that November 11th was Independence Day and the Warsaw city council urged its rapid re-institutionalization lest its meaning be forgotten. Books celebrating Piłsudski and the Legions appeared everywhere as did stamps and coins — some official, others not—with Legionnary or Piłsudski symbolism. A large display in Wrocław linked November 11th to the genealogy associated with the 1918–39 Piłsudskiite explanation of Polish independence, appropriating the insurrectionary tradition and its assorted symbolic paraphernalia
Peter McPhee
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202257
- eISBN:
- 9780191675249
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202257.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book is a scholarly study of rural politics in France during the Second Republic (1848–52). The Revolution of 1848 and the subsequent regime changed the face of mass politics in France; ...
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This book is a scholarly study of rural politics in France during the Second Republic (1848–52). The Revolution of 1848 and the subsequent regime changed the face of mass politics in France; unprecedented numbers of French men and women participated in legal and illegal forms of political activity during a period of protracted crisis ultimately resolved by a military coup d'état. In exploring the neglected history of rural France in this period, the book draws on hundreds of regional studies to examine the large-scale political mobilizations of right and left in the countryside, and offers a new synthesis and interpretation of these years. The book shows that rural politics were both more complex and more threatening to urban élites than has been generally recognized, and provides an analysis of a turbulent period in modern French history and its long-term social and political consequences.Less
This book is a scholarly study of rural politics in France during the Second Republic (1848–52). The Revolution of 1848 and the subsequent regime changed the face of mass politics in France; unprecedented numbers of French men and women participated in legal and illegal forms of political activity during a period of protracted crisis ultimately resolved by a military coup d'état. In exploring the neglected history of rural France in this period, the book draws on hundreds of regional studies to examine the large-scale political mobilizations of right and left in the countryside, and offers a new synthesis and interpretation of these years. The book shows that rural politics were both more complex and more threatening to urban élites than has been generally recognized, and provides an analysis of a turbulent period in modern French history and its long-term social and political consequences.
James M. Donovan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833636
- eISBN:
- 9781469604404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807895771_donovan.7
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the turning point in the history of the jury in France from the Revolution to World War II, during the eras of the Second Republic (1848–52) and Second Empire (1832–70). It ...
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This chapter discusses the turning point in the history of the jury in France from the Revolution to World War II, during the eras of the Second Republic (1848–52) and Second Empire (1832–70). It observes that while the primary response of the authorities to jury sanction nullification during the preceding period was to grant juries the power to rule on extenuating circumstances, the governments of the 1848–70 era (especially that of the Second Empire) responded primarily through wholesale correctionalization. The chapter notes that the rising conviction rates for the offenses the panels continued to try were another distinctive feature of the period, brought about by a combination of increasing recidivism and reforms that placed the panels under government control.Less
This chapter discusses the turning point in the history of the jury in France from the Revolution to World War II, during the eras of the Second Republic (1848–52) and Second Empire (1832–70). It observes that while the primary response of the authorities to jury sanction nullification during the preceding period was to grant juries the power to rule on extenuating circumstances, the governments of the 1848–70 era (especially that of the Second Empire) responded primarily through wholesale correctionalization. The chapter notes that the rising conviction rates for the offenses the panels continued to try were another distinctive feature of the period, brought about by a combination of increasing recidivism and reforms that placed the panels under government control.
Tuong Vu and Sean Fear (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501745126
- eISBN:
- 9781501745140
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501745126.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Through the voices of senior officials, teachers, soldiers, journalists, and artists, this book presents us with an interpretation of “South Vietnam” as a passionately imagined nation in the minds of ...
