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The epilogue illustrates that the Thomas Jeremiah affair became a cause célèbre on both sides of the Atlantic. Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts, for instance, was well aware of Jeremiah's trial and of the Negro Act itself (the provincial statute under which Jeremiah was tried), and he described both as overt examples of patriot tyranny. First Lord of Admiralty John Montague, fourth Earl of Sandwich, gave a speech in the British Parliament specifically mentioning Jeremiah, condemning his trial and subsequent execution by Whigs as acts of “cruelty and baseness.” In contrast, white patriots in South Carolina, such as Henry Laurens, saw the case of Jeremiah as a prime example of what could—and should—happen to a black upstart who had overstepped his bounds, exceeded his station, and conspired against provincial authority.

Each Quaker, during wartime, had the moral task to determine his own stance in relation to peace principles and to translate belief into action, although it is difficult to identify any particular Quaker from the haphazard records that remain. His decisions were made in a cultural context including the military requirements of his colony and the penalties for noncompliance, social pressures, and his awareness of his effect upon the wider community. Some Quakers were noncombatants as in Rhode Island and in Sandwich, Plymouth Colony. Other Quakers were combatants as in Rhode Island and in Plymouth, where Sandwich, Yarmouth, and Barnstable yield examples of Quaker combatants. Geographical clustering north of Boston suggests the influence of local leadership upon this decision: Hampton and Kittery supplied many Quaker combatants.

Pratt returned to San Francisco on a second mission between summer 1854 and summer 1855, during which he again supervised missionaries throughout the Pacific. Pratt also wrote the bulk of his lively autobiography while in California (though it was only published posthumously in 1874). He attracted notice through vigorous public debates and through public sparring with one of the city’s largest newspapers, which published many of his essays along with biting commentary. Finally, during this mission, Pratt became acquainted with Mormon convert Eleanor Jane McComb McLean, whose husband opposed her participation in Mormonism. Hector McLean, whom Eleanor depicted as abusive and alcoholic, sent her three children without Eleanor’s consent to live with her parents in New Orleans. After she failed to recover her children in Louisiana, Eleanor traveled to Salt Lake City, where she became Pratt’s twelfth wife.

This chapter displays Jones negotiating the intricate network of patronage systems. Jones passionately desired to prove the illegality of naval press-warrants to the irritation of Lord Sandwich, first lord of the Admiralty. This mattered because of Sandwich's powerful voting interests at India House. Jones's appointment to a Bengal judgeship might depend on Sandwich's support. This clash of prospects versus principles was complicated by the fact that the issue of impressment brought Jones politically closer to Sandwich's sometime fellow Hell Fire Club member – now bitter enemy – the radical John Wilkes. Politics and ambition trapped libertarian Jones between two dynamic libertines: Admiralty Sandwich and Liberty Wilkes. The complexities of Jones's social, professional, and political life are explored through the causes he argued at the King's Bench, his friendship with Johnson and his ‘Club’, Lady Craven, General ‘nabob’ Smith, and influential Americans in London and Paris, such as Franklin, Lee, and Laurens.

Chapter 7 picks up Mai’s story after his arrival in Britain and marries it with Reynolds’s story through the momentous years of 1774 to 1776. First, we focus on Mai. The First Admiral, Lord Sandwich, arranges for him to meet George III within days, before being taken over by the Pacific enthusiast Joseph Banks. Among the many personalities he meets is Charles Burney, father of a fellow Pacific voyager and one of Reynolds’s greatest mates. It is likely at a Burney-hosted dinner that Reynolds first encounters Mai. Reynolds exhibits his portrait of Mai at the Royal Academy in April 1776. The difficulties Reynolds had encountered when painting Ostenaco are now clearly resolved. The chapter closes amid the escalating tension preceding the American declaration of independence. Reynolds, as ever, weathers the storm through art and affability. Mai determines to head home by any means necessary, having by now gathered as much as he can from the British for his own personal plan of launching political action back home.

