Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199241194
- eISBN:
- 9780191602382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241198.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has ...
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Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.Less
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.
Martin A. Schain
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199938674
- eISBN:
- 9780190054649
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199938674.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This book is a comparative study of how and why border policy has become increasingly important, politicized, and divisive in Europe and the United States. It focuses on how border governance has ...
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This book is a comparative study of how and why border policy has become increasingly important, politicized, and divisive in Europe and the United States. It focuses on how border governance has emerged as an important focus of policy in itself, rather than merely contingent on trade and, above all, on immigration policy. New data indicate a massive increase of walls and barriers between countries after 2001. In our more globalized world, borders are back with a vengeance. However, at the same time that more controls have been established, the flow of people and the growth of trade have continued at an impressive rate. The claims by scholars and political actors of an emerging Fortress Europe and Fortress America have clearly been exaggerated. They express goals and intentions, rather than outcomes. The argument in this book is that the gap between objectives and outcomes should be understood as a result of the complex politics of the border and border control. Although there has been consistent support for harsher border control on both sides of the Atlantic, there has also been important, if more focused, support for more open borders and more permissive border control. If electoral politics often favor border restriction, the politics of policymaking can be more advantageous for groups that favor access. These are separate political tracks, the author maintains, but they are always in dynamic interaction.Less
This book is a comparative study of how and why border policy has become increasingly important, politicized, and divisive in Europe and the United States. It focuses on how border governance has emerged as an important focus of policy in itself, rather than merely contingent on trade and, above all, on immigration policy. New data indicate a massive increase of walls and barriers between countries after 2001. In our more globalized world, borders are back with a vengeance. However, at the same time that more controls have been established, the flow of people and the growth of trade have continued at an impressive rate. The claims by scholars and political actors of an emerging Fortress Europe and Fortress America have clearly been exaggerated. They express goals and intentions, rather than outcomes. The argument in this book is that the gap between objectives and outcomes should be understood as a result of the complex politics of the border and border control. Although there has been consistent support for harsher border control on both sides of the Atlantic, there has also been important, if more focused, support for more open borders and more permissive border control. If electoral politics often favor border restriction, the politics of policymaking can be more advantageous for groups that favor access. These are separate political tracks, the author maintains, but they are always in dynamic interaction.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter introduces some background information on the intergovernmental and EC initiatives. Then, it turns to the leading assumptions underlying the Schengen and Brussels cultures of border ...
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This chapter introduces some background information on the intergovernmental and EC initiatives. Then, it turns to the leading assumptions underlying the Schengen and Brussels cultures of border control. The Schengen Agreement was more of a working program than a detailed plan of action. Together with the 1985 agreement, the Schengen Implementation Convention became the cornerstone of a new approach to border control. The Schengen conventions redefined the traditional meaning of borders. They specifically redefined the meaning of European borders and their functions. They established who should be in charge of European borders. When the Brussels initiative was launched, the main focus was on the relations among existing members over matters of border control. The Schengen and Brussels initiatives developed in parallel. Although both shared the same goal of abolishing Europe's internal frontiers, in their early stages they did not directly clash with each other.Less
This chapter introduces some background information on the intergovernmental and EC initiatives. Then, it turns to the leading assumptions underlying the Schengen and Brussels cultures of border control. The Schengen Agreement was more of a working program than a detailed plan of action. Together with the 1985 agreement, the Schengen Implementation Convention became the cornerstone of a new approach to border control. The Schengen conventions redefined the traditional meaning of borders. They specifically redefined the meaning of European borders and their functions. They established who should be in charge of European borders. When the Brussels initiative was launched, the main focus was on the relations among existing members over matters of border control. The Schengen and Brussels initiatives developed in parallel. Although both shared the same goal of abolishing Europe's internal frontiers, in their early stages they did not directly clash with each other.
Violeta Moreno-Lax
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198701002
- eISBN:
- 9780191770517
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198701002.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This monograph examines the interface between extraterritorial border surveillance, migration management, and asylum seeking under EU law. The final goal is to determine the compatibility of ...
