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This concluding chapter examines Rimsky-Korsakov in the context of Russian politics, philosophy, and aesthetics in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, drawing some persuasive parallels between the development of Russian music and Russian painting. Lyricism and poetic beauty defined great music for Rimsky-Korsakov. Music—and all art—was, in the end, about beauty. By the mid-1890s, beauty as Rimsky-Korsakov understood it seemed out of fashion. He hoped that future generations would rediscover classicist aesthetics, but he feared the historic inevitability of a progressive “degeneration” in the arts. Nevertheless, his project was to strengthen the role of music in Russia and assert its value as art. This required finding the right accommodation with the Russian state and the monarchy. Ultimately, it led Rimsky on a career that paralleled and intersected with developments in Russian painting and with the work of Russia's leading visual artists.

This chapter looks at St. Petersburg Conservatory and Soviet musicology. The St. Petersburg Conservatory bears Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's name not only on account of the composer's contribution to the Russian classical music canon, but because he is perceived as a progenitor of the institutionalized study of music in Russia—both practical and theoretical. It is true that Rimsky-Korsakov played a leading role in shaping the first syllabi of music-theoretical courses at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. However, the lineage that connects these courses to the present-day curricula is by no means as direct as it is sometimes painted. The chapter then argues that under Rimsky-Korsakov, music theory was seen as the handmaiden to composition, which hindered the institutionalization of historical musicology.

This chapter highlights general understanding and interpretation of Russia's emergence as a producer of art music, and the cultural evaluation of the music. It is extremely mendacious and tendentious historiography that emanates from the U.S.S.R. Russian music, above all, in terms of its Russianness, has ingrained many prejudices and lazy habits of thought. It is often taken for granted that everything which happened in Russian music has a direct relationship, positive or negative, to the national question, which is often very reductively construed in terms of “sources in folk song and church chant.” This in turn can, and often does, become a normative criterion: an overtly quotational national character is taken as a mark of value or authenticity; and its absence, conversely, as a mark of valuelessness.

The Introduction outlines the rationale for the volume, and its pioneering status in attempting to represent a broad cross-spectrum of recent research by Russian and Western scholars working on Russian music since 1917 that illustrates how the field has transformed since glasnost’. It opens with a brief overview of the development of the research domain, indicating the principal changes in emphasis and approach, and the intellectual issues that have come to the fore. It proceeds to summarise the themes of the essays in the volume’s six parts, explaining their significance in relation to the wider domain of Russian cultural studies.

In the last two decades, the discipline of Russian music studies in Russia has undergone a profound transformation. The lifting of restrictions on access to hitherto inaccessible archival materials has made a wealth of new information available, and, in conjunction with the accompanying relaxation of censorship and increased contact with the West, has had far-reaching implications for scholarship. Open discussion of many aspects of the country’s musical past which were hitherto erased from standard Soviet accounts became possible, enabling the distortions and mendacities of Soviet scholarship to be corrected. The present chapter details some of the most significant achievements of Russian musicology in recent years, as well as the problems created by the challenging material conditions in which research on Russian music has to take place.

This chapter examines the contribution of composer Joel Engel to Russian Jewish music at the turn of the century. It explains that Engel pioneered the scholarly study of Jewish music and the idea of Jewish national art music, and that his twin search for an art and science of Jewish music fused the German science of Judaism and Russian musical ethnography. The chapter also discusses Engel's discovery that the actual voices of the Jewish people threatened to collapse his whole folkloric model of Russian Jewish music.

This chapter gives an overview of the history of the development of ethnography in Russia. It includes brief discussions of official policies on ethnic minorities, individual and institutional forces that influenced them, and the channels through which ethnographies were disseminated (publications and exhibitions). It also discusses various features that shaped Russian ethnography’s particular pattern (exile ethnography, the contribution of Russia’s inorodtsy to orientology, the focus on byt) and points out some of its differences from European writings. Some Russian ethnographies on inorodtsy culture and music challenged the popular, predominantly derogatory representation of Russia’s newly acquired citizens, while others reinforced these biases. Case studies of ethnographies about Russian nomads (Aleksei Levshin), Siberian peoples (Alexander Middendorff), and Muslims living in the Volga-Kama region (Alexander Rittikh) and Russian Turkestan (August Eichhorn) reveal that the tone and approach to Russia’s inorodtsy varied according to the academic affiliation, bureaucratic position, or individual interests that stood behind the research.

This article explores how the Russian émigré composers, no longer required to nurture the nation-constituting loyalties, forge, negotiate and sustain multi-stranded individual relationships both with the transnational powers and with their native country, reclaiming cultural rather than territorial attachments which grow from psychological constructs rather than social conditions. It is revealing to observe that most of them continue to remain culturally tied to their country of origin and to long for its aesthetic values, while at the same time building civic attachments and hybrid identities in the globalised world. Based on empirical studies, this chapter considers how the reflections of post-Soviet identity shape these composers’ creative output and how the composers form relationships with their old and new neighbours.

