Virpi Timonen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199267262
- eISBN:
- 9780191602023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926726X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Nordic welfare states led the way in consolidating new social risk provision through welfare state social care and active labour market policies some two decades ago. Current provision has ...
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Nordic welfare states led the way in consolidating new social risk provision through welfare state social care and active labour market policies some two decades ago. Current provision has successfully resisted threats from the instabilities associated with the end of the Soviet system and globalisation. Key questions now are (1) will it be possible to integrate new poor groups such as migrants and refugees into the system?, and (2) will better‐off groups continue to support the levels of taxation necessary to provide high standards in collective benefits and services?Less
Nordic welfare states led the way in consolidating new social risk provision through welfare state social care and active labour market policies some two decades ago. Current provision has successfully resisted threats from the instabilities associated with the end of the Soviet system and globalisation. Key questions now are (1) will it be possible to integrate new poor groups such as migrants and refugees into the system?, and (2) will better‐off groups continue to support the levels of taxation necessary to provide high standards in collective benefits and services?
David Wengrow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159041
- eISBN:
- 9781400848867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159041.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his ...
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This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his controversial view that the true architects of classical civilization were not those tied to the land, whether as peasant laborers or feudal aristocracy, but rather the middling professional classes of merchants, industrialists, and bankers whose social aspirations were most closely in tune with the civic values of an expanding urban society. Rostovtzeff was also embroiled in debates over the chronological position and cultural affiliations of Bronze Age metal hoards, unearthed along the shores of the Caspian and Black Seas. The chapter considers Rostovtzeff's approach to the interpretation of imagery, and his particular attraction to the imaginary creatures of nomadic art. It might be argued that the movements of monsters offered a kind of visual counterpart to Rostovtzeff's story of an ever-expanding Bronze Age civilization.Less
This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his controversial view that the true architects of classical civilization were not those tied to the land, whether as peasant laborers or feudal aristocracy, but rather the middling professional classes of merchants, industrialists, and bankers whose social aspirations were most closely in tune with the civic values of an expanding urban society. Rostovtzeff was also embroiled in debates over the chronological position and cultural affiliations of Bronze Age metal hoards, unearthed along the shores of the Caspian and Black Seas. The chapter considers Rostovtzeff's approach to the interpretation of imagery, and his particular attraction to the imaginary creatures of nomadic art. It might be argued that the movements of monsters offered a kind of visual counterpart to Rostovtzeff's story of an ever-expanding Bronze Age civilization.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256433
- eISBN:
- 9780191599170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256438.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is an introductory chapter to the book, and it addresses the need for a new look at the welfare state in Europe. The different sections of the chapter are: The new welfare challenge; Emerging ...
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This is an introductory chapter to the book, and it addresses the need for a new look at the welfare state in Europe. The different sections of the chapter are: The new welfare challenge; Emerging blueprints for reform; Towards a viable new European welfare architecture—the need for a more effective methodology, the principles of justice, welfare as social investment, and rethinking security in old age; The three welfare pillars —markets, families, and government; Similar challenges for different welfare regimes— the Scandinavian welfare model, the ‘liberal’ welfare model, and the continental European welfare model; From national regimes towards a European model; and Rewriting the social contract—a new family policy, a new gender contract, social inclusion through employment, the generational contract.Less
This is an introductory chapter to the book, and it addresses the need for a new look at the welfare state in Europe. The different sections of the chapter are: The new welfare challenge; Emerging blueprints for reform; Towards a viable new European welfare architecture—the need for a more effective methodology, the principles of justice, welfare as social investment, and rethinking security in old age; The three welfare pillars —markets, families, and government; Similar challenges for different welfare regimes— the Scandinavian welfare model, the ‘liberal’ welfare model, and the continental European welfare model; From national regimes towards a European model; and Rewriting the social contract—a new family policy, a new gender contract, social inclusion through employment, the generational contract.
Sören Holmberg
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295686
- eISBN:
- 9780191600043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295685.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In Scandinavia, as demonstrated by the analysis of the World Values Survey in Ch. 2, people remain highly positive towards the political community and democratic principles; nevertheless, support for ...