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This monograph examines the interface between extraterritorial border surveillance, migration management, and asylum seeking under EU law. The final goal is to determine the compatibility of pre-entry controls, carried out in the form of Schengen visas, carrier sanctions (with or without assistance from ILOs), and maritime interdiction, with the fundamental rights acquis of the EU, in particular the right to protection against refoulement, the right to asylum, and the rights to good administration and effective judicial protection enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The conflictual assertion contained in Tampere and successor programmes that the Union shall remain ‘open’ to those seeking access to it in search of protection, but, at the same time, ‘counteract illegal immigration and cross-border crime’ provides the background to this research. The result has been an ambiguous regulation of access to EU territory for asylum purposes. Two sets of rules have developed simultaneously, which are difficult to reconcile: one set assimilates protection seekers to the generic category of ‘third-country nationals’ subject to Schengen admission criteria, with another set containing references to ‘special provisions’ applicable to exiles, leading to a situation where up to 90% of refugee arrivals occur through irregular (unsafe) channels, as smuggled or trafficked migrants. In these circumstances, elucidating the exact reach of EU international protection obligations and the articulation between EU border/pre-border norms and EU fundamental rights becomes essential. The monograph thus strives to determine the content of the specific responsibilities of the Member States in this context and establish their implications for the ‘integrated border management’ system the Union is committed to realise.Less
This monograph examines the interface between extraterritorial border surveillance, migration management, and asylum seeking under EU law. The final goal is to determine the compatibility of pre-entry controls, carried out in the form of Schengen visas, carrier sanctions (with or without assistance from ILOs), and maritime interdiction, with the fundamental rights acquis of the EU, in particular the right to protection against refoulement, the right to asylum, and the rights to good administration and effective judicial protection enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The conflictual assertion contained in Tampere and successor programmes that the Union shall remain ‘open’ to those seeking access to it in search of protection, but, at the same time, ‘counteract illegal immigration and cross-border crime’ provides the background to this research. The result has been an ambiguous regulation of access to EU territory for asylum purposes. Two sets of rules have developed simultaneously, which are difficult to reconcile: one set assimilates protection seekers to the generic category of ‘third-country nationals’ subject to Schengen admission criteria, with another set containing references to ‘special provisions’ applicable to exiles, leading to a situation where up to 90% of refugee arrivals occur through irregular (unsafe) channels, as smuggled or trafficked migrants. In these circumstances, elucidating the exact reach of EU international protection obligations and the articulation between EU border/pre-border norms and EU fundamental rights becomes essential. The monograph thus strives to determine the content of the specific responsibilities of the Member States in this context and establish their implications for the ‘integrated border management’ system the Union is committed to realise.
Ioana Rusu
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426444
- eISBN:
- 9781447302797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426444.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter summarises the main migration trends in Hungary ever since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The discussion is based on two main objectives. It examines the most striking characteristics of ...
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This chapter summarises the main migration trends in Hungary ever since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The discussion is based on two main objectives. It examines the most striking characteristics of the integration of migrant communities, and at the policy implications that followed the accession to the European Union in May 2004 and the Schengen Area in January 2008. A short theoretical discussion of the determinants of migration is provided, along with a detailed overview of migration in Hungary.Less
This chapter summarises the main migration trends in Hungary ever since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The discussion is based on two main objectives. It examines the most striking characteristics of the integration of migrant communities, and at the policy implications that followed the accession to the European Union in May 2004 and the Schengen Area in January 2008. A short theoretical discussion of the determinants of migration is provided, along with a detailed overview of migration in Hungary.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Borders were a powerful symbol of identity and historical continuity, both for the state as institution and for the peoples they contain. Their protection was a matter of “national security” and the ...
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Borders were a powerful symbol of identity and historical continuity, both for the state as institution and for the peoples they contain. Their protection was a matter of “national security” and the exclusive responsibility of central governments. They have also continued to be a central feature of Europe's political landscape. Due to the regime's institutionalization and expansion, the term “Schengen” has entered the everyday vocabulary of European politics. The emergence of Schengen was connected to a change in the ideational context in which key actors dealing with border control in the region are inserted. Retelling the story of Schengen provided a vital opportunity to evaluate the origins of one of the most far-reaching events in recent European politics. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in this book is given.Less
Borders were a powerful symbol of identity and historical continuity, both for the state as institution and for the peoples they contain. Their protection was a matter of “national security” and the exclusive responsibility of central governments. They have also continued to be a central feature of Europe's political landscape. Due to the regime's institutionalization and expansion, the term “Schengen” has entered the everyday vocabulary of European politics. The emergence of Schengen was connected to a change in the ideational context in which key actors dealing with border control in the region are inserted. Retelling the story of Schengen provided a vital opportunity to evaluate the origins of one of the most far-reaching events in recent European politics. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in this book is given.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter reviews the main tenets of the three cultures of border control that define the European case (“Westphalia,” “Schengen,” and “Brussels”). It also discusses the concept of “cultural ...
