Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195395174
- eISBN:
- 9780199943319
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395174.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill ...
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With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill effects their presence inflicts on property values and public safety, many cities have wholeheartedly embraced “zero-tolerance” or “broken window” policing efforts to clear the streets of unwanted people. Through an almost completely unnoticed set of practices, these people are banned from occupying certain spaces. Once zoned out, they are subject to arrest if they return—effectively banished from public places. This book offers an exploration of these new tactics that dramatically enhance the power of the police to monitor and arrest thousands of city dwellers. Drawing upon an extensive body of data, the chapters chart the rise of banishment in Seattle, a city on the leading edge of this emerging trend, to establish how it works and explore its ramifications. They demonstrate that, although the practice allows police and public officials to appear responsive to concerns about urban disorder, it is a highly questionable policy—it is expensive, does not reduce crime, and does not address the underlying conditions that generate urban poverty. Moreover, interviews with the banished themselves reveal that exclusion makes their lives and their path to self-sufficiency immeasurably more difficult. At a time when ever more cities and governments in the U.S. and Europe resort to the criminal justice system to solve complex social problems, the book provides a challenge to exclusionary strategies that diminish the life circumstances and the rights of those it targets.Less
With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill effects their presence inflicts on property values and public safety, many cities have wholeheartedly embraced “zero-tolerance” or “broken window” policing efforts to clear the streets of unwanted people. Through an almost completely unnoticed set of practices, these people are banned from occupying certain spaces. Once zoned out, they are subject to arrest if they return—effectively banished from public places. This book offers an exploration of these new tactics that dramatically enhance the power of the police to monitor and arrest thousands of city dwellers. Drawing upon an extensive body of data, the chapters chart the rise of banishment in Seattle, a city on the leading edge of this emerging trend, to establish how it works and explore its ramifications. They demonstrate that, although the practice allows police and public officials to appear responsive to concerns about urban disorder, it is a highly questionable policy—it is expensive, does not reduce crime, and does not address the underlying conditions that generate urban poverty. Moreover, interviews with the banished themselves reveal that exclusion makes their lives and their path to self-sufficiency immeasurably more difficult. At a time when ever more cities and governments in the U.S. and Europe resort to the criminal justice system to solve complex social problems, the book provides a challenge to exclusionary strategies that diminish the life circumstances and the rights of those it targets.
Adam Drewnowski
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264980
- eISBN:
- 9780191754135
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264980.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
Obesity in the United States is a socio-economic issue. Recent advances in geographic information system methodology can provide a better understanding of the impact of neighbourhood deprivation on ...
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Obesity in the United States is a socio-economic issue. Recent advances in geographic information system methodology can provide a better understanding of the impact of neighbourhood deprivation on access to healthy foods, diet quality and selected health outcomes. Whereas state-level Centers for Disease Control maps are still best known, newer approaches have mapped obesity at different levels of geographic aggregation: county, political district, zip code or census tract. This chapter examines data from the new Seattle Obesity Study, which permits the mapping of dietary behaviours and health outcomes at the property parcel tax level – the finest level of geographic resolution possible. Analysis suggests that food-consumption patterns also show a spatial distribution, broadly following the geographic distribution of wealth and social class.Less
Obesity in the United States is a socio-economic issue. Recent advances in geographic information system methodology can provide a better understanding of the impact of neighbourhood deprivation on access to healthy foods, diet quality and selected health outcomes. Whereas state-level Centers for Disease Control maps are still best known, newer approaches have mapped obesity at different levels of geographic aggregation: county, political district, zip code or census tract. This chapter examines data from the new Seattle Obesity Study, which permits the mapping of dietary behaviours and health outcomes at the property parcel tax level – the finest level of geographic resolution possible. Analysis suggests that food-consumption patterns also show a spatial distribution, broadly following the geographic distribution of wealth and social class.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This book lays out the reasons why we should study cognitive development in adulthood, and presents the history, latest data, and results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), which now extends ...