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In Scandinavia, as demonstrated by the analysis of the World Values Survey in Ch. 2, people remain highly positive towards the political community and democratic principles; nevertheless, support for the remaining three levels of measure—regime performance, political institutions, and politicians—is more problematic. This chapter therefore focuses on how trust in politicians has evolved over the last twenty to thirty years in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland all established, parliamentary, multi‐party, unitary, welfare state democracies. The analysis starts at the bottom level—trust in politicians—since that is where the greatest change over time might be expected, and where there is access to some of the longest measured time‐series in the Scandinavian countries. Subsequent sections of the chapter analyse support for Swedish political institutions (parties, elections, the Rikstag, and the Cabinet), and democratic processes too. Considers explanations for trends in trust in politicians and regime institutions over time.Less
In Scandinavia, as demonstrated by the analysis of the World Values Survey in Ch. 2, people remain highly positive towards the political community and democratic principles; nevertheless, support for the remaining three levels of measure—regime performance, political institutions, and politicians—is more problematic. This chapter therefore focuses on how trust in politicians has evolved over the last twenty to thirty years in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland all established, parliamentary, multi‐party, unitary, welfare state democracies. The analysis starts at the bottom level—trust in politicians—since that is where the greatest change over time might be expected, and where there is access to some of the longest measured time‐series in the Scandinavian countries. Subsequent sections of the chapter analyse support for Swedish political institutions (parties, elections, the Rikstag, and the Cabinet), and democratic processes too. Considers explanations for trends in trust in politicians and regime institutions over time.
Maurizio Ferrera, Anton Hemerijck, and Martin Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0020
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the ...
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The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.Less
The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.
Jan Sundberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240562
- eISBN:
- 9780191600296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240566.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a ...
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Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a new era of instability as the three major parties saw their aggregate share of the vote slashed; soon similar developments became visible in Norway, to some extent in Finland, and (a little later) in Sweden. The main political actors in the Scandinavian democracies are organized around conflicts between labour and capital, and between the rural peripheries and urban centres; the five party families of the classic Scandinavian model (social democracy, conservatism, liberalism, agrarian ‘centrism’, and communism) are deeply anchored in these social bases, with class especially having been a more important determinant of party loyalty than in other west European democracies; in particular, the mutual tolerance and moderation that parties typically accord each other in consensus democracies has resulted in the creation of an extensive and well‐known mixed welfare economy. However, the classic five‐party model no longer provides a comprehensive account of party politics in Scandinavia: since the early 1970s a variety of other parties, old and new, have emerged, and this has led to doubt as to whether the Scandinavian party systems remain distinctive, although they may still be located in the category of moderate pluralism. The increasing fragmentation of parliaments has also affected governments in different ways in the four countries. The introduction discusses these changes; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine (the erosion of) party legitimacy, party organizational strength (finance, members), and the systemic functionality of political parties (in governance, political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political participation, and political communication).Less
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a new era of instability as the three major parties saw their aggregate share of the vote slashed; soon similar developments became visible in Norway, to some extent in Finland, and (a little later) in Sweden. The main political actors in the Scandinavian democracies are organized around conflicts between labour and capital, and between the rural peripheries and urban centres; the five party families of the classic Scandinavian model (social democracy, conservatism, liberalism, agrarian ‘centrism’, and communism) are deeply anchored in these social bases, with class especially having been a more important determinant of party loyalty than in other west European democracies; in particular, the mutual tolerance and moderation that parties typically accord each other in consensus democracies has resulted in the creation of an extensive and well‐known mixed welfare economy. However, the classic five‐party model no longer provides a comprehensive account of party politics in Scandinavia: since the early 1970s a variety of other parties, old and new, have emerged, and this has led to doubt as to whether the Scandinavian party systems remain distinctive, although they may still be located in the category of moderate pluralism. The increasing fragmentation of parliaments has also affected governments in different ways in the four countries. The introduction discusses these changes; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine (the erosion of) party legitimacy, party organizational strength (finance, members), and the systemic functionality of political parties (in governance, political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political participation, and political communication).
Alasdair Whittle and Vicki Cummings (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264140
- eISBN:
- 9780191734489
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264140.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The processes involved in the transformation of society from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers were complex. They involved changes not only in subsistence but also in how people ...