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This chapter reviews the main tenets of the three cultures of border control that define the European case (“Westphalia,” “Schengen,” and “Brussels”). It also discusses the concept of “cultural evolution” by offering the main mechanisms—variation and selection—accounting for the emergence of Schengen as a new dominant culture of border control in Europe. It describes some methodological issues that this work raises, particularly the operationalization of the concepts of culture and cultural evolution. Members of the border control community can belong to several communities at the same time, and “move” from one to the other according to the circumstances. “Schengen” referred to the intergovernmental initiative that resulted in the creation of the Schengen regime, while “Brussels” considered the parallel project developed in the context of the European Union. The final stage of the cultural process pertained to the mechanism allowing a newly selected culture to persist over time.Less
This chapter reviews the main tenets of the three cultures of border control that define the European case (“Westphalia,” “Schengen,” and “Brussels”). It also discusses the concept of “cultural evolution” by offering the main mechanisms—variation and selection—accounting for the emergence of Schengen as a new dominant culture of border control in Europe. It describes some methodological issues that this work raises, particularly the operationalization of the concepts of culture and cultural evolution. Members of the border control community can belong to several communities at the same time, and “move” from one to the other according to the circumstances. “Schengen” referred to the intergovernmental initiative that resulted in the creation of the Schengen regime, while “Brussels” considered the parallel project developed in the context of the European Union. The final stage of the cultural process pertained to the mechanism allowing a newly selected culture to persist over time.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter concentrates on Schengen, and in particular on the developments in four areas that characterized the policymaking process over the issue of border control in this period: internal ...
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This chapter concentrates on Schengen, and in particular on the developments in four areas that characterized the policymaking process over the issue of border control in this period: internal political dynamics, institutional issues, external relations, and the organization of the border control community. Practices of the Schengen border control community became more consistent with the main tenets of the pursued culture. The debate over the “preliminary conditions” during the negotiations over Schengen is addressed. The controversial diplomatic exercises of Italy and Denmark contributed to the further “testing” of the emerging Schengen culture of border control. The securitarian outlook that Schengen acquired over time had consequences not only for the national delegations represented at Schengen, but also for the European Commission.Less
This chapter concentrates on Schengen, and in particular on the developments in four areas that characterized the policymaking process over the issue of border control in this period: internal political dynamics, institutional issues, external relations, and the organization of the border control community. Practices of the Schengen border control community became more consistent with the main tenets of the pursued culture. The debate over the “preliminary conditions” during the negotiations over Schengen is addressed. The controversial diplomatic exercises of Italy and Denmark contributed to the further “testing” of the emerging Schengen culture of border control. The securitarian outlook that Schengen acquired over time had consequences not only for the national delegations represented at Schengen, but also for the European Commission.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter covers the (failed) selection of the Brussels culture of border control. Maastricht significantly reshaped the structure of the border control policy community. The high hopes that ...
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This chapter covers the (failed) selection of the Brussels culture of border control. Maastricht significantly reshaped the structure of the border control policy community. The high hopes that Maastricht had created had clearly not been fulfilled, leaving the fate of the Brussels culture of border control in limbo. In the years that followed the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, the importance of the external dimension of border control in shaping the Brussels culture's trajectory grew significantly. The Brussels border control policy community included all European Union (EU) members since the very launch of the initiative. In the 1990s, the EU border control policy community clearly drifted away from the liberal tenets that defined the Brussels culture of border control when it was launched a decade earlier. Instead, it moved closer to Schengen.Less
This chapter covers the (failed) selection of the Brussels culture of border control. Maastricht significantly reshaped the structure of the border control policy community. The high hopes that Maastricht had created had clearly not been fulfilled, leaving the fate of the Brussels culture of border control in limbo. In the years that followed the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, the importance of the external dimension of border control in shaping the Brussels culture's trajectory grew significantly. The Brussels border control policy community included all European Union (EU) members since the very launch of the initiative. In the 1990s, the EU border control policy community clearly drifted away from the liberal tenets that defined the Brussels culture of border control when it was launched a decade earlier. Instead, it moved closer to Schengen.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter evaluates the selection process within both initiatives, explaining why Schengen was successful and Brussels was not. An analysis of the incorporation of the Schengen regime into the ...
