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This chapter examines how the psychology of cognition, decision making, and deception affects buyers and sellers in real estate transactions. The chapter describes how some aspects of property law, such as standardized forms of property (e.g., fee simple ownership, leasing) may reduce information-processing costs and enhance understanding of transactions. Yet other laws, such as property defect disclosure, fail to respond to buyers who struggle to process, update, and price complex, late-coming information and sellers who are subject to motivated reasoning and tendencies toward deception. The chapter also considers emerging psychological evidence on conflicts of interest that calls into question the prevailing approach of allowing dual agency by brokers (i.e., representing both buyer and seller).

The words we use to describe data, both popularly and in the social sciences, often imply that data remains comprehensible as it moves around: “data flows,” “data exhaust,” “seamless,” and the like. However, there are more steps than we ordinarily assume between “raw” sensor data and data that is helpful for making judgments about a medical condition. Making data legible as it moves from one system to the next is a nontrivial technical challenge, even before we get to the social challenges. In this chapter, Dawn Nafus interviews Deborah Estrin about the realities of building systems for supporting meaning-making across technical systems. Estrin is a computer scientist at Cornell University and cofounder of Open mHealth, a nonprofit startup that aims to bring clinical meaning to digital health data through an open platform designed for improved interoperability among disparate, heterogeneous data sources.

The model of enduring change in psychotherapy featuring memory reconsolidation and emotional arousal was based on recent neuroscientific advances that were presented originally from a predominantly psychological perspective. This chapter translates the components and processes of the model into evidence-based neural systems terms. This neural circuitry model highlights what is known and not known and where new research is most urgently needed. The authors then consider the research agenda, emphasizing what they consider to be the most important knowledge gaps. The basic science research agenda focuses on a variety of topics pertaining to memory and memory reconsolidation as well as interactions between emotion and memory. The clinical science research agenda focuses on the most pressing issues pertaining to the processes and mechanisms contributing to enduring change in psychotherapy. The potential exists to develop a new taxonomy of clinical interventions based on what problems are being targeted, how intractable they are, and how long-lasting the intervention needs to be.

Computer software, particularly deep neural networks and Monte Carlo simulations, are extremely useful for the specific tasks that they have been designed to do, and they will get even better, much better. However, we should not assume that computers are smarter than us just because they can tell us the first 2000 digits of pi or show us a street map of every city in the world. One of the paradoxical things about computers is that they can excel at things that humans consider difficult (like calculating square roots) while failing at things that humans consider easy (like recognizing stop signs). They can’t pass simple tests like the Winograd Schema Challenge because they do not understand the world the way humans do. They have neither common sense nor wisdom. They are our tools, not our masters.

Why do women continue to be severely underrepresented in Anglophone philosophy, both in terms of numbers and in terms of seniority, despite several decades of change in academia more generally? Given its place among the humanities and social sciences, it seems odd that the career prospects of women in philosophy should much more closely resemble those of women in the sciences and engineering, than in cognate disciplinary areas. This introductory essay describes several aspects of the problems women face in becoming equal participants in philosophy, and surveys a range of responses to these problems. It also asks what credibility philosophy itself loses if it continues to be a male-dominated discipline. If philosophy traditionally means the ‘love of wisdom’ –or ‘Sofia’ – how is that claim to care for wisdom travestied when women continue to be allowed only so small a part in it?

Chapter 5 discusses the endpoints of the ethnic identification journey of the Nigerian second generation. A key endpoint is that they are integrating into the black middle class. The chapter utilizes the minority culture of mobility framework to examine how respondents’ middle class status affects how they interact with their proximal hosts and how their experiences in and interactions with white people in professional settings affect their identity. The chapter uses respondents’ experiences of racial discrimination, exhibitions of racial solidarity, voting patterns, use of class as a sorting mechanism to order interactions with proximal hosts and develop middle-class identities, and in the United States, their views on whether black immigrants and their children should benefit from affirmative action policies, to illustrate how the Nigerian second generation balance race and ethnicity and how race intersects with ethnicity and class in British and American societies. The chapter discusses how in the extremely important arena of the workplace, the experiences of British respondents differ from those of their American counterparts. They have experienced more racism and discrimination living in Britain, racism that is more often covert than overt. This chapter tells their stories of growing up different from Caribbeans and their experiences of discrimination, which has engendered feelings of not belonging to Britain.