Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This book examines the European Community legislation that regulates the safety of consumer products. The book surveys the extent to which this legislation aims to and succeeds in achieving safety ...
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This book examines the European Community legislation that regulates the safety of consumer products. The book surveys the extent to which this legislation aims to and succeeds in achieving safety for a wide range of products. There are different legal requirements for medicines, machines, electronics, toys and so on, which employ different regulatory mechanisms, including pre-marketing assessment, provision of information, control of the manufacturing environment, post-marketing obligations on producers and authorities, and obligations on distributors and users. The book compares the various mechanisms relating to medicinal products, products covered by New Approach Directives, cosmetics, biocides, tobacco products, and consumer products covered by the General Product Safety Directive, and asks why particular mechanisms are used, or not used for different products. The book then moves on to consider what is meant by product ‘safety’, demonstrating the relativity of this concept. It highlights an important problem: that consumers, the media, and experts can all have differing ideas on the level of safety that is relevant and acceptable. The book contends that the systems are in need of review, to ensure they work effectively and give value for money. In some cases, there is a need for more or less control. The volume argues for more systematic collection of safety data, and for consistency in surveillance and enforcement mechanisms across Europe, pointing towards the need for a European Product Safety Agency.Less
This book examines the European Community legislation that regulates the safety of consumer products. The book surveys the extent to which this legislation aims to and succeeds in achieving safety for a wide range of products. There are different legal requirements for medicines, machines, electronics, toys and so on, which employ different regulatory mechanisms, including pre-marketing assessment, provision of information, control of the manufacturing environment, post-marketing obligations on producers and authorities, and obligations on distributors and users. The book compares the various mechanisms relating to medicinal products, products covered by New Approach Directives, cosmetics, biocides, tobacco products, and consumer products covered by the General Product Safety Directive, and asks why particular mechanisms are used, or not used for different products. The book then moves on to consider what is meant by product ‘safety’, demonstrating the relativity of this concept. It highlights an important problem: that consumers, the media, and experts can all have differing ideas on the level of safety that is relevant and acceptable. The book contends that the systems are in need of review, to ensure they work effectively and give value for money. In some cases, there is a need for more or less control. The volume argues for more systematic collection of safety data, and for consistency in surveillance and enforcement mechanisms across Europe, pointing towards the need for a European Product Safety Agency.
Angelica Goodden
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199238095
- eISBN:
- 9780191716669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238095.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Back in Switzerland in the family fiefdom of Coppet, Staël ‘writes out’ the pain of desertion past, present, and future in De l'influence des passions, while continuing to engage in messy and ...
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Back in Switzerland in the family fiefdom of Coppet, Staël ‘writes out’ the pain of desertion past, present, and future in De l'influence des passions, while continuing to engage in messy and unfulfilling affairs. She returns to Paris with Benjamin Constant, still reflecting on a central message of De l'influence: the inevitable unhappiness of women who depart from the role society has allotted them. Soon, however, she finds herself exiled by the Committee on Public Safety for her ‘unsafe’ political views. (The tendency to argue with conviction a position that her public behaviour calls into question will remain with her throughout her life.) The treatise is greeted with such praise on publication that she is allowed to return to within twenty miles of Paris, where she meets Napoleon and initially hero-worships him. Continuing to shuttle disconsolately between Coppet and France, she somehow manages to bring to fruition the hugely ambitious and influential De la littérature, whose boldness does not endear her to Bonaparte. This work both denies that women have written any important works of literature and develops the thesis that melancholy produces the greatest art, but ironically is published at precisely the time Napoleon is taking measures against women, and hence against the kind of hope De la littérature might inspire in their sex. Besides, it trumpets the distinctness of national identities he is seeking to crush.Less
Back in Switzerland in the family fiefdom of Coppet, Staël ‘writes out’ the pain of desertion past, present, and future in De l'influence des passions, while continuing to engage in messy and unfulfilling affairs. She returns to Paris with Benjamin Constant, still reflecting on a central message of De l'influence: the inevitable unhappiness of women who depart from the role society has allotted them. Soon, however, she finds herself exiled by the Committee on Public Safety for her ‘unsafe’ political views. (The tendency to argue with conviction a position that her public behaviour calls into question will remain with her throughout her life.) The treatise is greeted with such praise on publication that she is allowed to return to within twenty miles of Paris, where she meets Napoleon and initially hero-worships him. Continuing to shuttle disconsolately between Coppet and France, she somehow manages to bring to fruition the hugely ambitious and influential De la littérature, whose boldness does not endear her to Bonaparte. This work both denies that women have written any important works of literature and develops the thesis that melancholy produces the greatest art, but ironically is published at precisely the time Napoleon is taking measures against women, and hence against the kind of hope De la littérature might inspire in their sex. Besides, it trumpets the distinctness of national identities he is seeking to crush.
