Jussi Hanhimäki
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195172218
- eISBN:
- 9780199849994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172218.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents a series of crises that Kissinger and Nixon faced in the Middle East and Latin America. In Cuba, the Soviets were apparently building a submarine base. In Chile, despite the ...
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This chapter presents a series of crises that Kissinger and Nixon faced in the Middle East and Latin America. In Cuba, the Soviets were apparently building a submarine base. In Chile, despite the strenuous efforts exerted by the U.S., the socialist candidate Salvador Allende was still able to claim the presidency. In Jordan, the Palestinian uprising that occurred resulted in a near full-scale regional war. The scenarios that occurred in these crises are explained exhaustively in this chapter. However, these crises also showcased Kissinger's ability to be a key player in foreign policy negotiations which eventually led to him earning the full trust of the president. Thus, Kissinger's ability to formulate, control and execute policies was enhanced. This in turn later confirmed his position as the foreign policy czar.Less
This chapter presents a series of crises that Kissinger and Nixon faced in the Middle East and Latin America. In Cuba, the Soviets were apparently building a submarine base. In Chile, despite the strenuous efforts exerted by the U.S., the socialist candidate Salvador Allende was still able to claim the presidency. In Jordan, the Palestinian uprising that occurred resulted in a near full-scale regional war. The scenarios that occurred in these crises are explained exhaustively in this chapter. However, these crises also showcased Kissinger's ability to be a key player in foreign policy negotiations which eventually led to him earning the full trust of the president. Thus, Kissinger's ability to formulate, control and execute policies was enhanced. This in turn later confirmed his position as the foreign policy czar.
Tanya Harmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834954
- eISBN:
- 9781469602721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.7
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter discusses the time when Fidel Castro heard that Salvador Allende had narrowly won Chile's presidential election late at night on 4 September 1970. “The miracle has happened!” Castro ...
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This chapter discusses the time when Fidel Castro heard that Salvador Allende had narrowly won Chile's presidential election late at night on 4 September 1970. “The miracle has happened!” Castro exclaimed, when Luis Fernandez Ona walked through the door. Ona then joined Castro, Manuel Pineiro, and others as they debated the election's significance for Chile, for Latin America, for the cause of socialism worldwide, and for Cuba. Castro also instructed the next day's edition of Granma to categorically proclaim the “Defeat of Imperialism in Chile.” Later, he signed a copy for Allende and, having been up most of the night, called Santiago at dawn to congratulate his friend on what he considered to be the most important revolutionary triumph in Latin America since his own victory a decade before.Less
This chapter discusses the time when Fidel Castro heard that Salvador Allende had narrowly won Chile's presidential election late at night on 4 September 1970. “The miracle has happened!” Castro exclaimed, when Luis Fernandez Ona walked through the door. Ona then joined Castro, Manuel Pineiro, and others as they debated the election's significance for Chile, for Latin America, for the cause of socialism worldwide, and for Cuba. Castro also instructed the next day's edition of Granma to categorically proclaim the “Defeat of Imperialism in Chile.” Later, he signed a copy for Allende and, having been up most of the night, called Santiago at dawn to congratulate his friend on what he considered to be the most important revolutionary triumph in Latin America since his own victory a decade before.
Tanya Harmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834954
- eISBN:
- 9781469602721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.8
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter discusses how Salvador Allende embraced the idea that his election represented a turning point for inter-American affairs. On the night of his election victory, Allende had spoken ...