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Through the voices of senior officials, teachers, soldiers, journalists, and artists, this book presents us with an interpretation of “South Vietnam” as a passionately imagined nation in the minds of ordinary Vietnamese, rather than merely as an expeditious political construct of the United States government. The moving and honest memoirs collected, translated, and edited here describe the experiences of war, politics, and everyday life for people from many walks of life during the fraught years of Vietnam's Second Republic, leading up to and encompassing what Americans generally call the “Vietnam War.” The voices gift the reader a sense of the authors' experiences in the Republic and their ideas about the nation during that time. The book reveals that far from a Cold War proxy struggle, the conflict in Vietnam featured a true ideological divide between the communist North and the non-communist South.Less
Through the voices of senior officials, teachers, soldiers, journalists, and artists, this book presents us with an interpretation of “South Vietnam” as a passionately imagined nation in the minds of ordinary Vietnamese, rather than merely as an expeditious political construct of the United States government. The moving and honest memoirs collected, translated, and edited here describe the experiences of war, politics, and everyday life for people from many walks of life during the fraught years of Vietnam's Second Republic, leading up to and encompassing what Americans generally call the “Vietnam War.” The voices gift the reader a sense of the authors' experiences in the Republic and their ideas about the nation during that time. The book reveals that far from a Cold War proxy struggle, the conflict in Vietnam featured a true ideological divide between the communist North and the non-communist South.
Sasha D. Pack
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503606678
- eISBN:
- 9781503607538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish ...
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This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish and Moroccan labor. Economic crisis, along with the advent of the Spanish Republic of 1931, stirred working-class politics in both cities, pitting the predominantly working-class Spanish communities against European colonial elites over major municipal issues such as casino gambling and cross-border commerce. The resulting divide continued after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Despite official neutrality, European elites in both cities tended to favor groups associated with Francisco Franco’s rebellion against the Republic.Less
This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish and Moroccan labor. Economic crisis, along with the advent of the Spanish Republic of 1931, stirred working-class politics in both cities, pitting the predominantly working-class Spanish communities against European colonial elites over major municipal issues such as casino gambling and cross-border commerce. The resulting divide continued after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Despite official neutrality, European elites in both cities tended to favor groups associated with Francisco Franco’s rebellion against the Republic.
Geoffrey Cubitt
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228684
- eISBN:
- 9780191678790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228684.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Religion
This chapter discusses the July Revolution and the many political developments it affected in terms of anti-Jesuitism movements. Although France feared the imminent Jesuitical counter-revolution and ...
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This chapter discusses the July Revolution and the many political developments it affected in terms of anti-Jesuitism movements. Although France feared the imminent Jesuitical counter-revolution and the threat it may have posed on the aristocracy and the legitimate monarchy, the hostilities directed against the Jesuits were again revived after the initial fears of counter-revolution receded. Several petitions for the expulsion of the Jesuits were forwarded to the Chambers of the new regime. In fact, there was an expulsion of a supposed Jesuit member and the 1837 Schauenbourg amendment was passed wherein directors of schools were made to swear dissociation with the unauthorized association. While Jesuit establishments thrived, they were under constant suspicion, hostility, and unsympathetic government surveillance. In 1839, the Prefect of Police boasted that France had subdued tbe Jesuits into a passive organization. However, by the establishment of the Second Republic a radical anti-Jesuitism movement had been formed which provided more subtle and more educated hostility against the Jesuits which can be compared to the sarcastic hostility of the ancient regime.Less
This chapter discusses the July Revolution and the many political developments it affected in terms of anti-Jesuitism movements. Although France feared the imminent Jesuitical counter-revolution and the threat it may have posed on the aristocracy and the legitimate monarchy, the hostilities directed against the Jesuits were again revived after the initial fears of counter-revolution receded. Several petitions for the expulsion of the Jesuits were forwarded to the Chambers of the new regime. In fact, there was an expulsion of a supposed Jesuit member and the 1837 Schauenbourg amendment was passed wherein directors of schools were made to swear dissociation with the unauthorized association. While Jesuit establishments thrived, they were under constant suspicion, hostility, and unsympathetic government surveillance. In 1839, the Prefect of Police boasted that France had subdued tbe Jesuits into a passive organization. However, by the establishment of the Second Republic a radical anti-Jesuitism movement had been formed which provided more subtle and more educated hostility against the Jesuits which can be compared to the sarcastic hostility of the ancient regime.