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The processes involved in the transformation of society from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers were complex. They involved changes not only in subsistence but also in how people thought about themselves and their worlds, from their pasts to their animals. Two sets of protagonists have often been lined up in the long-running debates about these processes: on the one hand incoming farmers and on the other indigenous hunter-gatherers. Both have found advocates as the dominant force in the transitions to a new way of life. North-west Europe presents a very rich data set for this fundamental change, and research has both extended and deepened our knowledge of regional sequences, from the sixth to the fourth millennia bc. One of the most striking results is the evident diversity from northern Spain to southern Scandinavia. No one region is quite like another; hunter-gatherers and early farmers alike were also varied and the old labels of Mesolithic and Neolithic are increasingly inadequate to capture the diversity of human agency and belief. Surveys of the most recent evidence presented here also strongly suggest a diversity of transformations. Some cases of colonization on the one hand and indigenous adoption on the other can still be argued, but many situations now seem to involve complex fusions and mixtures. This wide-ranging set of papers offers an overview of this fundamental transition.Less
The processes involved in the transformation of society from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers were complex. They involved changes not only in subsistence but also in how people thought about themselves and their worlds, from their pasts to their animals. Two sets of protagonists have often been lined up in the long-running debates about these processes: on the one hand incoming farmers and on the other indigenous hunter-gatherers. Both have found advocates as the dominant force in the transitions to a new way of life. North-west Europe presents a very rich data set for this fundamental change, and research has both extended and deepened our knowledge of regional sequences, from the sixth to the fourth millennia bc. One of the most striking results is the evident diversity from northern Spain to southern Scandinavia. No one region is quite like another; hunter-gatherers and early farmers alike were also varied and the old labels of Mesolithic and Neolithic are increasingly inadequate to capture the diversity of human agency and belief. Surveys of the most recent evidence presented here also strongly suggest a diversity of transformations. Some cases of colonization on the one hand and indigenous adoption on the other can still be argued, but many situations now seem to involve complex fusions and mixtures. This wide-ranging set of papers offers an overview of this fundamental transition.
Anna Wallette
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264522
- eISBN:
- 9780191734724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264522.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
During the Viking Age, the use of private violence was a precondition for social power. Iceland, for instance, was a law-making community but had no executive power to put the laws into effect. ...
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During the Viking Age, the use of private violence was a precondition for social power. Iceland, for instance, was a law-making community but had no executive power to put the laws into effect. Politics throughout the whole of Scandinavia was based on strong personal relations. This was not a society of uncontrolled violence, but, alongside the development of church and kingdom, the attitude towards a legal type of violence changed. The Icelandic sagas are preoccupied with networks; the alliance patterns described can shed light on the relations between both biological and social kin. This chapter describes competing loyalties through marriage, fostering, friendship, and pledges of support. Kin and marriage systems are the main organization form for people. The discussion also considers alliances and the need for strong bonds with both family and friends at a time when the political and social order was changing.Less
During the Viking Age, the use of private violence was a precondition for social power. Iceland, for instance, was a law-making community but had no executive power to put the laws into effect. Politics throughout the whole of Scandinavia was based on strong personal relations. This was not a society of uncontrolled violence, but, alongside the development of church and kingdom, the attitude towards a legal type of violence changed. The Icelandic sagas are preoccupied with networks; the alliance patterns described can shed light on the relations between both biological and social kin. This chapter describes competing loyalties through marriage, fostering, friendship, and pledges of support. Kin and marriage systems are the main organization form for people. The discussion also considers alliances and the need for strong bonds with both family and friends at a time when the political and social order was changing.
Jan O. H. Swantesson and Helmer Gustavson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0005
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Traditionally, investigations of runic inscriptions have been conducted in the field by eye, and by feeling the outlines of the runes with fingers. Although photographs have been used to describe ...
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Traditionally, investigations of runic inscriptions have been conducted in the field by eye, and by feeling the outlines of the runes with fingers. Although photographs have been used to describe runes, they are typically of complementary use. This chapter looks at the interpretation of runic inscriptions through laser scanning. Laser scanning, compared to the old methods of determining runic inscriptions, is more accurate and more efficient. It is specifically important when the interpretation is unclear. This method records the height of surfaces in shades of grey only, hence eliminating disturbances caused by the different colours of the rock. The chapter also discusses how data derived from the measurements of laser scanning can be treated. It provides an account of the application of laser scanning in runic inscriptions in Scandinavia as well as methods that can be used when interpreting runic transcriptions with new techniques.Less
Traditionally, investigations of runic inscriptions have been conducted in the field by eye, and by feeling the outlines of the runes with fingers. Although photographs have been used to describe runes, they are typically of complementary use. This chapter looks at the interpretation of runic inscriptions through laser scanning. Laser scanning, compared to the old methods of determining runic inscriptions, is more accurate and more efficient. It is specifically important when the interpretation is unclear. This method records the height of surfaces in shades of grey only, hence eliminating disturbances caused by the different colours of the rock. The chapter also discusses how data derived from the measurements of laser scanning can be treated. It provides an account of the application of laser scanning in runic inscriptions in Scandinavia as well as methods that can be used when interpreting runic transcriptions with new techniques.