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This chapter evaluates the selection process within both initiatives, explaining why Schengen was successful and Brussels was not. An analysis of the incorporation of the Schengen regime into the European Union (EU) is also reported. Schengen balanced the apparently contradictory requirements of freedom and security, proved itself to be more effective in considering the relevant practical and political problems that European policy makers faced. An agreement on the integration of Schengen into the EU was eventually reached at the Amsterdam summit. The incorporation of the Schengen regime in the EU implied the Schengenization of the newly established “Area of Freedom, Security and Justice” in the EU. The political squabbling over the “ventilation” of the Schengen acquis represented the last instalment of the process leading to the selection of the Schengen culture of border control.Less
This chapter evaluates the selection process within both initiatives, explaining why Schengen was successful and Brussels was not. An analysis of the incorporation of the Schengen regime into the European Union (EU) is also reported. Schengen balanced the apparently contradictory requirements of freedom and security, proved itself to be more effective in considering the relevant practical and political problems that European policy makers faced. An agreement on the integration of Schengen into the EU was eventually reached at the Amsterdam summit. The incorporation of the Schengen regime in the EU implied the Schengenization of the newly established “Area of Freedom, Security and Justice” in the EU. The political squabbling over the “ventilation” of the Schengen acquis represented the last instalment of the process leading to the selection of the Schengen culture of border control.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter explores the consolidation of Schengen culture by looking at the main events that followed Schengen's communitarization and at selected policy initiatives elaborated. Also, it analyzes ...
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This chapter explores the consolidation of Schengen culture by looking at the main events that followed Schengen's communitarization and at selected policy initiatives elaborated. Also, it analyzes how the consolidation of Schengen has involved the border control community. Schengen was able to consolidate its dominant position in the border control domain. The advances introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty had strengthened the European Union (EU)'s role as an active player on the international stage. The European Neighbourhood Policy appeared to be a promising development in the EU's foreign policy. The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) can be considered the latest “victim” of the Schengen culture's spread into new areas of EU policy. The “comprehensive” response to the terrorism adopted by EU governments and institutions has contributed to the further blurring of the distinction between internal and external security and to the deemphasis of the significance of national borders to guarantee Europe's security.Less
This chapter explores the consolidation of Schengen culture by looking at the main events that followed Schengen's communitarization and at selected policy initiatives elaborated. Also, it analyzes how the consolidation of Schengen has involved the border control community. Schengen was able to consolidate its dominant position in the border control domain. The advances introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty had strengthened the European Union (EU)'s role as an active player on the international stage. The European Neighbourhood Policy appeared to be a promising development in the EU's foreign policy. The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) can be considered the latest “victim” of the Schengen culture's spread into new areas of EU policy. The “comprehensive” response to the terrorism adopted by EU governments and institutions has contributed to the further blurring of the distinction between internal and external security and to the deemphasis of the significance of national borders to guarantee Europe's security.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226977867
- eISBN:
- 9780226977881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter reflects on current dynamics and possible future scenarios defining European borders and, more generally, Europe as a political project, taking as a cue the analytical framework ...
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This chapter reflects on current dynamics and possible future scenarios defining European borders and, more generally, Europe as a political project, taking as a cue the analytical framework elaborated in this work. Delegates from European Union (EU) member states and the European Commission celebrated Schengen's twentieth anniversary in June 2005. Schengen was awarded an honor generally reserved only to “historical” events. The vision underlying the Schengen initiative has shown a surprising resilience over the years, and today its central tenets have become part of the political landscape in Europe. Flexibility was one of Schengen's major strengths. Today, the Schengen model was in a phase of consolidation and expansion. As the Schengen experience has shown, “dramatic” projects in European politics can be conceived in a pragmatic and evolutionary fashion and be able to successfully withstand the future.Less
This chapter reflects on current dynamics and possible future scenarios defining European borders and, more generally, Europe as a political project, taking as a cue the analytical framework elaborated in this work. Delegates from European Union (EU) member states and the European Commission celebrated Schengen's twentieth anniversary in June 2005. Schengen was awarded an honor generally reserved only to “historical” events. The vision underlying the Schengen initiative has shown a surprising resilience over the years, and today its central tenets have become part of the political landscape in Europe. Flexibility was one of Schengen's major strengths. Today, the Schengen model was in a phase of consolidation and expansion. As the Schengen experience has shown, “dramatic” projects in European politics can be conceived in a pragmatic and evolutionary fashion and be able to successfully withstand the future.
