Andrew Biewener and Sheila Patek
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198743156
- eISBN:
- 9780191803031
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198743156.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ecology
This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion ...
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This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.Less
This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.
Joseph McBride
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813142623
- eISBN:
- 9780813145242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813142623.003.0006
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter discusses the correlation between Hawks’ personal taste in films and the commercial success of films. He describes the editing and producing films as well as the economics of ...
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This chapter discusses the correlation between Hawks’ personal taste in films and the commercial success of films. He describes the editing and producing films as well as the economics of filmmaking—distribution, unions, previewing, concerns about running time, and cutting scenes. He also comments on filmmaking today.Less
This chapter discusses the correlation between Hawks’ personal taste in films and the commercial success of films. He describes the editing and producing films as well as the economics of filmmaking—distribution, unions, previewing, concerns about running time, and cutting scenes. He also comments on filmmaking today.
Stephen Teo
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098398
- eISBN:
- 9789882206823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098398.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter covers A Hero Never Dies, Running out of Time, The Mission, PTU (an acronym for Police Tactical Unit) and Breaking News which carry Johnnie To's name as the solo director. A Hero Never ...
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This chapter covers A Hero Never Dies, Running out of Time, The Mission, PTU (an acronym for Police Tactical Unit) and Breaking News which carry Johnnie To's name as the solo director. A Hero Never Dies marks the phase in the Milkyway company where the credit “Directed by Johnnie To” re-appears after a brief period in which To functioned as the chief executive overseeing the production of Milkyway's films rather than merely directing the films. Running out of Time and The Mission were both released in 1999 in the wake of the HKIFF tribute, and both films had the effect of confirming To's newly found status as a stand-alone auteur. PTU and Breaking News, released in 2003 and 2004 respectively, are mature examples of To's work in the genre and they show a tendency towards formalism — a sign that To was taking his status as auteur more seriously. To is considered a craftsman auteur, one able to craft superb sequences and integrate them seamlessly into the narratives.Less
This chapter covers A Hero Never Dies, Running out of Time, The Mission, PTU (an acronym for Police Tactical Unit) and Breaking News which carry Johnnie To's name as the solo director. A Hero Never Dies marks the phase in the Milkyway company where the credit “Directed by Johnnie To” re-appears after a brief period in which To functioned as the chief executive overseeing the production of Milkyway's films rather than merely directing the films. Running out of Time and The Mission were both released in 1999 in the wake of the HKIFF tribute, and both films had the effect of confirming To's newly found status as a stand-alone auteur. PTU and Breaking News, released in 2003 and 2004 respectively, are mature examples of To's work in the genre and they show a tendency towards formalism — a sign that To was taking his status as auteur more seriously. To is considered a craftsman auteur, one able to craft superb sequences and integrate them seamlessly into the narratives.
Stephen Teo
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098398
- eISBN:
- 9789882206823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098398.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter explores a selection of Johnnie To's works where the flaws qualify his auteur status and make him an uneven auteur. It specifically describes Needing You, Help!, Fulltime Killer, Running ...
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This chapter explores a selection of Johnnie To's works where the flaws qualify his auteur status and make him an uneven auteur. It specifically describes Needing You, Help!, Fulltime Killer, Running on Karma, and Throw Down, another group of five films which constitutes an “uneven pentad” from the point of view of genre and To's direction. Though the nucleus of this study is the gunplay action film with a concentration on the gangster film or the cops-and-robbers thrillers, it also reviews To's contribution to the Hong Kong genre cinema in toto as much as possible. All of these films contain unequal measures of excellence and flaws which result from the effort to integrate different qualities.Less
This chapter explores a selection of Johnnie To's works where the flaws qualify his auteur status and make him an uneven auteur. It specifically describes Needing You, Help!, Fulltime Killer, Running on Karma, and Throw Down, another group of five films which constitutes an “uneven pentad” from the point of view of genre and To's direction. Though the nucleus of this study is the gunplay action film with a concentration on the gangster film or the cops-and-robbers thrillers, it also reviews To's contribution to the Hong Kong genre cinema in toto as much as possible. All of these films contain unequal measures of excellence and flaws which result from the effort to integrate different qualities.
Lee Spinks
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719066320
- eISBN:
- 9781781703113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719066320.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter takes a look at the cultural and psychic tensions in Running in the Family, Ondaatje's second published prose work, which also serves as an account of his journeys to Sri Lanka in 1978 ...
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This chapter takes a look at the cultural and psychic tensions in Running in the Family, Ondaatje's second published prose work, which also serves as an account of his journeys to Sri Lanka in 1978 and 1980, and shows that it examines colonial identity and culture. It determines that Running in the Family not only serves as an account of Ondaatje's family history, but also as a way to explore the hybrid historical origins and internal cultural divisions of contemporary Sri Lanka.Less
This chapter takes a look at the cultural and psychic tensions in Running in the Family, Ondaatje's second published prose work, which also serves as an account of his journeys to Sri Lanka in 1978 and 1980, and shows that it examines colonial identity and culture. It determines that Running in the Family not only serves as an account of Ondaatje's family history, but also as a way to explore the hybrid historical origins and internal cultural divisions of contemporary Sri Lanka.