Wendy S. Mercer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263884
- eISBN:
- 9780191734830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263884.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The year 1836 was an important year for Marmier, for it marked his first expedition with the Commission du Nord on board the corvette La Recherche to the Scandinavian countries. To his mind, his ...
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The year 1836 was an important year for Marmier, for it marked his first expedition with the Commission du Nord on board the corvette La Recherche to the Scandinavian countries. To his mind, his mission was clear: he was to observe the current state of literature and learning in Iceland in order to compare the intellectual relationship between the ancient and the modern – the Iceland of the sagas and the Iceland of the nineteenth century. Marmier was greatly impressed by the hospitality he received everywhere in Iceland, although a major focus of his criticism is the Danish trade monopoly. On Saturday 28 January 1837, Marmier finished the last page of his book on Iceland. His Lettres sur l'Islande is an important historical document in many respects. The descriptions of Icelandic life are still of great interest today as a record of social conditions at the time.Less
The year 1836 was an important year for Marmier, for it marked his first expedition with the Commission du Nord on board the corvette La Recherche to the Scandinavian countries. To his mind, his mission was clear: he was to observe the current state of literature and learning in Iceland in order to compare the intellectual relationship between the ancient and the modern – the Iceland of the sagas and the Iceland of the nineteenth century. Marmier was greatly impressed by the hospitality he received everywhere in Iceland, although a major focus of his criticism is the Danish trade monopoly. On Saturday 28 January 1837, Marmier finished the last page of his book on Iceland. His Lettres sur l'Islande is an important historical document in many respects. The descriptions of Icelandic life are still of great interest today as a record of social conditions at the time.
Noel Whiteside
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263853
- eISBN:
- 9780191734281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263853.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Occupational pensions, linking previous earnings to pensioner income, have long been understood as an essential supplement to a state pension in retirement, particularly in Britain where state ...
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Occupational pensions, linking previous earnings to pensioner income, have long been understood as an essential supplement to a state pension in retirement, particularly in Britain where state provision as of right is the lowest in the western world. Since World War II, policy initiatives in Britain have made sporadic efforts to increase the coverage of occupational or personal pension supplements. The Turner Commission's proposals represent the most recent in a long line of reports and recommendations designed to achieve this end. In 1942, William Beveridge noted that insecure employment or reduced earnings damages the commitment of the poorest to long-term savings and raises the cost of collecting voluntary contributions. Britain has made little progress for over half a century. This chapter makes a short evaluation of the role occupational (or earnings-related) pension provision has made to policy during this period, contrasting the British experience with those of other countries in continental Europe and Scandinavia. It also addresses the issue of pension security and whether past and present policy strategies in Britain have paid it sufficient regard.Less
Occupational pensions, linking previous earnings to pensioner income, have long been understood as an essential supplement to a state pension in retirement, particularly in Britain where state provision as of right is the lowest in the western world. Since World War II, policy initiatives in Britain have made sporadic efforts to increase the coverage of occupational or personal pension supplements. The Turner Commission's proposals represent the most recent in a long line of reports and recommendations designed to achieve this end. In 1942, William Beveridge noted that insecure employment or reduced earnings damages the commitment of the poorest to long-term savings and raises the cost of collecting voluntary contributions. Britain has made little progress for over half a century. This chapter makes a short evaluation of the role occupational (or earnings-related) pension provision has made to policy during this period, contrasting the British experience with those of other countries in continental Europe and Scandinavia. It also addresses the issue of pension security and whether past and present policy strategies in Britain have paid it sufficient regard.
Erik Allardt
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287971
- eISBN:
- 9780191596704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287976.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Allardt describes the basic principles underlying the indicator system originated in the Comparative Scandinavian Welfare Study of 1972; contrasts them with those conceived in the Swedish Level of ...