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This chapter discusses how Salvador Allende embraced the idea that his election represented a turning point for inter-American affairs. On the night of his election victory, Allende had spoken elatedly to thousands of supporters in downtown Santiago and declared that countries around the world were looking at Chile. Indeed they were, but not necessarily with the admiration that Allende implied. Beyond Cuba, and across the Americas, Allende's election simultaneously sparked jubilation, terror, respect, and apprehension. While the majority of Latin America's leaders adopted moderate postures toward Chilean events, others were far more alarmist. Brazilian military leaders, in particular, began referring to Chile as “yet another country on the other side of the Iron Curtain,” only more dangerous because it was so close.Less
This chapter discusses how Salvador Allende embraced the idea that his election represented a turning point for inter-American affairs. On the night of his election victory, Allende had spoken elatedly to thousands of supporters in downtown Santiago and declared that countries around the world were looking at Chile. Indeed they were, but not necessarily with the admiration that Allende implied. Beyond Cuba, and across the Americas, Allende's election simultaneously sparked jubilation, terror, respect, and apprehension. While the majority of Latin America's leaders adopted moderate postures toward Chilean events, others were far more alarmist. Brazilian military leaders, in particular, began referring to Chile as “yet another country on the other side of the Iron Curtain,” only more dangerous because it was so close.
Tanya Harmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834954
- eISBN:
- 9781469602721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.11
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter talks about Salvador Allende's international tour that took him from Mexico City to Havana via New York, Algiers, and Moscow. In many respects, the trip was a gamble—a somewhat ...
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This chapter talks about Salvador Allende's international tour that took him from Mexico City to Havana via New York, Algiers, and Moscow. In many respects, the trip was a gamble—a somewhat uncoordinated effort both to improve Chile's position before its representatives sat down to bilateral negotiations with the United States in December and to boost the UP parties' chances in Chile's forthcoming congressional elections. The journey also encapsulated the different strands of Chilean foreign policy, which since 1970 had aimed to protect La Via Chilena and to promote systemic change on behalf of the global South. During his trip, Allende simultaneously appealed to Latin Americans, the Third World, the UN, the Soviet Union, Cuban revolutionaries, and, at least indirectly, the Nixon administration.Less
This chapter talks about Salvador Allende's international tour that took him from Mexico City to Havana via New York, Algiers, and Moscow. In many respects, the trip was a gamble—a somewhat uncoordinated effort both to improve Chile's position before its representatives sat down to bilateral negotiations with the United States in December and to boost the UP parties' chances in Chile's forthcoming congressional elections. The journey also encapsulated the different strands of Chilean foreign policy, which since 1970 had aimed to protect La Via Chilena and to promote systemic change on behalf of the global South. During his trip, Allende simultaneously appealed to Latin Americans, the Third World, the UN, the Soviet Union, Cuban revolutionaries, and, at least indirectly, the Nixon administration.
Tanya Harmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834954
- eISBN:
- 9781469602721
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869246_harmer
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Fidel Castro described Salvador Allende's democratic election as president of Chile in 1970 as the most important revolutionary triumph in Latin America after the Cuban revolution. Yet celebrations ...
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Fidel Castro described Salvador Allende's democratic election as president of Chile in 1970 as the most important revolutionary triumph in Latin America after the Cuban revolution. Yet celebrations were short lived. In Washington, the Nixon administration vowed to destroy Allende's left-wing government while Chilean opposition forces mobilized against him. The result was a battle for Chile that ended in 1973 with a right-wing military coup and a brutal dictatorship lasting nearly twenty years. This book argues that this battle was part of a dynamic inter-American Cold War struggle to determine Latin America's future, shaped more by the contest between Cuba, Chile, the United States, and Brazil than by a conflict between Moscow and Washington. Drawing on firsthand interviews and recently declassified documents from archives in North America, Europe, and South America—including Chile's Foreign Ministry Archive—the author provides a comprehensive account of Cuban involvement in Latin America in the early 1970s, Chilean foreign relations during Allende's presidency, Brazil's support for counterrevolution in the Southern Cone, and the Nixon administration's Latin American policies. The Cold War in the Americas, she reveals, is best understood as a multidimensional struggle, involving peoples and ideas from across the hemisphere.Less
Fidel Castro described Salvador Allende's democratic election as president of Chile in 1970 as the most important revolutionary triumph in Latin America after the Cuban revolution. Yet celebrations were short lived. In Washington, the Nixon administration vowed to destroy Allende's left-wing government while Chilean opposition forces mobilized against him. The result was a battle for Chile that ended in 1973 with a right-wing military coup and a brutal dictatorship lasting nearly twenty years. This book argues that this battle was part of a dynamic inter-American Cold War struggle to determine Latin America's future, shaped more by the contest between Cuba, Chile, the United States, and Brazil than by a conflict between Moscow and Washington. Drawing on firsthand interviews and recently declassified documents from archives in North America, Europe, and South America—including Chile's Foreign Ministry Archive—the author provides a comprehensive account of Cuban involvement in Latin America in the early 1970s, Chilean foreign relations during Allende's presidency, Brazil's support for counterrevolution in the Southern Cone, and the Nixon administration's Latin American policies. The Cold War in the Americas, she reveals, is best understood as a multidimensional struggle, involving peoples and ideas from across the hemisphere.
