Adam J. Kosto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651702.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter builds on the superb documentation for some of the most well-known cases of hostageship in the Middle Ages, namely hostages granted for the ransom and release of captive kings: Baldwin ...
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This chapter builds on the superb documentation for some of the most well-known cases of hostageship in the Middle Ages, namely hostages granted for the ransom and release of captive kings: Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Richard I of England in the twelfth century, Louis IX of France and Charles II of Naples in the thirteenth, David II of Scotland in the fourteenth, and James I of Scotland in the fifteenth. These case studies offer a density of detail that is often missing in other contexts. Draft treaties, lists of hostages, and safe conducts allow for a careful reconstruction of the social, political, and financial networks that underlay royal authority, and on which opponents knew how to draw in shaping guarantees.Less
This chapter builds on the superb documentation for some of the most well-known cases of hostageship in the Middle Ages, namely hostages granted for the ransom and release of captive kings: Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Richard I of England in the twelfth century, Louis IX of France and Charles II of Naples in the thirteenth, David II of Scotland in the fourteenth, and James I of Scotland in the fifteenth. These case studies offer a density of detail that is often missing in other contexts. Draft treaties, lists of hostages, and safe conducts allow for a careful reconstruction of the social, political, and financial networks that underlay royal authority, and on which opponents knew how to draw in shaping guarantees.
Jane Stevenson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198185024
- eISBN:
- 9780191714238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198185024.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Educated women, writers, poets, and orators, became a feature of the Italian cultural landscape in the 15th century, a phenomenon which was recognized Europe-wide as an aspect of the Italian ...
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Educated women, writers, poets, and orators, became a feature of the Italian cultural landscape in the 15th century, a phenomenon which was recognized Europe-wide as an aspect of the Italian Renaissance. This chapter examines the extreme variability of women's access to education between one state and another. It discusses the social context of Renaissance humanism, and the barriers it offered to women's participation. Women and scribal publication are considered. The chapter includes separate sections on women and the universities, particularly the medical school of Salerno and the law school of Bologna, particularly Novella d'Andrea; women and humanism, Latin as an aspect of demonstrating fitness to rule and woman as Latin orators; the Nogarola family and its connections among male and female Latinists in the Veneto, particularly Isotta Nogarola; Costanza Varano and educated women connected with Urbino; Veronica Gàmbara, the Gonzagas, and the Sforzas. Absence of evidence for Latin verse production in 15th-century convents is pointed out.Less
Educated women, writers, poets, and orators, became a feature of the Italian cultural landscape in the 15th century, a phenomenon which was recognized Europe-wide as an aspect of the Italian Renaissance. This chapter examines the extreme variability of women's access to education between one state and another. It discusses the social context of Renaissance humanism, and the barriers it offered to women's participation. Women and scribal publication are considered. The chapter includes separate sections on women and the universities, particularly the medical school of Salerno and the law school of Bologna, particularly Novella d'Andrea; women and humanism, Latin as an aspect of demonstrating fitness to rule and woman as Latin orators; the Nogarola family and its connections among male and female Latinists in the Veneto, particularly Isotta Nogarola; Costanza Varano and educated women connected with Urbino; Veronica Gàmbara, the Gonzagas, and the Sforzas. Absence of evidence for Latin verse production in 15th-century convents is pointed out.
Catherine Rider
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199282227
- eISBN:
- 9780191713026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282227.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter traces how impotence magic found a recognized place in the canon law and theology of marriage. This happened because it was incorporated into two works that became standard university ...