John A. Ragosta
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388060
- eISBN:
- 9780199866779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388060.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
It is difficult to measure mobilization by denomination in the eighteenth century because enlistment records do not indicate recruits' denominations; nonetheless, evidence indicates that dissenters ...
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It is difficult to measure mobilization by denomination in the eighteenth century because enlistment records do not indicate recruits' denominations; nonetheless, evidence indicates that dissenters supplied the support sought as part of the negotiations for religious freedom. While Anglican ministers tended to hold more prestigious posts on Committees of Safety and more high‐ranking appointments to the military, dissenting ministers enlisted and preached mobilization at least as effectively. Indeed, many Baptist ministers who had been personally persecuted mobilized to support the patriot effort. Enlistment data by counties support the conclusion that dissenters mobilized at least as effectively as Anglicans. The situation in Virginia differed dramatically from substantial loyalism demonstrated by North Carolina and Maryland dissenters who had significantly less reason to oppose local patriot leaders; the lack of loyalism in Virginia relates, in part, to the efforts of the establishment leaders to engage dissenters in the political dialogue.Less
It is difficult to measure mobilization by denomination in the eighteenth century because enlistment records do not indicate recruits' denominations; nonetheless, evidence indicates that dissenters supplied the support sought as part of the negotiations for religious freedom. While Anglican ministers tended to hold more prestigious posts on Committees of Safety and more high‐ranking appointments to the military, dissenting ministers enlisted and preached mobilization at least as effectively. Indeed, many Baptist ministers who had been personally persecuted mobilized to support the patriot effort. Enlistment data by counties support the conclusion that dissenters mobilized at least as effectively as Anglicans. The situation in Virginia differed dramatically from substantial loyalism demonstrated by North Carolina and Maryland dissenters who had significantly less reason to oppose local patriot leaders; the lack of loyalism in Virginia relates, in part, to the efforts of the establishment leaders to engage dissenters in the political dialogue.
William A. Richards and G. William Barnard
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174060
- eISBN:
- 9780231540919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174060.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Psychopharmacology
Physiological and Psychological Safety, Legal Considerations.
Physiological and Psychological Safety, Legal Considerations.
Howard Bodenhorn
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195147766
- eISBN:
- 9780199832910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195147766.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Economists and regulatory agencies justify deposit insurance because they consider banks unique among capitalist firms. Because banks hold highly idiosyncratic portfolios that are hard for outside ...
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Economists and regulatory agencies justify deposit insurance because they consider banks unique among capitalist firms. Because banks hold highly idiosyncratic portfolios that are hard for outside monitors to value correctly, macroeconomic shocks that threaten the viability of individual banks can threaten the entire system. Although deposit insurance diminishes the threat of bank runs and, thereby, creates a social benefit, deposit insurance also generates potentially large costs, which provides a justification for regulatory oversight and regulation. Like most bank insurance schemes, the Safety Fund was prone to moral hazard, or excessive risk taking by member banks and adverse selection, wherein better banks left the system, leaving only high‐risk banks as members. The system collapsed after only a small number of failures because of poor oversight, moral hazard, adverse selection, regulatory forbearance, and an under‐funded insurance.Less
Economists and regulatory agencies justify deposit insurance because they consider banks unique among capitalist firms. Because banks hold highly idiosyncratic portfolios that are hard for outside monitors to value correctly, macroeconomic shocks that threaten the viability of individual banks can threaten the entire system. Although deposit insurance diminishes the threat of bank runs and, thereby, creates a social benefit, deposit insurance also generates potentially large costs, which provides a justification for regulatory oversight and regulation. Like most bank insurance schemes, the Safety Fund was prone to moral hazard, or excessive risk taking by member banks and adverse selection, wherein better banks left the system, leaving only high‐risk banks as members. The system collapsed after only a small number of failures because of poor oversight, moral hazard, adverse selection, regulatory forbearance, and an under‐funded insurance.