Joanna Crow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813044286
- eISBN:
- 9780813046273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044286.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter investigates the racial dimensions of the “Revolution in Liberty” led by the Christian Democrats and the “Chilean Road to Socialism” embraced by the Popular Unity, exploring in ...
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This chapter investigates the racial dimensions of the “Revolution in Liberty” led by the Christian Democrats and the “Chilean Road to Socialism” embraced by the Popular Unity, exploring in particular the tensions between ethnic-based and class-based organizing. It examines teaching reforms, poetic production, and museums under Eduardo Frei Montalva, the music of New Chilean Song [Nueva Canción Chilena], artists Violeta Parra and Víctor Jara, the writings of Communist intellectual Alejandro Lipschutz, and the public declarations of Salvador Allende. Overall, the chapter demonstrates how Mapuche culture became increasingly visible during this turbulent period despite, in conjunction with, or indeed sometimes as a direct result of government initiatives.Less
This chapter investigates the racial dimensions of the “Revolution in Liberty” led by the Christian Democrats and the “Chilean Road to Socialism” embraced by the Popular Unity, exploring in particular the tensions between ethnic-based and class-based organizing. It examines teaching reforms, poetic production, and museums under Eduardo Frei Montalva, the music of New Chilean Song [Nueva Canción Chilena], artists Violeta Parra and Víctor Jara, the writings of Communist intellectual Alejandro Lipschutz, and the public declarations of Salvador Allende. Overall, the chapter demonstrates how Mapuche culture became increasingly visible during this turbulent period despite, in conjunction with, or indeed sometimes as a direct result of government initiatives.
Tanya Harmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834954
- eISBN:
- 9781469602721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.5
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book begins with a focus on 5 November 1970, when thousands of people crammed into Chile's national stadium to mark the beginning of Salvador Allende's presidency and what was being heralded as ...
More
This book begins with a focus on 5 November 1970, when thousands of people crammed into Chile's national stadium to mark the beginning of Salvador Allende's presidency and what was being heralded as the birth of a new revolutionary road to socialism. For some, Allende's inauguration two days earlier had been a cause for mass celebration. Along the length of Santiago's principal avenue, musicians, poets, dancers, and actors had performed on twelve open-air stages specially erected for the occasion, and crowds had partied into the evening. Now, on a sunny spring afternoon, along with foreign journalists and invited dignitaries from around the world, they flocked to hear the president's first major speech. As Allende rose to the podium to deliver a message of national emancipation and rebirth, he looked out on a sea of flags in optimistic anticipation of what was to come. He then proclaimed that Chile was ready to shape its own destiny.Less
This book begins with a focus on 5 November 1970, when thousands of people crammed into Chile's national stadium to mark the beginning of Salvador Allende's presidency and what was being heralded as the birth of a new revolutionary road to socialism. For some, Allende's inauguration two days earlier had been a cause for mass celebration. Along the length of Santiago's principal avenue, musicians, poets, dancers, and actors had performed on twelve open-air stages specially erected for the occasion, and crowds had partied into the evening. Now, on a sunny spring afternoon, along with foreign journalists and invited dignitaries from around the world, they flocked to hear the president's first major speech. As Allende rose to the podium to deliver a message of national emancipation and rebirth, he looked out on a sea of flags in optimistic anticipation of what was to come. He then proclaimed that Chile was ready to shape its own destiny.