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This chapter traces how impotence magic found a recognized place in the canon law and theology of marriage. This happened because it was incorporated into two works that became standard university textbooks on canon law and theology: the Decretum of Gratian and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. The chapter argues that 12th-century commentators focused mostly on whether the canon law for impotence magic (established by Hincmar of Rheims) was valid, under what circumstances an annulment could be granted, and how allegations of impotence could be proved, although a few also claimed to have encountered real cases. It also surveys the few 12th-century medical writers who discussed impotence magic, including Urso of Salerno, who offered a physical explanation for a phenomenon that other authors ascribed to magic.Less
This chapter traces how impotence magic found a recognized place in the canon law and theology of marriage. This happened because it was incorporated into two works that became standard university textbooks on canon law and theology: the Decretum of Gratian and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. The chapter argues that 12th-century commentators focused mostly on whether the canon law for impotence magic (established by Hincmar of Rheims) was valid, under what circumstances an annulment could be granted, and how allegations of impotence could be proved, although a few also claimed to have encountered real cases. It also surveys the few 12th-century medical writers who discussed impotence magic, including Urso of Salerno, who offered a physical explanation for a phenomenon that other authors ascribed to magic.
H. E. J. Cowdrey
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206460
- eISBN:
- 9780191677144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206460.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, History of Religion
Pope Gregory VII died at Salerno on May 25, 1085. He seems to have fallen seriously ill at about the beginning of the year. The record of his final ...
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Pope Gregory VII died at Salerno on May 25, 1085. He seems to have fallen seriously ill at about the beginning of the year. The record of his final testament, followed by the Montecassino Chronicle, suggests that he was for a considerable period in the grip of major illness. Some days before he died, Gregory appears to have suffered a relapse. He was attended by an entourage of bishops and cardinals who seem to have been essentially those who had left Rome with him. Also present were a number of chaplains. If he died ‘poor and in exile’, his poverty was a matter of the moral indifference to possessions, which was proper for a Christian, not of enforced material need or human isolation. The only named witness throughout his last illness was Abbot Desiderius of Montecassino, who, however, according to Paul of Bernried, fulfilled Gregory's prophecy by being absent at the hour of his death in order to bring relief to one of his abbey's castles to which some Normans were laying siege.Less
Pope Gregory VII died at Salerno on May 25, 1085. He seems to have fallen seriously ill at about the beginning of the year. The record of his final testament, followed by the Montecassino Chronicle, suggests that he was for a considerable period in the grip of major illness. Some days before he died, Gregory appears to have suffered a relapse. He was attended by an entourage of bishops and cardinals who seem to have been essentially those who had left Rome with him. Also present were a number of chaplains. If he died ‘poor and in exile’, his poverty was a matter of the moral indifference to possessions, which was proper for a Christian, not of enforced material need or human isolation. The only named witness throughout his last illness was Abbot Desiderius of Montecassino, who, however, according to Paul of Bernried, fulfilled Gregory's prophecy by being absent at the hour of his death in order to bring relief to one of his abbey's castles to which some Normans were laying siege.
Patricia Skinner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646272
- eISBN:
- 9780191751493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646272.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Chapter 8 opens up a series of three exploring the Amalfitan diaspora, and takes as its subject the issue of Amalfitans elsewhere in Italy. The chapter first considers the many Amalfitans and ...
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Chapter 8 opens up a series of three exploring the Amalfitan diaspora, and takes as its subject the issue of Amalfitans elsewhere in Italy. The chapter first considers the many Amalfitans and Atranians settled in Salerno, before moving outwards from Campania to survey the evidence in the rest of Italy. References to such travellers occur in a myriad of situations, whether as sailors in fleets, servants, visitors to courts, local landowners, professional notaries, and second-home owners. The methodology of taking surnames such as ‘Amalfitanus’ at face value in external documents is examined, and the chapter concludes that only a minority of Amalfitans appear to have left in search of commercial opportunities. Moreover, their appointment of financial administrators in the Staufen kingdom may have owed more to the fact they had moved, rather than, or in addition to, their reputation for commercial acumenLess
Chapter 8 opens up a series of three exploring the Amalfitan diaspora, and takes as its subject the issue of Amalfitans elsewhere in Italy. The chapter first considers the many Amalfitans and Atranians settled in Salerno, before moving outwards from Campania to survey the evidence in the rest of Italy. References to such travellers occur in a myriad of situations, whether as sailors in fleets, servants, visitors to courts, local landowners, professional notaries, and second-home owners. The methodology of taking surnames such as ‘Amalfitanus’ at face value in external documents is examined, and the chapter concludes that only a minority of Amalfitans appear to have left in search of commercial opportunities. Moreover, their appointment of financial administrators in the Staufen kingdom may have owed more to the fact they had moved, rather than, or in addition to, their reputation for commercial acumen
Lucia Dacome
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198736189
- eISBN:
- 9780191799914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198736189.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Chapter 7 furthers the analysis of the role of anatomical models as cultural currencies capable of transferring value. It does so by expanding the investigation of the early stages of anatomical ...