Winifred Breines
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179040
- eISBN:
- 9780199788583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179040.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
By the late 1970s and early 1980s, black and white women were developing ways of working together, often in conferences or in coalitions around emergencies, such as violence against women. They ...
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By the late 1970s and early 1980s, black and white women were developing ways of working together, often in conferences or in coalitions around emergencies, such as violence against women. They formed coalitions like the Coalition for Women's Safety in Boston, where they worked together. In a number of conferences, organized by the National Women's Studies Association (NWSA), racism in the women's movement was the topic. Through hard work over years, feminists had begun to understand and that differences divided them but that they could learn to work together in spite of them. Difference became a key word of feminism in this period.Less
By the late 1970s and early 1980s, black and white women were developing ways of working together, often in conferences or in coalitions around emergencies, such as violence against women. They formed coalitions like the Coalition for Women's Safety in Boston, where they worked together. In a number of conferences, organized by the National Women's Studies Association (NWSA), racism in the women's movement was the topic. Through hard work over years, feminists had begun to understand and that differences divided them but that they could learn to work together in spite of them. Difference became a key word of feminism in this period.
Daniel M. Albert
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.17
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter sets the science of safety within a historical context, revealing how permeable the boundary between science and society has been in dealing with auto safety. Over the 20th century the ...
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This chapter sets the science of safety within a historical context, revealing how permeable the boundary between science and society has been in dealing with auto safety. Over the 20th century the focus of improving safety has sometimes emphasized regulating cars, while at other times controlling drivers. Initially, the democratization of car ownership led to a focus on the driver; after World War II there arose more concern with crash survivability, and automobile and road design. Toward the end of the 20th century, concern for unsafe drivers—drunk-driving, unsafe and undertrained teenage drivers, aggressive driving, and so forth—reemerged as an important factor in reducing vehicular death and injury.Less
This chapter sets the science of safety within a historical context, revealing how permeable the boundary between science and society has been in dealing with auto safety. Over the 20th century the focus of improving safety has sometimes emphasized regulating cars, while at other times controlling drivers. Initially, the democratization of car ownership led to a focus on the driver; after World War II there arose more concern with crash survivability, and automobile and road design. Toward the end of the 20th century, concern for unsafe drivers—drunk-driving, unsafe and undertrained teenage drivers, aggressive driving, and so forth—reemerged as an important factor in reducing vehicular death and injury.
Bridget M. Hutter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242504
- eISBN:
- 9780191697128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242504.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
This chapter draws on research data collected from staff across British Railways to consider how much they knew about the general regulatory provisions for their occupational health and safety. It ...
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This chapter draws on research data collected from staff across British Railways to consider how much they knew about the general regulatory provisions for their occupational health and safety. It focuses on legal provisions, in particular whether those in the industry knew about the Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, and, if so, how much they knew about its objectives and provisions.Less
This chapter draws on research data collected from staff across British Railways to consider how much they knew about the general regulatory provisions for their occupational health and safety. It focuses on legal provisions, in particular whether those in the industry knew about the Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, and, if so, how much they knew about its objectives and provisions.
Bridget M. Hutter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242504
- eISBN:
- 9780191697128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242504.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
The Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, instituted a system of enforced self-regulation which placed the primary responsibility for health and safety within the industry. This chapter considers the ...