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This book lays out the reasons why we should study cognitive development in adulthood, and presents the history, latest data, and results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), which now extends to over forty-five years. The SLS is organized around five questions: does intelligence change uniformly throughout adulthood, or are there different life-course-ability patterns? At what age and at what magnitude can decrement in ability be reliably detected? What are the patterns and magnitude of generational differences? What accounts for individual differences in age-related change in adulthood? Can the intellectual decline that increases with age be reversed by educational intervention? Based on work on the SLS, this book presents a conceptual model. The model represents this book's author's view on the factors that influence cognitive development throughout the human lifespan, and provides a rationale for the various influences that have been investigated — genetic factors, early and current family environment, life styles, the experience of chronic disease, and various personality attributes. The data in this volume include the 1998 longitudinal cycle of the SLS. In light of both new data and revised analyses, psychometric and neuropsychological assessments have been linked in long-term data to aid in the early identification of risk for dementia in later life. The book also presents new data and concludes on the impact of personality on cognition. It includes correlation matrices and web-access information for select data sets.Less
This book lays out the reasons why we should study cognitive development in adulthood, and presents the history, latest data, and results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), which now extends to over forty-five years. The SLS is organized around five questions: does intelligence change uniformly throughout adulthood, or are there different life-course-ability patterns? At what age and at what magnitude can decrement in ability be reliably detected? What are the patterns and magnitude of generational differences? What accounts for individual differences in age-related change in adulthood? Can the intellectual decline that increases with age be reversed by educational intervention? Based on work on the SLS, this book presents a conceptual model. The model represents this book's author's view on the factors that influence cognitive development throughout the human lifespan, and provides a rationale for the various influences that have been investigated — genetic factors, early and current family environment, life styles, the experience of chronic disease, and various personality attributes. The data in this volume include the 1998 longitudinal cycle of the SLS. In light of both new data and revised analyses, psychometric and neuropsychological assessments have been linked in long-term data to aid in the early identification of risk for dementia in later life. The book also presents new data and concludes on the impact of personality on cognition. It includes correlation matrices and web-access information for select data sets.
Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195395174
- eISBN:
- 9780199943319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395174.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter introduces the concept of banishment. It discusses the return of banishment through the stories of three individuals in Seattle, who supposedly violated the trespass law and drug traffic ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of banishment. It discusses the return of banishment through the stories of three individuals in Seattle, who supposedly violated the trespass law and drug traffic loitering ordinance. It then analyzes the return of banishment, which is widely considered as an archaic legal practice. Another archaic legal practice discussed in this chapter is the revival of police power. The chapter also explains why the study focuses on the rise of banishment in Seattle and provides an outline of the chapters that follow.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of banishment. It discusses the return of banishment through the stories of three individuals in Seattle, who supposedly violated the trespass law and drug traffic loitering ordinance. It then analyzes the return of banishment, which is widely considered as an archaic legal practice. Another archaic legal practice discussed in this chapter is the revival of police power. The chapter also explains why the study focuses on the rise of banishment in Seattle and provides an outline of the chapters that follow.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents an overview of the phenomena of adult cognitive development. It lays out the reasons why intelligence in adulthood should be studied by giving a brief history of the study of ...
More
This chapter presents an overview of the phenomena of adult cognitive development. It lays out the reasons why intelligence in adulthood should be studied by giving a brief history of the study of adult intelligence. It points out that intellectual competence attains increasing importance from middle adulthood onwards, when level of intellectual competence may determine job retention. It discusses whether independent living within the community remains possible in later life, and considers maintenance of control over financial decision making. A conceptual model is then given to tackle the developmental influences that have an impact on the life course of cognition. The model provides the rationale for the various influences related to cognitive development. An account is then given of the history and objectives of the Seattle Longitudinal Study.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the phenomena of adult cognitive development. It lays out the reasons why intelligence in adulthood should be studied by giving a brief history of the study of adult intelligence. It points out that intellectual competence attains increasing importance from middle adulthood onwards, when level of intellectual competence may determine job retention. It discusses whether independent living within the community remains possible in later life, and considers maintenance of control over financial decision making. A conceptual model is then given to tackle the developmental influences that have an impact on the life course of cognition. The model provides the rationale for the various influences related to cognitive development. An account is then given of the history and objectives of the Seattle Longitudinal Study.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter summarizes several methodological issues, including certain research design and analysis paradigms, related to the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion begins with a brief ...