Patrick Barr-Melej
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469632575
- eISBN:
- 9781469632599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632575.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This section introduces Chile’s criollo (or home grown) counterculture and the broader subjects of youth and youth culture during the late sixties and early seventies. It situates the phenomenon amid ...
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This section introduces Chile’s criollo (or home grown) counterculture and the broader subjects of youth and youth culture during the late sixties and early seventies. It situates the phenomenon amid the country’s cultural and political landscapes on the eve of and during the “Chilean Road to Socialism,” the revolutionary project of Marxist President Salvador Allende and his governing coalition, Popular Unity. The section provides a theoretical framework for identifying and understanding counterculture and its Chilean peculiarities. Moreover, it describes the book’s novel approach to the subject in the context of Latin American historiography on youth, youth movements, and counterculture.Less
This section introduces Chile’s criollo (or home grown) counterculture and the broader subjects of youth and youth culture during the late sixties and early seventies. It situates the phenomenon amid the country’s cultural and political landscapes on the eve of and during the “Chilean Road to Socialism,” the revolutionary project of Marxist President Salvador Allende and his governing coalition, Popular Unity. The section provides a theoretical framework for identifying and understanding counterculture and its Chilean peculiarities. Moreover, it describes the book’s novel approach to the subject in the context of Latin American historiography on youth, youth movements, and counterculture.
Patrick Barr-Melej
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469632575
- eISBN:
- 9781469632599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632575.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the ...
More
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the election of a Marxist president followed by the terror of a military coup in 1973, a youth-driven, transnationally connected counterculture smashed onto the scene. Contributing to a surging historiography of the era’s Latin American counterculture, Psychedelic Chile draws on media and firsthand interviews in documenting the intertwining of youth and counterculture with discourses rooted in class and party politics. Focusing on “hippismo” and an esoteric movement called Poder Joven, the study challenges a number of prevailing assumptions about culture, politics, and the Left under Salvador Allende's “Chilean Road to Socialism.” While countercultural attitudes toward recreational drug use, gender roles and sexuality, rock music, and consumerism influenced many youths on the Left, the preponderance of leftist leaders shared a more conservative cultural sensibility. This exposed, a degree of intergenerational dissonance within leftist ranks. And while the allure of new and heterodox cultural values and practices among young people grew, an array of constituencies from the Left to the Right berated counterculture in national media, speeches, schools, and other settings. This public discourse of contempt ultimately contributed to the fierce repression of nonconformist youth culture following the coup.Less
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the election of a Marxist president followed by the terror of a military coup in 1973, a youth-driven, transnationally connected counterculture smashed onto the scene. Contributing to a surging historiography of the era’s Latin American counterculture, Psychedelic Chile draws on media and firsthand interviews in documenting the intertwining of youth and counterculture with discourses rooted in class and party politics. Focusing on “hippismo” and an esoteric movement called Poder Joven, the study challenges a number of prevailing assumptions about culture, politics, and the Left under Salvador Allende's “Chilean Road to Socialism.” While countercultural attitudes toward recreational drug use, gender roles and sexuality, rock music, and consumerism influenced many youths on the Left, the preponderance of leftist leaders shared a more conservative cultural sensibility. This exposed, a degree of intergenerational dissonance within leftist ranks. And while the allure of new and heterodox cultural values and practices among young people grew, an array of constituencies from the Left to the Right berated counterculture in national media, speeches, schools, and other settings. This public discourse of contempt ultimately contributed to the fierce repression of nonconformist youth culture following the coup.