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The Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, instituted a system of enforced self-regulation which placed the primary responsibility for health and safety within the industry. This chapter considers the internal systems that British Railways (BR) put into place in compliance with legislation, and assesses how these regulatory systems operated. It tries to determine how much employees knew about the company's own systems, rules, and procedures for health and safety. Attention is given to staff knowledge and perceptions of BR's written policies and to its systems for promoting employee health and safety.Less
The Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, instituted a system of enforced self-regulation which placed the primary responsibility for health and safety within the industry. This chapter considers the internal systems that British Railways (BR) put into place in compliance with legislation, and assesses how these regulatory systems operated. It tries to determine how much employees knew about the company's own systems, rules, and procedures for health and safety. Attention is given to staff knowledge and perceptions of BR's written policies and to its systems for promoting employee health and safety.
Bridget M. Hutter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242504
- eISBN:
- 9780191697128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242504.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
An important objective of the philosophy underlying the Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, was to incorporate employees as participatory rather than as passive agents in the workplace. This chapter ...
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An important objective of the philosophy underlying the Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, was to incorporate employees as participatory rather than as passive agents in the workplace. This chapter considers the legislative and institutional arrangements for worker participation in the railways. In particular, it examines how much was known about the system by managers and the workforce. It also considers whether the objective of constituting everyone in the workplace as a participant in health and safety regulation was being met.Less
An important objective of the philosophy underlying the Health and Safety Work Act, 1974, was to incorporate employees as participatory rather than as passive agents in the workplace. This chapter considers the legislative and institutional arrangements for worker participation in the railways. In particular, it examines how much was known about the system by managers and the workforce. It also considers whether the objective of constituting everyone in the workplace as a participant in health and safety regulation was being met.
Larry Lankton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083576
- eISBN:
- 9780199854158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083576.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter tells the story of J.A.P. J.A.P. had worked in mines before. He worked for the Chicago office of the Thiel Detective Service Company. His assignment was to get himself hired at the ...
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This chapter tells the story of J.A.P. J.A.P. had worked in mines before. He worked for the Chicago office of the Thiel Detective Service Company. His assignment was to get himself hired at the Quincy mine. He worked under deep cover at the Quincy mine. Nobody knew who he really was. The spy reported who he talked to and what he heard. He reported that in town he had met men who had quit Quincy because it was too dangerous. Mine accidents usually killed one or two men at a time, and random, individual deaths did not cast a collective pall over large segments of the population. The mining companies treated injured miners and the families of deceased miners as charity cases. They investigated the needs and living conditions of injured parties, and then decide unilaterally whether to provide financial assistance. When the mining companies geared up their Safety First programs, workers did not perceive them as altruistic.Less
This chapter tells the story of J.A.P. J.A.P. had worked in mines before. He worked for the Chicago office of the Thiel Detective Service Company. His assignment was to get himself hired at the Quincy mine. He worked under deep cover at the Quincy mine. Nobody knew who he really was. The spy reported who he talked to and what he heard. He reported that in town he had met men who had quit Quincy because it was too dangerous. Mine accidents usually killed one or two men at a time, and random, individual deaths did not cast a collective pall over large segments of the population. The mining companies treated injured miners and the families of deceased miners as charity cases. They investigated the needs and living conditions of injured parties, and then decide unilaterally whether to provide financial assistance. When the mining companies geared up their Safety First programs, workers did not perceive them as altruistic.
Terryl L. Givens and Matthew J. Grow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195375732
- eISBN:
- 9780199918300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375732.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In Ohio, the collapse of the Kirtland Safety Society (bank), part of a nationwide banking failure, fractured the church. Pratt’s wife Thankful Halsey died following the birth of Parley Pratt Jr. Very ...