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This chapter summarizes several methodological issues, including certain research design and analysis paradigms, related to the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion begins with a brief exposition of the relationship between cross-sectional and longitudinal data within the context of the general developmental model, followed by a presentation of the rationale for a variety of simple and sequential schemes for data acquisition and analysis. The problems of internal validity of developmental studies and designs for the measurement and control that plague developmental studies are explored. The chapter ends by exploring the relationship between observed measures and latent (unobserved) variables, and how confirmatory (restricted) factor analysis can be applied to assess construct equivalence across cohorts, age, and time in the study of developmental problems.Less
This chapter summarizes several methodological issues, including certain research design and analysis paradigms, related to the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion begins with a brief exposition of the relationship between cross-sectional and longitudinal data within the context of the general developmental model, followed by a presentation of the rationale for a variety of simple and sequential schemes for data acquisition and analysis. The problems of internal validity of developmental studies and designs for the measurement and control that plague developmental studies are explored. The chapter ends by exploring the relationship between observed measures and latent (unobserved) variables, and how confirmatory (restricted) factor analysis can be applied to assess construct equivalence across cohorts, age, and time in the study of developmental problems.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents the database for the Seattle Longitudinal Study and details the study participants and the measurement battery. The chapter also discusses, in addition to the cognitive ability ...
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This chapter presents the database for the Seattle Longitudinal Study and details the study participants and the measurement battery. The chapter also discusses, in addition to the cognitive ability measures, the neuropsychological assessment battery; measures of cognitive style; everyday problem solving; self-reported cognitive change; lifestyles, health status, health behaviors, and the subjective environment; as well as measures of personality traits and attitudes.Less
This chapter presents the database for the Seattle Longitudinal Study and details the study participants and the measurement battery. The chapter also discusses, in addition to the cognitive ability measures, the neuropsychological assessment battery; measures of cognitive style; everyday problem solving; self-reported cognitive change; lifestyles, health status, health behaviors, and the subjective environment; as well as measures of personality traits and attitudes.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes the pilot studies that led to the selection and validation of the measures used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The 1956 baseline study is presented and its findings are ...
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This chapter describes the pilot studies that led to the selection and validation of the measures used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The 1956 baseline study is presented and its findings are compared with the six cross-sectional replications. For purposes of an orderly presentation, the basic cognitive battery that is common to all study cycles is analyzed. Data for the fifth, sixth, and seventh cycles for the extended cognitive battery and the practical intelligence measures are then presented. Finally, the cross-sectional findings for the measures of cognitive style (Test of Behavioral Rigidity, TBR) are discussed.Less
This chapter describes the pilot studies that led to the selection and validation of the measures used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The 1956 baseline study is presented and its findings are compared with the six cross-sectional replications. For purposes of an orderly presentation, the basic cognitive battery that is common to all study cycles is analyzed. Data for the fifth, sixth, and seventh cycles for the extended cognitive battery and the practical intelligence measures are then presented. Finally, the cross-sectional findings for the measures of cognitive style (Test of Behavioral Rigidity, TBR) are discussed.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reviews the central core of the Seattle Longitudinal Study: the results from the longitudinal inquiries. The longitudinal studies consist of six seven-year follow-ups, five fourteen-year ...
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This chapter reviews the central core of the Seattle Longitudinal Study: the results from the longitudinal inquiries. The longitudinal studies consist of six seven-year follow-ups, five fourteen-year follow-ups, four twenty-one-year follow-ups, three twenty-eight-year follow-ups, two thirty-five-year follow-ups, and one forty-two-year follow-up. The longitudinal database is integrated to provide estimates of age changes based on the largest available number of study participants for each age interval. To permit comparison with the cross-sectional findings, the base mean-level estimates were set to the observed average values across all cohorts for participants tested at age 53 (the average age of the total sample). The average intra-individual age changes aggregated across all cohorts for which each age interval is available were then cumulated and added to or subtracted from these base values. These predicted values are provided for the total sample as well as being separately by gender.Less
This chapter reviews the central core of the Seattle Longitudinal Study: the results from the longitudinal inquiries. The longitudinal studies consist of six seven-year follow-ups, five fourteen-year follow-ups, four twenty-one-year follow-ups, three twenty-eight-year follow-ups, two thirty-five-year follow-ups, and one forty-two-year follow-up. The longitudinal database is integrated to provide estimates of age changes based on the largest available number of study participants for each age interval. To permit comparison with the cross-sectional findings, the base mean-level estimates were set to the observed average values across all cohorts for participants tested at age 53 (the average age of the total sample). The average intra-individual age changes aggregated across all cohorts for which each age interval is available were then cumulated and added to or subtracted from these base values. These predicted values are provided for the total sample as well as being separately by gender.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reports findings regarding cohort and period differences in cognitive abilities as well as on other variables included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Here, expanded operational ...