Martin A. Schain
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199938674
- eISBN:
- 9780190054649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199938674.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines how border policies have evolved in Europe and the United States. It goes beyond law and deals more broadly with what has been termed “policy output. ” The chapter considers how ...
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This chapter examines how border policies have evolved in Europe and the United States. It goes beyond law and deals more broadly with what has been termed “policy output. ” The chapter considers how policies have varied over time and space, and the author argues that in both Europe and the United States immigration policy has increasingly become focused on the border, the reinforcement of border controls, and the link between other aspects of immigration to these controls. The framing of the political problem of immigration—as one of legal entry in the United States, and integration in Europe—has been connected to questions of border control and enforcement. Even as levels of immigration have been stable, or even in decline, policy on the border has become more important. The chapter concludes by dealing with outcomes, which help us to understand the relevance of policy objectives.Less
This chapter examines how border policies have evolved in Europe and the United States. It goes beyond law and deals more broadly with what has been termed “policy output. ” The chapter considers how policies have varied over time and space, and the author argues that in both Europe and the United States immigration policy has increasingly become focused on the border, the reinforcement of border controls, and the link between other aspects of immigration to these controls. The framing of the political problem of immigration—as one of legal entry in the United States, and integration in Europe—has been connected to questions of border control and enforcement. Even as levels of immigration have been stable, or even in decline, policy on the border has become more important. The chapter concludes by dealing with outcomes, which help us to understand the relevance of policy objectives.
David Scott FitzGerald
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190874155
- eISBN:
- 9780190874186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190874155.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies), Comparative and Historical Sociology
The European Union since the 1990s has been engaged in a unique project of reducing mobility controls between members while strengthening the external borders and then shifting control outward. The ...
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The European Union since the 1990s has been engaged in a unique project of reducing mobility controls between members while strengthening the external borders and then shifting control outward. The individual pieces of the remote control strategies themselves are common, with the exception of the Frontex external border control coordinating agency, which does not have parallels in the North American or Australian cases. Europeanization has cross-cutting effects on remote control. The ubiquity of policies rooted in law, regulations, or formal agreements with other states—around readmission, visas, carrier sanctions, safe third countries, and safe countries of origin—is a result of Europeanization. However, Europeanization also includes built-in constraints derived from its supranational courts and institutions.Less
The European Union since the 1990s has been engaged in a unique project of reducing mobility controls between members while strengthening the external borders and then shifting control outward. The individual pieces of the remote control strategies themselves are common, with the exception of the Frontex external border control coordinating agency, which does not have parallels in the North American or Australian cases. Europeanization has cross-cutting effects on remote control. The ubiquity of policies rooted in law, regulations, or formal agreements with other states—around readmission, visas, carrier sanctions, safe third countries, and safe countries of origin—is a result of Europeanization. However, Europeanization also includes built-in constraints derived from its supranational courts and institutions.
Desmond King, Patrick Le Galès, and Tommaso Vitale
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793373
- eISBN:
- 9780191835209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793373.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Territory-making and border control are fundamental state-making activities. Frontiers, their surveillance, and management, define the territorial base of a state, and help differentiate states from ...
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Territory-making and border control are fundamental state-making activities. Frontiers, their surveillance, and management, define the territorial base of a state, and help differentiate states from other states. Since 2015, Europe’s borders and Schengen programme have been the focus of discussions regarding migration and security. The mobilization of European-born citizens as Islamic extremists draws attention to the relative success of the US and Canada in assimilating new immigrants and their offspring. Largely confined into neighbourhoods and pockets of social housing, the children of North African and Middle Eastern immigrants in Europe are disaffected, alienated, and, in the cases of numerous 18–30-year-old males, willing to embrace extreme Muslim beliefs, volunteer in war zones, and return to Europe to instigate and commit jihad or to join other militants. These developments are discussed in this chapter with reference to immigration integration and assimilation, and the migration and security challenge to European state borders.Less
Territory-making and border control are fundamental state-making activities. Frontiers, their surveillance, and management, define the territorial base of a state, and help differentiate states from other states. Since 2015, Europe’s borders and Schengen programme have been the focus of discussions regarding migration and security. The mobilization of European-born citizens as Islamic extremists draws attention to the relative success of the US and Canada in assimilating new immigrants and their offspring. Largely confined into neighbourhoods and pockets of social housing, the children of North African and Middle Eastern immigrants in Europe are disaffected, alienated, and, in the cases of numerous 18–30-year-old males, willing to embrace extreme Muslim beliefs, volunteer in war zones, and return to Europe to instigate and commit jihad or to join other militants. These developments are discussed in this chapter with reference to immigration integration and assimilation, and the migration and security challenge to European state borders.