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In Ohio, the collapse of the Kirtland Safety Society (bank), part of a nationwide banking failure, fractured the church. Pratt’s wife Thankful Halsey died following the birth of Parley Pratt Jr. Very soon after, he married Mary Ann Frost. Pressured by Joseph Smith on a loan, Pratt broke with the prophet. After reconciliation, he left on New York City mission. There he wrote his masterpiece, A Voice of Warning, influenced by Baconianism, millennialism, and his preference for biblical literalism over spiritualizing. Pratt elaborated a theology of Native Americans, and of restoration and authority more in line with Seekerism than Primitivism. In a pamphlet written in response to Methodist newspaper editor La Roy Sunderland, Pratt began to plumb deeper theology.Less
In Ohio, the collapse of the Kirtland Safety Society (bank), part of a nationwide banking failure, fractured the church. Pratt’s wife Thankful Halsey died following the birth of Parley Pratt Jr. Very soon after, he married Mary Ann Frost. Pressured by Joseph Smith on a loan, Pratt broke with the prophet. After reconciliation, he left on New York City mission. There he wrote his masterpiece, A Voice of Warning, influenced by Baconianism, millennialism, and his preference for biblical literalism over spiritualizing. Pratt elaborated a theology of Native Americans, and of restoration and authority more in line with Seekerism than Primitivism. In a pamphlet written in response to Methodist newspaper editor La Roy Sunderland, Pratt began to plumb deeper theology.
Howard G. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205425
- eISBN:
- 9780191676628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205425.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the history of the formation of the revolutionary government in France during the later part of the 18th century. The destruction of executive power between April 1792 and April ...
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This chapter examines the history of the formation of the revolutionary government in France during the later part of the 18th century. The destruction of executive power between April 1792 and April 1793 led to the creation of revolutionary means of directing the war effort and to the gradual disappearance of the separation of powers. The rebuilding of state power began in April 1793 when the Committee of Public Safety replaced the Committee of General Defence and made it possible for the legislature to usurp executive power without destroying it.Less
This chapter examines the history of the formation of the revolutionary government in France during the later part of the 18th century. The destruction of executive power between April 1792 and April 1793 led to the creation of revolutionary means of directing the war effort and to the gradual disappearance of the separation of powers. The rebuilding of state power began in April 1793 when the Committee of Public Safety replaced the Committee of General Defence and made it possible for the legislature to usurp executive power without destroying it.
Greg Gordon, John Paterson, and Emre Usenmez (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861018
- eISBN:
- 9781474406239
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861018.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This highly successful bookbrings together academic and practicing lawyers to consider the key legalissues facing the United Kingdom as it becomes a progressively more mature hydrocarbon province. ...
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This highly successful bookbrings together academic and practicing lawyers to consider the key legalissues facing the United Kingdom as it becomes a progressively more mature hydrocarbon province. The book, now in its second edition, considers and analyses the petroleum licence and fiscal regime. It also discusses the offshore oil industry’s dedicated regulatory regime (health and safety and environmental regulation are both considered, alongside the decommissioning regime on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf) as well as considering the key commercial and contractual issues facing the industry after forty years of oil and gas production on the UKCS.Less
This highly successful bookbrings together academic and practicing lawyers to consider the key legalissues facing the United Kingdom as it becomes a progressively more mature hydrocarbon province. The book, now in its second edition, considers and analyses the petroleum licence and fiscal regime. It also discusses the offshore oil industry’s dedicated regulatory regime (health and safety and environmental regulation are both considered, alongside the decommissioning regime on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf) as well as considering the key commercial and contractual issues facing the industry after forty years of oil and gas production on the UKCS.
Patrick van Zwanenberg and Erik Millstone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525813
- eISBN:
- 9780191723902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525813.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents an account of the reform of food safety policy-making institutions and practices, which were introduced in response to the crises that followed 20 March 1996 in the UK, at the ...