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This chapter reports findings regarding cohort and period differences in cognitive abilities as well as on other variables included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Here, expanded operational definitions are provided for the computation of cohort and period effects and cumulative findings through the seventh study cycle are expanded and updated. Possible applications of the period effect estimates are considered. An example is provided of how corrections for cohort and period effects can be applied to adjust longitudinal estimates to obtain increased generalizability.Less
This chapter reports findings regarding cohort and period differences in cognitive abilities as well as on other variables included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Here, expanded operational definitions are provided for the computation of cohort and period effects and cumulative findings through the seventh study cycle are expanded and updated. Possible applications of the period effect estimates are considered. An example is provided of how corrections for cohort and period effects can be applied to adjust longitudinal estimates to obtain increased generalizability.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reports the results of the cognitive intervention studies and their long-term follow-up and replication with new cohorts, as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. These studies lead to ...
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This chapter reports the results of the cognitive intervention studies and their long-term follow-up and replication with new cohorts, as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. These studies lead to the conclusion that, for many persons, cognitive decline in old age may be a function of disuse rather than deterioration of the physiological substrates of cognitive behavior. A brief five-hour training program on the abilities of Inductive Reasoning and Spatial Orientation involving individual tutorials was designed to improve the performance of participants above the age of sixty-four years. Participants were assigned either to training in the ability on which they had declined or randomly to one of the two training conditions if they had declined or remained stable on both abilities.Less
This chapter reports the results of the cognitive intervention studies and their long-term follow-up and replication with new cohorts, as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. These studies lead to the conclusion that, for many persons, cognitive decline in old age may be a function of disuse rather than deterioration of the physiological substrates of cognitive behavior. A brief five-hour training program on the abilities of Inductive Reasoning and Spatial Orientation involving individual tutorials was designed to improve the performance of participants above the age of sixty-four years. Participants were assigned either to training in the ability on which they had declined or randomly to one of the two training conditions if they had declined or remained stable on both abilities.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes some of the methodological studies that were conducted as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion mentions the shift from a sampling-without-replacement paradigm ...
More
This chapter describes some of the methodological studies that were conducted as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion mentions the shift from a sampling-without-replacement paradigm to one that involved sampling with replacement, as well as the issue of the aging of tests and results from an investigation designed to determine whether switching to more recently constructed tests would be appropriate in the context of the longitudinal study (1975 collateral study). The possible effect of repeated measurement designs in understating cognitive decline is considered and analyses that adjust for practice effects are presented. The issue of structural equivalence across cohorts, age, time, and gender is also explored.Less
This chapter describes some of the methodological studies that were conducted as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion mentions the shift from a sampling-without-replacement paradigm to one that involved sampling with replacement, as well as the issue of the aging of tests and results from an investigation designed to determine whether switching to more recently constructed tests would be appropriate in the context of the longitudinal study (1975 collateral study). The possible effect of repeated measurement designs in understating cognitive decline is considered and analyses that adjust for practice effects are presented. The issue of structural equivalence across cohorts, age, time, and gender is also explored.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents evidence on the distinctiveness of cognitive styles of motor-cognitive flexibility, attitudinal flexibility, and psychomotor speed from the domain of psychometric intelligence ...