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Allardt describes the basic principles underlying the indicator system originated in the Comparative Scandinavian Welfare Study of 1972; contrasts them with those conceived in the Swedish Level of Living Survey of 1968; and argues that the comparative model not only offers a more comprehensive set of indicators but also permits the introduction of new indicators and measures when society changes. By focusing on the level of need satisfaction instead of resources, and by taking into account objective and subjective indicators, Allardt concludes that the comparative model is more able to convey a sociologically meaningful picture of the states of well‐being in a society.Less
Allardt describes the basic principles underlying the indicator system originated in the Comparative Scandinavian Welfare Study of 1972; contrasts them with those conceived in the Swedish Level of Living Survey of 1968; and argues that the comparative model not only offers a more comprehensive set of indicators but also permits the introduction of new indicators and measures when society changes. By focusing on the level of need satisfaction instead of resources, and by taking into account objective and subjective indicators, Allardt concludes that the comparative model is more able to convey a sociologically meaningful picture of the states of well‐being in a society.
Nicholas Hope
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269946
- eISBN:
- 9780191600647
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269943.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This book is the first history in English of the Lutheran Church in Germany and Scandinavia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Beginning and ending in war, this period was of particular ...
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This book is the first history in English of the Lutheran Church in Germany and Scandinavia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Beginning and ending in war, this period was of particular unease and upheaval for the Church. Attempts to emulate the spiritual community of the early Church, reform of the Church establishment and steps taken to enlighten parishioners were almost always held back by the anomalous structural legacy of the Reformation, tradition and parish habit, sacred and profane. The birth of the modern nation state and its market economy posed a fundamental challenge to the structure and ethos of the Reformation churches, as it did to the Catholic Church. The First World War deepened the crisis further.Less
This book is the first history in English of the Lutheran Church in Germany and Scandinavia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Beginning and ending in war, this period was of particular unease and upheaval for the Church. Attempts to emulate the spiritual community of the early Church, reform of the Church establishment and steps taken to enlighten parishioners were almost always held back by the anomalous structural legacy of the Reformation, tradition and parish habit, sacred and profane. The birth of the modern nation state and its market economy posed a fundamental challenge to the structure and ethos of the Reformation churches, as it did to the Catholic Church. The First World War deepened the crisis further.
Kerala J. Snyder
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195144154
- eISBN:
- 9780199849369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195144154.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
In the 18th century Leufsta Bruk was a bustling factory town, one of the leading producers of bar iron in all of Europe. The entire estate, consisting of foundry, administration buildings, manor ...
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In the 18th century Leufsta Bruk was a bustling factory town, one of the leading producers of bar iron in all of Europe. The entire estate, consisting of foundry, administration buildings, manor house, church, housing for the workers, and the surrounding land, belonged to the Baron Charles De Geer. He commissioned the building of an organ by Johan Niclas Cahman that stands today as one of the largest and best preserved baroque organs in all of Scandinavia. The chapter gives an overview of the forthcoming chapters as they relate to the De Geer family and its Leufsta Bruk estate, and the Cahman organ and its historical context from Axel Unnerbäck.Less
In the 18th century Leufsta Bruk was a bustling factory town, one of the leading producers of bar iron in all of Europe. The entire estate, consisting of foundry, administration buildings, manor house, church, housing for the workers, and the surrounding land, belonged to the Baron Charles De Geer. He commissioned the building of an organ by Johan Niclas Cahman that stands today as one of the largest and best preserved baroque organs in all of Scandinavia. The chapter gives an overview of the forthcoming chapters as they relate to the De Geer family and its Leufsta Bruk estate, and the Cahman organ and its historical context from Axel Unnerbäck.
Nicholas Hope
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269946
- eISBN:
- 9780191600647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269943.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Looks at the way parishes and pastoral care coped in hard times (Ch. 1) in the interdependent German and Scandinavian churchscape of the Baltic region. Belief in divine intervention and superstition ...
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Looks at the way parishes and pastoral care coped in hard times (Ch. 1) in the interdependent German and Scandinavian churchscape of the Baltic region. Belief in divine intervention and superstition was commonplace. Propagation of the Gospel and teaching the catechism, also as a way of raising standards of literacy, attempted to stamp out parochial ignorance.Less
Looks at the way parishes and pastoral care coped in hard times (Ch. 1) in the interdependent German and Scandinavian churchscape of the Baltic region. Belief in divine intervention and superstition was commonplace. Propagation of the Gospel and teaching the catechism, also as a way of raising standards of literacy, attempted to stamp out parochial ignorance.
Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept ...
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The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept to do with land tenure, evidenced in manuscripts from the twelfth century and with counterparts in Scandinavia known as solskifte. When the open-field system was abandoned, houses built on former sunny divisions retained the name Sunnyside. Greens was the Scottish Gaelic expression of the same concept. The name largely stayed within North Britain until the Nonconformist movements of the 1600s spread it southwards via networks of travelling Quakers, who took it to North America. In 1816 Washington Irving saw Sunnyside, Melrose when visiting Sir Walter Scott, and renamed his house Sunnyside accordingly. Wealthy London nonconformists named their grand suburban villas Sunnyside, consolidating the trend. Twentieth-century plotlands house-naming is also considered, and the prevalence of historic sol- farm names in Scandinavia.Less
The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept to do with land tenure, evidenced in manuscripts from the twelfth century and with counterparts in Scandinavia known as solskifte. When the open-field system was abandoned, houses built on former sunny divisions retained the name Sunnyside. Greens was the Scottish Gaelic expression of the same concept. The name largely stayed within North Britain until the Nonconformist movements of the 1600s spread it southwards via networks of travelling Quakers, who took it to North America. In 1816 Washington Irving saw Sunnyside, Melrose when visiting Sir Walter Scott, and renamed his house Sunnyside accordingly. Wealthy London nonconformists named their grand suburban villas Sunnyside, consolidating the trend. Twentieth-century plotlands house-naming is also considered, and the prevalence of historic sol- farm names in Scandinavia.
Christopher R. Fee
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195174038
- eISBN:
- 9780199849864
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174038.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
The islands of Britain have been a crossroads of gods, heroes, and kings—those of flesh as well as those of myth—for thousands of years. Successive waves of invasion brought distinctive legends, ...
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The islands of Britain have been a crossroads of gods, heroes, and kings—those of flesh as well as those of myth—for thousands of years. Successive waves of invasion brought distinctive legends, rites, and beliefs. The ancient Celts displaced earlier indigenous peoples only to find themselves displaced in turn by the Romans, who then abandoned the islands to Germanic tribes, a people themselves nearly overcome in time by an influx of Scandinavians. With each wave of invaders came a battle for the mythic mind of the Isles as the newcomer's belief system met with the existing systems of gods, legends, and myths. This book unearths the layers of the British Isles' unique folkloric tradition to discover how this body of seemingly disparate tales developed. The book finds a virtual battlefield of myths in which pagan and Judeo-Christian beliefs fought for dominance, and classical, Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, and Celtic narrative threads became tangled together. The resulting body of legends became a strange but coherent hybrid, so that by the time Chaucer wrote “The Wife of Bath's Tale” in the fourteenth century, a Christian theme of redemption fought for prominence with a tripartite Celtic goddess and the Arthurian legends of Sir Gawain, itself a hybrid mythology. Without a guide, the corpus of British mythology can seem impenetrable.Less
The islands of Britain have been a crossroads of gods, heroes, and kings—those of flesh as well as those of myth—for thousands of years. Successive waves of invasion brought distinctive legends, rites, and beliefs. The ancient Celts displaced earlier indigenous peoples only to find themselves displaced in turn by the Romans, who then abandoned the islands to Germanic tribes, a people themselves nearly overcome in time by an influx of Scandinavians. With each wave of invaders came a battle for the mythic mind of the Isles as the newcomer's belief system met with the existing systems of gods, legends, and myths. This book unearths the layers of the British Isles' unique folkloric tradition to discover how this body of seemingly disparate tales developed. The book finds a virtual battlefield of myths in which pagan and Judeo-Christian beliefs fought for dominance, and classical, Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, and Celtic narrative threads became tangled together. The resulting body of legends became a strange but coherent hybrid, so that by the time Chaucer wrote “The Wife of Bath's Tale” in the fourteenth century, a Christian theme of redemption fought for prominence with a tripartite Celtic goddess and the Arthurian legends of Sir Gawain, itself a hybrid mythology. Without a guide, the corpus of British mythology can seem impenetrable.
Alexandra Sanmark
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474402293
- eISBN:
- 9781474435260
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474402293.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Until very recently Viking Age and Old Norse assembly (thing) sites were essentially unknown, apart from a few select sites, such as Thingvellir in Iceland. The Vikings are well-known for their ...