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Chapter 7 furthers the analysis of the role of anatomical models as cultural currencies capable of transferring value. It does so by expanding the investigation of the early stages of anatomical modelling to include a new setting. In particular, it follows the journey of the Palermitan anatomist and modeller Giuseppe Salerno and his anatomical ‘skeleton’—a specimen that represented the body’s complex web of blood vessels and was presented as the result of anatomical injections. Although Salerno was headed towards Bologna, a major centre of anatomical modelling, he ended his journey in Naples after the nobleman Raimondo di Sangro purchased the skeleton for his own cabinet of curiosities. This chapter considers the creation and viewing of an anatomical display in di Sangro’s Neapolitan Palace from a comparative perspective that highlights how geography and locality played an important part in shaping the culture of mid-eighteenth-century anatomical modelling.Less
Chapter 7 furthers the analysis of the role of anatomical models as cultural currencies capable of transferring value. It does so by expanding the investigation of the early stages of anatomical modelling to include a new setting. In particular, it follows the journey of the Palermitan anatomist and modeller Giuseppe Salerno and his anatomical ‘skeleton’—a specimen that represented the body’s complex web of blood vessels and was presented as the result of anatomical injections. Although Salerno was headed towards Bologna, a major centre of anatomical modelling, he ended his journey in Naples after the nobleman Raimondo di Sangro purchased the skeleton for his own cabinet of curiosities. This chapter considers the creation and viewing of an anatomical display in di Sangro’s Neapolitan Palace from a comparative perspective that highlights how geography and locality played an important part in shaping the culture of mid-eighteenth-century anatomical modelling.
Steven Casey
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190660628
- eISBN:
- 9780190660659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190660628.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Military History, American History: 20th Century
Robert Capa had taken a series of photographs of the paratroop mission to Sicily, but so far he had not enjoyed a happy war. His problems in getting to the front had mirrored the deeper problems the ...
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Robert Capa had taken a series of photographs of the paratroop mission to Sicily, but so far he had not enjoyed a happy war. His problems in getting to the front had mirrored the deeper problems the US military had encountered in getting good images of the battlefield. All this changed after Sicily. Not only did Eisenhower make a concerted effort to recruit more leading photographers, but senior officials in Washington, worried that the public had become too confident about a quick victory, also decided to allow the publication of grittier battlefield images. Capa was the first photographer to benefit from this policy change. He was soon joined by Margaret Bourke-White, also of Life magazine, who profited from Eisenhower’s willingness to allow more women journalists near the front.Less
Robert Capa had taken a series of photographs of the paratroop mission to Sicily, but so far he had not enjoyed a happy war. His problems in getting to the front had mirrored the deeper problems the US military had encountered in getting good images of the battlefield. All this changed after Sicily. Not only did Eisenhower make a concerted effort to recruit more leading photographers, but senior officials in Washington, worried that the public had become too confident about a quick victory, also decided to allow the publication of grittier battlefield images. Capa was the first photographer to benefit from this policy change. He was soon joined by Margaret Bourke-White, also of Life magazine, who profited from Eisenhower’s willingness to allow more women journalists near the front.