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This chapter presents evidence on the distinctiveness of cognitive styles of motor-cognitive flexibility, attitudinal flexibility, and psychomotor speed from the domain of psychometric intelligence as measured in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The concurrent and predictive relationships for the domains utilizing the cognitive style and core battery primary mental ability variables over the age ranges studied are then considered, along with similar data for the latent ability constructs over the seven- and fourteen-year periods. The predictive direction is identified to lead from the cognitive style measures to the ability measures of verbal meaning, number, and word fluency in the core battery and to the latent construct measures of verbal and numeric ability.Less
This chapter presents evidence on the distinctiveness of cognitive styles of motor-cognitive flexibility, attitudinal flexibility, and psychomotor speed from the domain of psychometric intelligence as measured in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The concurrent and predictive relationships for the domains utilizing the cognitive style and core battery primary mental ability variables over the age ranges studied are then considered, along with similar data for the latent ability constructs over the seven- and fourteen-year periods. The predictive direction is identified to lead from the cognitive style measures to the ability measures of verbal meaning, number, and word fluency in the core battery and to the latent construct measures of verbal and numeric ability.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses the effects of health on the maintenance of intellectual functioning, the role of health behaviors, the effects of cognitive abilities as predictors of physical health, ...
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This chapter discusses the effects of health on the maintenance of intellectual functioning, the role of health behaviors, the effects of cognitive abilities as predictors of physical health, mortality, and medication use, as well as the role of perceptions of social support on health. A series of studies is described that relates the role of disease and intellectual functioning in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The first study implicated cardiovascular disease as associated with earlier onset of decline of intellectual functioning. The second study, concerned with the structural relationship between disease processes and maintenance of intellectual functioning, also implicated cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions as leading to excess risk for cognitive decline.Less
This chapter discusses the effects of health on the maintenance of intellectual functioning, the role of health behaviors, the effects of cognitive abilities as predictors of physical health, mortality, and medication use, as well as the role of perceptions of social support on health. A series of studies is described that relates the role of disease and intellectual functioning in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The first study implicated cardiovascular disease as associated with earlier onset of decline of intellectual functioning. The second study, concerned with the structural relationship between disease processes and maintenance of intellectual functioning, also implicated cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions as leading to excess risk for cognitive decline.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight ...
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The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight lifestyle factors that were related to measures of intellectual abilities. Low-to-modest positive correlations were found between amount of leisure activity and levels of cognitive functioning. Positive lifestyle characteristics were also correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning, with the dimensions of prestige, social status, and work characteristics showing the highest correlations. This chapter discusses lifestyle variables that affect intellectual functioning. Family similarity in lifestyles was examined for parent-offspring and sibling dyads, along with the effects of work characteristics and retirement on cognitive functions.Less
The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight lifestyle factors that were related to measures of intellectual abilities. Low-to-modest positive correlations were found between amount of leisure activity and levels of cognitive functioning. Positive lifestyle characteristics were also correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning, with the dimensions of prestige, social status, and work characteristics showing the highest correlations. This chapter discusses lifestyle variables that affect intellectual functioning. Family similarity in lifestyles was examined for parent-offspring and sibling dyads, along with the effects of work characteristics and retirement on cognitive functions.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reports findings with respect to the trait of social responsibility and describes the work on personality traits derived from the seventy-five Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR) ...
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This chapter reports findings with respect to the trait of social responsibility and describes the work on personality traits derived from the seventy-five Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR) questionnaire items included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Preliminary data on recent work relating the TBR-derived personality factors to the NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) are presented. New work on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) questionnaire used as a subjective measure of depression in the SLS participants older than 60 years is described.Less
This chapter reports findings with respect to the trait of social responsibility and describes the work on personality traits derived from the seventy-five Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR) questionnaire items included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Preliminary data on recent work relating the TBR-derived personality factors to the NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) are presented. New work on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) questionnaire used as a subjective measure of depression in the SLS participants older than 60 years is described.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes analyses on the relation between personality and cognition. Included in the analyses are three different subsets from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Interestingly, it was ...