Stanley G. Payne
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110654
- eISBN:
- 9780300130805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110654.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the events leading to collapse of the Second Republic. It identifies the initial turning point of the Republic as the emergence of the polarization and the beginning of ...
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This chapter describes the events leading to collapse of the Second Republic. It identifies the initial turning point of the Republic as the emergence of the polarization and the beginning of systematic interference with parliament and the political process, all of which commenced in 1933. The discussions include the commitment of the Socialist leadership to the Azaña coalition government; the end of the Azaña government; the elections of November 1933; the Leftist attempt to annul the electoral results; the anarchosyndicalists' insurrection of December 1933; and president Alcalá Zamora's efforts to flout the regular parliamentary system.Less
This chapter describes the events leading to collapse of the Second Republic. It identifies the initial turning point of the Republic as the emergence of the polarization and the beginning of systematic interference with parliament and the political process, all of which commenced in 1933. The discussions include the commitment of the Socialist leadership to the Azaña coalition government; the end of the Azaña government; the elections of November 1933; the Leftist attempt to annul the electoral results; the anarchosyndicalists' insurrection of December 1933; and president Alcalá Zamora's efforts to flout the regular parliamentary system.
Stanley G. Payne
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110654
- eISBN:
- 9780300130805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110654.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the events leading up to the revolutionary insurrection of 1934. Historians are nearly unanimous in viewing the revolutionary insurrection as the beginning of the decline of ...
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This chapter discusses the events leading up to the revolutionary insurrection of 1934. Historians are nearly unanimous in viewing the revolutionary insurrection as the beginning of the decline of the Second Republic, and of constitutional government and constitutional consensus in Spain.Less
This chapter discusses the events leading up to the revolutionary insurrection of 1934. Historians are nearly unanimous in viewing the revolutionary insurrection as the beginning of the decline of the Second Republic, and of constitutional government and constitutional consensus in Spain.
Andrzej Chojnowski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781904113171
- eISBN:
- 9781800340589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0021
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter addresses the Jewish community of the Second Republic in Polish historiography of the 1980s. The problem of the ethnic minorities in the Second Republic – their socio-economic situation, ...
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This chapter addresses the Jewish community of the Second Republic in Polish historiography of the 1980s. The problem of the ethnic minorities in the Second Republic – their socio-economic situation, their role in the political and cultural life of the country, their relations with the state – is one of the most neglected fields of post-war Polish historiography. The situation improved only slightly in the 1970s, minimally as regards the Jewish question; in Poland, this still remains the domain of highly specialized publications which do not reach the general reader. To be sure, the authors of synthetic or monographic studies concerning the history of the Second Republic have been unable totally to ignore the problem of the nationalities, although their approaches often give rise to reservations. For instance, when Andrzej Ajnenkiel published in 1980 the second volume of his political history of Poland, national minorities were treated sparingly. In describing the results of the 1931 census, the author briefly discusses the size and socio-professional structure of the Jewish population and the rising influence of the Zionist movement in the second half of the 1930s. Elsewhere, the Jewish population appears almost exclusively as the object of anti-semitic propaganda and pogroms organized by nationalists of both Polish and, more rarely, Ukrainian camps.Less
This chapter addresses the Jewish community of the Second Republic in Polish historiography of the 1980s. The problem of the ethnic minorities in the Second Republic – their socio-economic situation, their role in the political and cultural life of the country, their relations with the state – is one of the most neglected fields of post-war Polish historiography. The situation improved only slightly in the 1970s, minimally as regards the Jewish question; in Poland, this still remains the domain of highly specialized publications which do not reach the general reader. To be sure, the authors of synthetic or monographic studies concerning the history of the Second Republic have been unable totally to ignore the problem of the nationalities, although their approaches often give rise to reservations. For instance, when Andrzej Ajnenkiel published in 1980 the second volume of his political history of Poland, national minorities were treated sparingly. In describing the results of the 1931 census, the author briefly discusses the size and socio-professional structure of the Jewish population and the rising influence of the Zionist movement in the second half of the 1930s. Elsewhere, the Jewish population appears almost exclusively as the object of anti-semitic propaganda and pogroms organized by nationalists of both Polish and, more rarely, Ukrainian camps.