This concluding chapter offers some reflections on the overall veracity of Rebecca's story, and positions her as a historical figure amid a dramatic wave of change occurring in the nineteenth century. Rebecca worked hard to create a legacy that linked her maritime experiences with her Victorian persona. She was not unlike thousands of Victorian middle-class women, but what makes her special is not whether she saved a ship in peril; it is that she crafted her own public narrative in a way that ensured her legacy after her death. The chapter argues that Rebecca's carefully crafted identity does not detract from the overall remarkable situation of her life and her attempts to create historical legacy. In fact, it reveals her determination to be remembered as a genteel sea captain's wife, the link to a time long gone in Sandwich and Bourne by the twentieth century.

This chapter examines the impact of two Pacific voyages that Twain undertook on his attitude toward the Chinese. Sent by the Sacramento Union as a correspondent to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) in 1866, Twain supported US annexation of the Islands and the importation of Chinese “coolie” labor to the plantations there. On this trip Twain became friends with Anson Burlingame, the then US Minister to China (1861-1867), who helped to deepen Twain’s understanding of and acquaintance with the Chinese. As Twain revisited the Sandwich Islands thirty years later in 1895 as part of his lecture series along the equator, he had become increasingly skeptical of European, and soon after, American colonization by means of economic dominance and missionary involvements in foreign territories. The cultural and ethnic diversity that Twain encountered beyond the American shore complicated the racial assumptions that he grew up with in the slave-holding South.

This chapter examines how American missionaries achieved tremendous success in the Cherokee Nation and the Sandwich Islands by cooperating with governing powers and creating settlement-style missions. As the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was learning about how missions worked in various imperial contexts, the settler missions they established attempted to replicate the missionaries' ideal form of Christian imperialism. By tweaking the model of settler colonialism, American missionaries hoped that they might be able to successfully convert large populations. This chapter first discusses the War Department's support for Cherokee missions before considering the settlement model adopted by the Board in its efforts to convert the Cherokee Nation. It then turns to settlement missions on the Sandwich Islands and explains how the support of governments, both imperial and indigenous, enabled the Board's missionaries to operate on an unusually extensive scale in order to bring about their joint goals of Christianization and civilization in the Cherokee Nation and the Sandwich Islands.

This chapter outlines an ongoing research program which investigates the evolving engagements between ni-Vanuatu and Europeans in the Port Sandwich region (in southern Malakula, Vanuatu) during the period from 1774 to 1915. The research has drawn on a multiplicity of sources—including oral traditions, historic documents, and archaeological surveys and excavations—in an attempt to provide new insights into the process of colonization from both an indigenous and European perspective. For instance, James Cook visited the ‘ideal’ harbour in 1774. Following his positive report of the location, almost all foreign vessels visiting northern Vanuatu over the next 100 years would use Port Sandwich as a base. It became an early focus for sustained European settlement. Although Vanuatu (or the New Hebrides, as it was then known) became a formalized colony in 1906, land purchases in Port Sandwich began as early as the 1870s. Moreover, a French military camp was established earlier, in 1886, and Catholic missionaries arrived two years later. Increasing tensions developed and conflict inevitably erupted. Indigenous resistance continued for decades, and, by 1913, as evidence suggests there was massive depopulation.

This chapter discusses the end of Louis VIII the Lion's quest for the English crown. Louis's men in Lincoln braced themselves for the forthcoming attack by the regent and his army. The leadership group — Thomas count of Perche, Saer de Quincy, Gilbert de Gant and Robert Fitzwalter — redoubled the assault on Lincoln castle, and waited to see from which direction the hostile force led by William Marshal would arrive. This chapter reconstructs the battle of Lincoln and the defeat of Louis's troops at Lincoln and Sandwich. It also looks at Louis's negotiations with the regent, Blanche of Castile's efforts to send reinforcements to her husband, and Louis's decision to leave England after seventeen months of adventure.

This introductory chapter details an overview of the life of Rebecca Burgess and the life she had presented through her journals, autobiographies, and other personal documents, citing arguments for and against the credibility of her accounts as well as her efforts and those of her community at Sandwich, Massachusetts, at immortalizing her legacy. Through the art of journal writing, Rebecca defined her core values and her identity for an audience that extended beyond herself and her family. Her journal writing falls within the bounds of Victorian practices. Many scholars of women's autobiography suggest that women often form their self-definitions in relation to others—family and friends—and even portray themselves more passively than men. Although Burgess defined her actions as those of a perfect wife and then grieving widow, frequently she used those conventions to justify her extremely independent actions.