Nick Vaughan-Williams
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198747024
- eISBN:
- 9780191809293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747024.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The discussion offers an account of the policy background to the integration of EU border security and migration management from the 1985 Schengen Agreement to the Arab Spring. It focuses on the ...
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The discussion offers an account of the policy background to the integration of EU border security and migration management from the 1985 Schengen Agreement to the Arab Spring. It focuses on the neo-liberalization of EU border security, the move to enhance flows of ‘regular’ people, services, and goods, and a series of accompanying spatial-temporal displacements of the border. While these elements are well known, the emergence of a strong discourse of humanitarian border security and the relationship between the two has received less attention. With the shift from securing territory to populations, the effort to increase mobilities over an ever-expanding space, and an emphasis on optimizing the health and well-being of both ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ populations, developments in EUropean border security and migration management closely resemble Michel Foucault’s paradigmatic account of biopolitical forms of security: this offers a diagnostic key beyond the ‘reality’ versus ‘rhetoric’ framing.Less
The discussion offers an account of the policy background to the integration of EU border security and migration management from the 1985 Schengen Agreement to the Arab Spring. It focuses on the neo-liberalization of EU border security, the move to enhance flows of ‘regular’ people, services, and goods, and a series of accompanying spatial-temporal displacements of the border. While these elements are well known, the emergence of a strong discourse of humanitarian border security and the relationship between the two has received less attention. With the shift from securing territory to populations, the effort to increase mobilities over an ever-expanding space, and an emphasis on optimizing the health and well-being of both ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ populations, developments in EUropean border security and migration management closely resemble Michel Foucault’s paradigmatic account of biopolitical forms of security: this offers a diagnostic key beyond the ‘reality’ versus ‘rhetoric’ framing.
Bernard Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198842170
- eISBN:
- 9780191878190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198842170.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter is concerned with the various ways in which the migration crisis since the Arab Spring of 2011 has reshaped the reach of the EU border control regime. Within the EU framework, Frontex ...
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This chapter is concerned with the various ways in which the migration crisis since the Arab Spring of 2011 has reshaped the reach of the EU border control regime. Within the EU framework, Frontex has acquired a greater role, while Schengen states have new powers to reintroduce internal border controls. In the external sphere, the EU now cooperates with a broader range of third states—Libya and Turkey most prominently—while developing more extensive forms of cooperation with them. The chapter will argue that this pattern—incremental internal changes and hyperactivity in the external sphere—is a product of intergovernmental constraints upon EU policy in a core area of member state sovereignty. The avoidance by EU Member States of legal responsibility for asylum applicants and other migrants is a further reason for the preference for externalization.Less
This chapter is concerned with the various ways in which the migration crisis since the Arab Spring of 2011 has reshaped the reach of the EU border control regime. Within the EU framework, Frontex has acquired a greater role, while Schengen states have new powers to reintroduce internal border controls. In the external sphere, the EU now cooperates with a broader range of third states—Libya and Turkey most prominently—while developing more extensive forms of cooperation with them. The chapter will argue that this pattern—incremental internal changes and hyperactivity in the external sphere—is a product of intergovernmental constraints upon EU policy in a core area of member state sovereignty. The avoidance by EU Member States of legal responsibility for asylum applicants and other migrants is a further reason for the preference for externalization.
Bernard Stirn
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198789505
- eISBN:
- 9780191831300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198789505.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The chapter shows how, from the early beginnings of the efforts of the European idea’s founding fathers up until the present day, the European project has developed along three axes. The first ...