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This chapter presents an account of the reform of food safety policy-making institutions and practices, which were introduced in response to the crises that followed 20 March 1996 in the UK, at the European Commission, in France, and in Germany. It presents a comparison between the UK Food Standards Agency, the European Food Safety Authority, the Agence Française de la Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, and the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (or Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittel Sicherheit) and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung or BfR) in Germany.Less
This chapter presents an account of the reform of food safety policy-making institutions and practices, which were introduced in response to the crises that followed 20 March 1996 in the UK, at the European Commission, in France, and in Germany. It presents a comparison between the UK Food Standards Agency, the European Food Safety Authority, the Agence Française de la Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, and the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (or Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittel Sicherheit) and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung or BfR) in Germany.
Christopher Sellers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.11
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Today, environmental health professionals assess hazards in the workplace or the outside air by comparing sampled levels against official Threshold Limit Values (TLV's). But before today's reliance ...
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Today, environmental health professionals assess hazards in the workplace or the outside air by comparing sampled levels against official Threshold Limit Values (TLV's). But before today's reliance on quantitative tools for correlating atmospheric chemical levels to disease, industrial health practices were neither primitive nor unscientific. Medical and scientific researchers wrote at once for physicians or hygienists and for those without scientific training. Their knowledge itself remained closely tied to preventive interventions as well to curative ones. A quantitative chemical approach to occupational disease took shape following World War I, with the advent of a new community of experts, centered in the public health schools, in company medical clinics and in state divisions of industrial hygiene.Less
Today, environmental health professionals assess hazards in the workplace or the outside air by comparing sampled levels against official Threshold Limit Values (TLV's). But before today's reliance on quantitative tools for correlating atmospheric chemical levels to disease, industrial health practices were neither primitive nor unscientific. Medical and scientific researchers wrote at once for physicians or hygienists and for those without scientific training. Their knowledge itself remained closely tied to preventive interventions as well to curative ones. A quantitative chemical approach to occupational disease took shape following World War I, with the advent of a new community of experts, centered in the public health schools, in company medical clinics and in state divisions of industrial hygiene.
Andrea Kidd Taylor and Linda Rae Murray
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171853
- eISBN:
- 9780199865352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171853.003.0019
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to occupational safety and health. It provides an historic overview and discussion of the scope of the problem, a discussion of income inequalities ...
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This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to occupational safety and health. It provides an historic overview and discussion of the scope of the problem, a discussion of income inequalities in the United States, and various ways in which social injustice impacts on occupational safety and health. A box in the chapter describes the adverse impacts of economic globalization. The chapter describes what needs to be done, including educating workers, empowering communities, preventing discrimination, promoting workplace democracy and environmental justice, improving surveillance and research, reforming OSHA and workers' compensation, and promoting the role of organized labor.Less
This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to occupational safety and health. It provides an historic overview and discussion of the scope of the problem, a discussion of income inequalities in the United States, and various ways in which social injustice impacts on occupational safety and health. A box in the chapter describes the adverse impacts of economic globalization. The chapter describes what needs to be done, including educating workers, empowering communities, preventing discrimination, promoting workplace democracy and environmental justice, improving surveillance and research, reforming OSHA and workers' compensation, and promoting the role of organized labor.
Malcolm Torry
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447311249
- eISBN:
- 9781447311287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447311249.003.0017
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
A Citizen's Income is an unconditional and nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship. It would ameliorate the poverty and unemployment traps, hence boosting employment; it ...