This chapter provides a detailed account of the growth of the unregulated sealing industry in the Dependencies, in the same format as Chapter Two. It begins with a history of the discovery of South Georgia, and follows the arrival of American and British vessels in late eighteenth century. It follows a similar pattern in the Falklands history, where sealing excursions declined during European and American wars, only to return with vigor from 1810 onwards - devastating seal stocks by the 1820s. The South Georgian sealing industry continued to decline during the nineteenth century, with numerous failed excursions recorded. In counterbalance to this, the South Shetland Islands saw a rise in sealing. A rise in sealing occurred during the brief sea fur boom of the 1860s and 1870s, where the chapter concludes.

This chapter examines the first musical encounters between Hawaiians and Euro-American sailors, beginning with the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778. It explains early European and American visions of what Cook called “The Sandwich Islands,” and demonstrates that modern stereotypes of Hawaiian culture had their genesis in the stories of paradise on earth brought back to Europe and the United States by sailors. It shows how Hawaiians used music and dance as a conscious strategy for pacifying and disseminating information about the potentially violent foreigners. The chapter concludes with stories of the earliest recorded performances of hula in North America: in 1792, when two young Hawaiian women traveling with Captain George Vancouver performed at the home of the governor of Alta California in Monterey; and in 1802, when Hawaiian seamen working aboard American ships performed at the Park Theatre in New York and the Federal Street Theatre in Boston in productions of the popular pantomime The Death of Captain Cook.

This chapter describes large coastal and riverine ports that have significant archaeological remains. There were many places of considerable economic importance in the later medieval period, such as Southampton and Sandwich adjoining the English Channel, and King's Lynn and Boston on the Wash. This chapter further notes that rural or small urban landing places were simply a location with access to a road or track at which goods could be transferred to and from the land. Locally, these small landing places have been of considerable value, but collectively, they played an important role in the movement of goods and people in later medieval England.

This chapter explores the collateral effects of Halifax’s success in Nova Scotia upon his relationship with his patron, the duke of Bedford, and with other members of the ministry. The chapter reveals how Bedford’s rivalry with the duke of Newcastle threatened Halifax’s newfound authority, while his attempts to restrict the board’s effectiveness undermined their relationship and forced Halifax into breaking from his patronage. The chapter examines the role Halifax played in engineering Bedford’s removal, and the rewards he received as a result from the Privy Council in March 1752. The chapter concludes by examining Halifax’s board following its empowerment, and its selective prioritization of plans in the national interest over those of private groups.

In the 1460s the urban political sector altered dramatically. The first three sections of this chapter explain how and why these changes occurred. Two of the features that had discouraged urban political engagement in the 1450s—the failure of royal institutions to facilitate inter-urban contact and the lack of a financial stake for townspeople in the success of royal government—no longer existed. The beginning of Edward IV’s reign also coincided with economic changes that brought artisans and gentlemen into municipal politics, many of whom were highly critical of civic governments. In these circumstances, urban and national politics frequently merged and conflict escalated easily. The final section of the chapter focuses on the significant role played by the urban sector in the civil wars of 1469–71, in which townspeople influenced the discourse employed by the earl of Warwick and dictated the course of events.

This chapter discusses the British military strategy reassessment after the Saratoga defeat. Shortly after learning of Saratoga, British senior leaders embarked on a several-months-long reassessment of their military strategy and policy for the American war. They replaced senior commanders, including Howe, with Sir Henry Clinton. They offered Americans everything short of independence, but it was too little, too late. For the Americans, after Saratoga, there was no turning back. Their initial revised strategy was undermined by the news that the French had signed an alliance with the Americans. Now the British faced an expanded and more challenging war. Their new strategy included naval operations, attacks on French overseas possessions, and limited operations in North America. They directed Clinton to conduct operations in the American South in the future. The British reassessment was good, but they never fully addressed the underlying objectives of their strategy toward the American rebellion.