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Until very recently Viking Age and Old Norse assembly (thing) sites were essentially unknown, apart from a few select sites, such as Thingvellir in Iceland. The Vikings are well-known for their violence and pillage, but they also had a well-organised system for political decision-making, legal cases and conflict resolution. Using archaeological evidence, written sources and place-names, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of their legal system and assembly sites, showing that this formed an integral part of Norse culture and identity, to the extent that the assembly institution was brought to all Norse settlements.
Assembly sites are analysed through surveys and case studies across Scandinavia, Scotland and the North Atlantic region. Alexandra Sanmark moves the view of assembly sites away from a functional one to an understanding of the symbolic meaning of these highly ritualised sites, and shows how they were constructed to signify power through monuments and natural features. This original and stimulating study is set not only in the context of the Viking and Norse periods, but also in the wider continental histories of place, assembly and the rhetoric of power.Less
Until very recently Viking Age and Old Norse assembly (thing) sites were essentially unknown, apart from a few select sites, such as Thingvellir in Iceland. The Vikings are well-known for their violence and pillage, but they also had a well-organised system for political decision-making, legal cases and conflict resolution. Using archaeological evidence, written sources and place-names, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of their legal system and assembly sites, showing that this formed an integral part of Norse culture and identity, to the extent that the assembly institution was brought to all Norse settlements.
Assembly sites are analysed through surveys and case studies across Scandinavia, Scotland and the North Atlantic region. Alexandra Sanmark moves the view of assembly sites away from a functional one to an understanding of the symbolic meaning of these highly ritualised sites, and shows how they were constructed to signify power through monuments and natural features. This original and stimulating study is set not only in the context of the Viking and Norse periods, but also in the wider continental histories of place, assembly and the rhetoric of power.
Jonathan I. Israel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206088
- eISBN:
- 9780191676970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206088.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas, European Modern History
This chapter begins with a discussion of the advent of Cartesianism. It then covers Cartesianism in Central Europe, New Philosophy's conquest of Scandinavia and the Baltic, philosophy and royal ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the advent of Cartesianism. It then covers Cartesianism in Central Europe, New Philosophy's conquest of Scandinavia and the Baltic, philosophy and royal absolutism in France, and the dilemmas created by the New Philosophy in the Italian states.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the advent of Cartesianism. It then covers Cartesianism in Central Europe, New Philosophy's conquest of Scandinavia and the Baltic, philosophy and royal absolutism in France, and the dilemmas created by the New Philosophy in the Italian states.
K. B. E. E. Eimeleus
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747403
- eISBN:
- 9781501747427
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747403.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
The author of this book was ahead of his time with his advocacy of ski training in the Russian armed forces. Employing terminology never before used in Russian to describe movements with which few ...
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The author of this book was ahead of his time with his advocacy of ski training in the Russian armed forces. Employing terminology never before used in Russian to describe movements with which few were familiar, the book gives a breakdown of the latest techniques at the time from Scandinavia and Finland. The author's work is an early and brilliant example of knowledge transfer from Scandinavia to Russia within the context of sport. Nearly three decades after the book was published, the Finnish army, employing many of the ideas first proposed by the author, used mobile ski troops to hold the Soviet Union at bay during the Winter War of 1939–1940, and in response, the Soviet government organized a massive ski mobilization effort prior to the German invasion in 1941. The Soviet counteroffensive against Nazi Germany during the winter of 1941–1942 owed much of its success to the Red Army ski battalions that had formed as a result of the ski mobilization. This volume is a translation of the original and includes most of the original illustrations.Less
The author of this book was ahead of his time with his advocacy of ski training in the Russian armed forces. Employing terminology never before used in Russian to describe movements with which few were familiar, the book gives a breakdown of the latest techniques at the time from Scandinavia and Finland. The author's work is an early and brilliant example of knowledge transfer from Scandinavia to Russia within the context of sport. Nearly three decades after the book was published, the Finnish army, employing many of the ideas first proposed by the author, used mobile ski troops to hold the Soviet Union at bay during the Winter War of 1939–1940, and in response, the Soviet government organized a massive ski mobilization effort prior to the German invasion in 1941. The Soviet counteroffensive against Nazi Germany during the winter of 1941–1942 owed much of its success to the Red Army ski battalions that had formed as a result of the ski mobilization. This volume is a translation of the original and includes most of the original illustrations.