Natalia Aleksiun
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781906764890
- eISBN:
- 9781800853034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781906764890.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter recalls the emergence and dissemination of academic and popular writing of Polish Jewish history by university-trained Jewish historians in interwar Poland, tracing the development of ...
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This chapter recalls the emergence and dissemination of academic and popular writing of Polish Jewish history by university-trained Jewish historians in interwar Poland, tracing the development of the field from its early beginnings in the nineteenth century to the outbreak of the Second World War and the Holocaust. It discusses how Polish Jewish historians were driven by the hope that their work would have political implications beyond the Jewish community, by influencing Polish historical scholarship and Polish intellectual elites. In explaining the Jews and the so-called Jewish question to a Polish audience, national Jewish historians followed — without acknowledging it — in the footsteps of nineteenth-century integrationist authors. The chapter then highlights how they emphasized the Jewish connection to the country and the flourishing of Jewish culture in the periods of Poland's prosperity, and explores how they underlined the Jews' contribution to the country's economic development. The chapter looks at how historians played an active role in shaping the self-understanding of Jewish citizens of the Second Polish Republic into a decidedly Polish Jewish identity.Less
This chapter recalls the emergence and dissemination of academic and popular writing of Polish Jewish history by university-trained Jewish historians in interwar Poland, tracing the development of the field from its early beginnings in the nineteenth century to the outbreak of the Second World War and the Holocaust. It discusses how Polish Jewish historians were driven by the hope that their work would have political implications beyond the Jewish community, by influencing Polish historical scholarship and Polish intellectual elites. In explaining the Jews and the so-called Jewish question to a Polish audience, national Jewish historians followed — without acknowledging it — in the footsteps of nineteenth-century integrationist authors. The chapter then highlights how they emphasized the Jewish connection to the country and the flourishing of Jewish culture in the periods of Poland's prosperity, and explores how they underlined the Jews' contribution to the country's economic development. The chapter looks at how historians played an active role in shaping the self-understanding of Jewish citizens of the Second Polish Republic into a decidedly Polish Jewish identity.
Quentin Deluermoz and Pierre Singaravélou
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780300227543
- eISBN:
- 9780300262858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300227543.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter highlights the revolutionary moment from February to June 1848 and the difficulty of establishing the Second Republic in France that offers a particularly rich area of investigation. It ...
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This chapter highlights the revolutionary moment from February to June 1848 and the difficulty of establishing the Second Republic in France that offers a particularly rich area of investigation. It describes 1848, which was the year of the third revolution since 1789 and has generated ample scholarship. It also mobilizes the most promising and the less convincing forms of counterfactual reasoning: causal or interpretative analysis, futures that were imagined or possible, paths not followed, and evaluation of changes, counterfactuals on the part of researchers and actors, and unique and multiple bifurcations. The chapter looks at the clusters of potentiality that constitute the 1848 movement. It begins with a banquet campaign that had been taking place for the last seven months across all of France, demanding that the king Louis-Philippe expand suffrage under the July Monarchy.Less
This chapter highlights the revolutionary moment from February to June 1848 and the difficulty of establishing the Second Republic in France that offers a particularly rich area of investigation. It describes 1848, which was the year of the third revolution since 1789 and has generated ample scholarship. It also mobilizes the most promising and the less convincing forms of counterfactual reasoning: causal or interpretative analysis, futures that were imagined or possible, paths not followed, and evaluation of changes, counterfactuals on the part of researchers and actors, and unique and multiple bifurcations. The chapter looks at the clusters of potentiality that constitute the 1848 movement. It begins with a banquet campaign that had been taking place for the last seven months across all of France, demanding that the king Louis-Philippe expand suffrage under the July Monarchy.