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The chapter shows how, from the early beginnings of the efforts of the European idea’s founding fathers up until the present day, the European project has developed along three axes. The first follows the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to the European Union (EU); the second follows the development of the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR); the third follows the other European institutions, such as, for example, those concerned with military co-operation and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the Schengen area. The chapter shows how within a geographic space that has been enlarged considerably, the countries of Europe have attained a level of economic and political solidarity that undoubtedly surpasses the hopes of the founding fathers of the European project.Less
The chapter shows how, from the early beginnings of the efforts of the European idea’s founding fathers up until the present day, the European project has developed along three axes. The first follows the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to the European Union (EU); the second follows the development of the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR); the third follows the other European institutions, such as, for example, those concerned with military co-operation and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the Schengen area. The chapter shows how within a geographic space that has been enlarged considerably, the countries of Europe have attained a level of economic and political solidarity that undoubtedly surpasses the hopes of the founding fathers of the European project.
Violeta Moreno-Lax
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198701002
- eISBN:
- 9780191770517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Since the communautarisation of the Schengen acquis, the EU is meant to build a system of ‘integrated border management’ (IBM) to help ensuring the administration of migratory flows ‘at all their ...
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Since the communautarisation of the Schengen acquis, the EU is meant to build a system of ‘integrated border management’ (IBM) to help ensuring the administration of migratory flows ‘at all their stages’. The idea is that effective entry control cannot be based solely on checks at the external borders of the Member States but ‘must cover every step taken by a third country national from the time he begins his journey to the time he reaches his destination’. EU entry/pre-entry controls thus comprise a series of extraterritorial measures carried out abroad. This chapter describes this evolution in detail. It traces the origins and development of IBM, covering institutional, constitutional, as well as legal and political changes to the present day. The recognition that the ‘strengthening of European border controls should not prevent access to protection systems by those people entitled to benefit under them’ is introduced also at this stage, providing the starting point to the entire research.Less
Since the communautarisation of the Schengen acquis, the EU is meant to build a system of ‘integrated border management’ (IBM) to help ensuring the administration of migratory flows ‘at all their stages’. The idea is that effective entry control cannot be based solely on checks at the external borders of the Member States but ‘must cover every step taken by a third country national from the time he begins his journey to the time he reaches his destination’. EU entry/pre-entry controls thus comprise a series of extraterritorial measures carried out abroad. This chapter describes this evolution in detail. It traces the origins and development of IBM, covering institutional, constitutional, as well as legal and political changes to the present day. The recognition that the ‘strengthening of European border controls should not prevent access to protection systems by those people entitled to benefit under them’ is introduced also at this stage, providing the starting point to the entire research.
Violeta Moreno-Lax
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198701002
- eISBN:
- 9780191770517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter scrutinizes the rules on entry and pre-entry established by the Schengen Borders Code (SBC) that the other ‘integrated border management’ measures seek to implement. The Code constitutes ...
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This chapter scrutinizes the rules on entry and pre-entry established by the Schengen Borders Code (SBC) that the other ‘integrated border management’ measures seek to implement. The Code constitutes a ‘common corpus of legislation’, providing the general regime that governs the movement of persons across EU borders. The chapter follows a methodology that is replicated in subsequent chapters of this part: It starts by setting out the origins of the instrument(s) concerned, covering the Schengen legacy, the Maastricht period, and developments post-Amsterdam. It then concentrates on the analysis of the legal provisions currently in force and the conditions they impose on entry and pre-entry generally, before engaging in the study of their particular impact on asylum seeker flows. The legal structure, specific content, and practical implementation of the measure(s) at hand are considered in detail, allowing for comprehensive assessments of their (legal and factual) effects on protection seekers’ access to EU territory.Less
This chapter scrutinizes the rules on entry and pre-entry established by the Schengen Borders Code (SBC) that the other ‘integrated border management’ measures seek to implement. The Code constitutes a ‘common corpus of legislation’, providing the general regime that governs the movement of persons across EU borders. The chapter follows a methodology that is replicated in subsequent chapters of this part: It starts by setting out the origins of the instrument(s) concerned, covering the Schengen legacy, the Maastricht period, and developments post-Amsterdam. It then concentrates on the analysis of the legal provisions currently in force and the conditions they impose on entry and pre-entry generally, before engaging in the study of their particular impact on asylum seeker flows. The legal structure, specific content, and practical implementation of the measure(s) at hand are considered in detail, allowing for comprehensive assessments of their (legal and factual) effects on protection seekers’ access to EU territory.