This chapter offers an overview of the principal developments in scholarship on Soviet music over the last two decades, highlighting notable achievements and the opening up of important new areas of study, in addition to assessing the extent to which perspectives on the period have undergone considerable change. It concludes with a discussion of the sizeable lacunae in knowledge that remain, and attempts to suggest potentially fruitful areas for further enquiry.

This chapter examines evocations of the early Soviet avant-garde in new compositions of the post-Soviet period, investigating how contemporary Russian composers imagine the modernist culture of the pre-Stalinist past and its significance. It is based upon interviews conducted by the author with contemporary Russian composers and analyses of recent musical works. As we will see, composers relate to the early Soviet avant-garde in a variety of ways. Importantly, attitudes to the 1920s are not merely celebratory: even some of the individuals today most interested in the early Soviet avant-garde see a dark side to its legacy, finding within modernist art of the Soviet 1920s disturbing messages about Russia’s fate or the course of the twentieth century, or even more sinister prophecies of larger tragedies to come.

This chapter offers an account of the circumstances in which contemporary composers have had to operate since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the attendant diminution in state support for the arts which had been provided under the Communist regime. In addition to assessing the implications of these changes in practical terms, it also analyses the cultural, social, and historical factors which have caused new music to remain at the margins of general awareness. The second part of the chapter surveys the ways in which the principal stylistic tendencies evident in Russian new music today evince a lingering ambivalence in attitudes towards the West.

A reconsideration of the habit of classifying Russian music according to a crude binary (nationalist/non-nationalist) that is more the product of its foreign reception than its domestic significance. The contributions of two of its most active early publicists, Vladimir Stasov at home (and atypical) and Rosa Newmarch abroad (and typical), are given a detailed assessment, particularly as regards their treatment of Tchaikovsky.

This chapter provides an introduction to Russian music, and descriptions of composers ranging from Bortnyansky in the eighteenth century to Tarnopolsky in the twenty-first, as well as all of the famous names in between. Some of these pieces, such as the ones on Chaikovsky's alleged suicide and on the interpretation of Shostakovich's legacy, have won fame in their own right as decisive contributions to some of the most significant debates in contemporary musicology. The chapter also presents the main issues and a justification of Taruskin's approach, seen both in the light of his intellectual development and in that of the changing intellectual environment, which has been particularly marked by the end of the cold war in Europe.

Moving from subjective to intersubjective temporality, this chapter examines how music may reflect a culture’s historical understanding of time. It has long been a truism of music criticism that nineteenth-century Russian symphonic music somehow lacks a genuine sense of development in comparison with a ‘normative’ German model. This chapter puts forward an alternative way of approaching Russian instrumental music, from the perspective of a different conception of musical and historical time. By interrogating this idea of temporality both musically and culturally, it suggests a potential distinction between a specifically Western Enlightenment model of time and historical progress, and a static, repetitive, even timeless conception that may apply to many pieces of the nineteenth-century Russian repertoire. Yet ultimately this binary opposition is seen to be overly simplistic, the chapter arguing for a richer understanding of music’s relation with time within both Russian and Austro-German traditions.

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the influence of literary and historical texts on musical composition in Russia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This volume examines the problem arising from the relation between the voice of Russian music and its message and the consequences of the ideological and textual dependence of Russian music on historical and literary consciousness. It analyzes several relevant works. These include Mikhail Glinka's Ruslan and Ludmila, Modest Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina and Boris Godunov, Pyotr Ilyich's Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades, and Dmitri Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony.

This chapter focuses on the discussions on Russian classical music and operas presented at the music festival titled “The Russian Contemporary Music Festival,” organized by the Iowa City institution at the University of Iowa in Iowa, U.S., in 2000. The festival featured Russian composers and musicologists, with three full-length concerts and several conference sessions on the developments related to music in post-Soviet Russia. It was a showcase of unknown Russian composers aged 29 to 70, whose music was performed there: Vladislav Agafonnikov, Yuri Butsko, Irina Dubkova, Andrei Golovin, Faradzh Karayev, Leonid Karev, Mikhail Kollontay, Nikolai Korndorf, Roman Ledenyov, Vladimir Nikolayev, Olga Rayeva, Dmitri Ryabtsev, Albina Stefanou, Vladimir Tarnopolski, Aleksandr Vustin, and Sergei Zagny. The chapter compares the music and operas presented by these composers at the music festival to highlight the trends in music in post-Soviet Russia.

Defining the music of Prokofiev in terms of the Russian tradition, or what “Russianism” means in relation to the composer, is complex. The young Prokofiev rebelled against his musical background; he spent nearly twenty years abroad, then returned to a changed Russia, where he was to remain something of an outsider. Yet Russia as a country and as a concept was fundamental to his creativity—both the St. Petersburg nationalism of the Kuchka and the wider Romanticism of Chaikovsky. They informed his wide palette of styles, as did the composers and writers of the Silver Age. With these and with elements of both folk song and the Russian Romance, Prokofiev had a lifelong dialogue, helping to define his unique national identity.