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This chapter describes analyses on the relation between personality and cognition. Included in the analyses are three different subsets from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Interestingly, it was found that there are modest but significant concurrent relationships between personality trait measures and ability construct that account for up to 20% of shared variance. The personality dimensions that were most substantively related to high performance on cognitive ability factors were high untroubled adequacy, low conservatism, and low group dependency from the thirteen personality factors measure and high scores of Openness on the NEO Personality Inventory. There is moderate stability across time for the personality measures which is fairly comparable with the stability found in much of the personality literature.Less
This chapter describes analyses on the relation between personality and cognition. Included in the analyses are three different subsets from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Interestingly, it was found that there are modest but significant concurrent relationships between personality trait measures and ability construct that account for up to 20% of shared variance. The personality dimensions that were most substantively related to high performance on cognitive ability factors were high untroubled adequacy, low conservatism, and low group dependency from the thirteen personality factors measure and high scores of Openness on the NEO Personality Inventory. There is moderate stability across time for the personality measures which is fairly comparable with the stability found in much of the personality literature.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter gives an account of family studies of intellectual abilities in adulthood designed to consider similarities in adult parent-offspring and sibling pairs as well as similarity in married ...
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This chapter gives an account of family studies of intellectual abilities in adulthood designed to consider similarities in adult parent-offspring and sibling pairs as well as similarity in married couples. Of particular interest is new material on changes in the rate of cognitive change across biologically related generations. Married couples were studied for as long as twenty-one years. They showed significant initial within-couple correlations on verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and word fluency, and social responsibility, and on the Index of Educational Aptitude, even when age and education were controlled. Spousal similarity increased by length of marriage on verbal meaning, and attitudinal flexibility, and on the Index of Intellectual Ability.Less
This chapter gives an account of family studies of intellectual abilities in adulthood designed to consider similarities in adult parent-offspring and sibling pairs as well as similarity in married couples. Of particular interest is new material on changes in the rate of cognitive change across biologically related generations. Married couples were studied for as long as twenty-one years. They showed significant initial within-couple correlations on verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and word fluency, and social responsibility, and on the Index of Educational Aptitude, even when age and education were controlled. Spousal similarity increased by length of marriage on verbal meaning, and attitudinal flexibility, and on the Index of Intellectual Ability.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter examines the accuracy of adults' perceptions with regard to an issue that is of increasing concern with age: whether our intellectual abilities are actually declining. These concerns ...
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This chapter examines the accuracy of adults' perceptions with regard to an issue that is of increasing concern with age: whether our intellectual abilities are actually declining. These concerns were investigated by evaluating the accuracy of participants' assessment of intellectual change over seven years. Subjective report of performance change was compared with actual observed change over seven years. The seven-year retrospective data were replicated for a second seven-year period in 1991 and the stability of the congruence types identified in this study over a fourteen-year period was investigated. Judgments of short-term change after repeated testing and training interventions spanning a four-week period for three different training occasions were also evaluated.Less
This chapter examines the accuracy of adults' perceptions with regard to an issue that is of increasing concern with age: whether our intellectual abilities are actually declining. These concerns were investigated by evaluating the accuracy of participants' assessment of intellectual change over seven years. Subjective report of performance change was compared with actual observed change over seven years. The seven-year retrospective data were replicated for a second seven-year period in 1991 and the stability of the congruence types identified in this study over a fourteen-year period was investigated. Judgments of short-term change after repeated testing and training interventions spanning a four-week period for three different training occasions were also evaluated.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study on the similarity of perceptions about family environments of parents and their adult offspring and the similarity in such perceptions ...
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This chapter presents data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study on the similarity of perceptions about family environments of parents and their adult offspring and the similarity in such perceptions of adult siblings reported in adulthood. Perceptions about family environments are considered both with respect to the family of origin (i.e., the family setting experienced by the study participants when they lived with their own parents) and with respect to the current family (i.e., their family unit at the time these data were collected). Included in this chapter also are analyses of the relation of perceived family environments to reported current intensity of contact between parent and offspring and between sibling pairs.Less
This chapter presents data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study on the similarity of perceptions about family environments of parents and their adult offspring and the similarity in such perceptions of adult siblings reported in adulthood. Perceptions about family environments are considered both with respect to the family of origin (i.e., the family setting experienced by the study participants when they lived with their own parents) and with respect to the current family (i.e., their family unit at the time these data were collected). Included in this chapter also are analyses of the relation of perceived family environments to reported current intensity of contact between parent and offspring and between sibling pairs.