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A Citizen's Income is an unconditional and nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship. It would ameliorate the poverty and unemployment traps, hence boosting employment; it would provide a safety net for all citizens; and it would create a platform on which all citizens could build. It would encourage both individual freedom and social cohesion. Six fundamental changes would be that citizenship would become the basis of entitlement; the individual would be the tax/benefit unit; the Citizen's Income would not be withdrawn as other income rose; availability for work rules would be abolished; access to a Citizen's Income would be easy and unconditional; and benefit levels might be indexed to earnings or to GDP per capita. Three frequently asked questions are addressed: Would people still work± They would. Is it fair to ask people in employment to pay for everyone to receive a Citizen's Income± People in work already fund means-tested benefits, which discourages self-reliance. A Citizen's Income would encourage self-reliance. Isn't guaranteeing a right to work a better way to prevent poverty± A Citizen's Income would make the labour market more free and flexible, thus improving the availability of employment.Less
A Citizen's Income is an unconditional and nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship. It would ameliorate the poverty and unemployment traps, hence boosting employment; it would provide a safety net for all citizens; and it would create a platform on which all citizens could build. It would encourage both individual freedom and social cohesion. Six fundamental changes would be that citizenship would become the basis of entitlement; the individual would be the tax/benefit unit; the Citizen's Income would not be withdrawn as other income rose; availability for work rules would be abolished; access to a Citizen's Income would be easy and unconditional; and benefit levels might be indexed to earnings or to GDP per capita. Three frequently asked questions are addressed: Would people still work± They would. Is it fair to ask people in employment to pay for everyone to receive a Citizen's Income± People in work already fund means-tested benefits, which discourages self-reliance. A Citizen's Income would encourage self-reliance. Isn't guaranteeing a right to work a better way to prevent poverty± A Citizen's Income would make the labour market more free and flexible, thus improving the availability of employment.
Kathleen Bachynski
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469653709
- eISBN:
- 9781469653723
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653709.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
From the untimely deaths of young athletes to chronic disease among retired players, roiling debates over tackle football have profound implications for more than one million American boys—some as ...
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From the untimely deaths of young athletes to chronic disease among retired players, roiling debates over tackle football have profound implications for more than one million American boys—some as young as five years old—who play the sport every year. In this book, Kathleen Bachynski offers the first history of youth tackle football and debates over its safety. In the postwar United States, high school football was celebrated as a “moral” sport for young boys, one that promised and celebrated the creation of the honorable male citizen. Even so, Bachynski shows that throughout the twentieth century, coaches, sports equipment manufacturers, and even doctors were more concerned with “saving the game” than young boys’ safety—even though injuries ranged from concussions and broken bones to paralysis and death.
By exploring sport, masculinity, and citizenship, Bachynski uncovers the cultural priorities other than child health that made a collision sport the most popular high school game for American boys. These deep-rooted beliefs continue to shape the safety debate and the possible future of youth tackle football.Less
From the untimely deaths of young athletes to chronic disease among retired players, roiling debates over tackle football have profound implications for more than one million American boys—some as young as five years old—who play the sport every year. In this book, Kathleen Bachynski offers the first history of youth tackle football and debates over its safety. In the postwar United States, high school football was celebrated as a “moral” sport for young boys, one that promised and celebrated the creation of the honorable male citizen. Even so, Bachynski shows that throughout the twentieth century, coaches, sports equipment manufacturers, and even doctors were more concerned with “saving the game” than young boys’ safety—even though injuries ranged from concussions and broken bones to paralysis and death.
By exploring sport, masculinity, and citizenship, Bachynski uncovers the cultural priorities other than child health that made a collision sport the most popular high school game for American boys. These deep-rooted beliefs continue to shape the safety debate and the possible future of youth tackle football.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226772028
- eISBN:
- 9780226772042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226772042.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The fundamental principle—that government has a vital role to play in protecting people from harm—could lead to endless arguments in the arena of traditional social welfare programs over exactly when ...
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The fundamental principle—that government has a vital role to play in protecting people from harm—could lead to endless arguments in the arena of traditional social welfare programs over exactly when individual people cannot help themselves. But in the arena of protecting health, safety, and the environment, it is a serviceable, working proposition: when the threats are polluted urban air, dangerous drugs, and unsafe workplaces, individuals need government because control over the threat lies with someone else. This chapter introduces the five most important federal “protector agencies” created to shoulder these responsibilities—the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.Less
The fundamental principle—that government has a vital role to play in protecting people from harm—could lead to endless arguments in the arena of traditional social welfare programs over exactly when individual people cannot help themselves. But in the arena of protecting health, safety, and the environment, it is a serviceable, working proposition: when the threats are polluted urban air, dangerous drugs, and unsafe workplaces, individuals need government because control over the threat lies with someone else. This chapter introduces the five most important federal “protector agencies” created to shoulder these responsibilities—the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