Janet Neary
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780823272891
- eISBN:
- 9780823272945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823272891.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter reads William Craft’s Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860) as an emblematic text that depends upon a series of complex interactions between the Crafts’ cultivation of their image ...
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This chapter reads William Craft’s Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860) as an emblematic text that depends upon a series of complex interactions between the Crafts’ cultivation of their image and their use of dialogue and narration in different contexts. Examining how the visual image Ellen cultivates is juxtaposed with the couple’s use of double entendre, the chapter argues that William Craft places the ambivalence of language and the ambivalent language of skin color side by side to unsettle popular notions of racial identity and identification. The narrative illustrates that phenotypical characteristics such as complexion are not facts with fixed meanings, but, rather, are discursively defined social symbols that can be manipulated to various ends. I argue that Craft turns this revelation back on the authenticating requirements of the slave narrative, offering interpersonal recognition as a mode of visuality which counters the objectifying gaze of slavery.Less
This chapter reads William Craft’s Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860) as an emblematic text that depends upon a series of complex interactions between the Crafts’ cultivation of their image and their use of dialogue and narration in different contexts. Examining how the visual image Ellen cultivates is juxtaposed with the couple’s use of double entendre, the chapter argues that William Craft places the ambivalence of language and the ambivalent language of skin color side by side to unsettle popular notions of racial identity and identification. The narrative illustrates that phenotypical characteristics such as complexion are not facts with fixed meanings, but, rather, are discursively defined social symbols that can be manipulated to various ends. I argue that Craft turns this revelation back on the authenticating requirements of the slave narrative, offering interpersonal recognition as a mode of visuality which counters the objectifying gaze of slavery.
Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231176767
- eISBN:
- 9780231541978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231176767.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Begins with some of the conditions that set the stage for the act of running, and then look at neurogenesis, brain expansion, and longer-term consequences of running within a context of specific ...
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Begins with some of the conditions that set the stage for the act of running, and then look at neurogenesis, brain expansion, and longer-term consequences of running within a context of specific morphological features and diverse information molecules that participate in our capacity for running and sport. Running itself promotes cell proliferation in the hippocampus, in part through the induction of endorphins or diverse neuronal growth factors. Running and neurogenesis are linked to forms of basic adaptation; running easily transitioned from joint coordination to play, and eventually to sport.Less
Begins with some of the conditions that set the stage for the act of running, and then look at neurogenesis, brain expansion, and longer-term consequences of running within a context of specific morphological features and diverse information molecules that participate in our capacity for running and sport. Running itself promotes cell proliferation in the hippocampus, in part through the induction of endorphins or diverse neuronal growth factors. Running and neurogenesis are linked to forms of basic adaptation; running easily transitioned from joint coordination to play, and eventually to sport.
Molly Nichols
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781781382950
- eISBN:
- 9781781384022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781382950.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
In this chapter, Molly Nichols explores the ways in which Oonya Kempadoo’s novel Tide Running (2001) reflects, challenges, and complicates the sexualization and eroticization of Caribbean bodies and ...
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In this chapter, Molly Nichols explores the ways in which Oonya Kempadoo’s novel Tide Running (2001) reflects, challenges, and complicates the sexualization and eroticization of Caribbean bodies and environments. Examining the impact of tourism on the region, the chapter shows how Kempadoo’s depictions of landscape and sexuality reveal the ways these sites have been produced to facilitate exploitation. The analysis is grounded in a consideration of neoliberalism and sexual labour in Tobago. Tide Running creates a space for depicting the beauty of landscape and the pleasure of sex; but, as this chapter demonstrates, it also reveals how the production of nature and of sexual difference is always enmeshed in relations of class power.Less
In this chapter, Molly Nichols explores the ways in which Oonya Kempadoo’s novel Tide Running (2001) reflects, challenges, and complicates the sexualization and eroticization of Caribbean bodies and environments. Examining the impact of tourism on the region, the chapter shows how Kempadoo’s depictions of landscape and sexuality reveal the ways these sites have been produced to facilitate exploitation. The analysis is grounded in a consideration of neoliberalism and sexual labour in Tobago. Tide Running creates a space for depicting the beauty of landscape and the pleasure of sex; but, as this chapter demonstrates, it also reveals how the production of nature and of sexual difference is always enmeshed in relations of class power.
Josephine Metcalf
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781617032813
- eISBN:
- 9781617032820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781617032813.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
This chapter presents four decades in the history of street gang violence — the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s — in order to map the setting in which the narrators of street gang memoirs describe and ...
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This chapter presents four decades in the history of street gang violence — the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s — in order to map the setting in which the narrators of street gang memoirs describe and justify their violent pasts. It explains that the main narrative action of the memoirs Always Running, Blue Rage, and Monster, revolves around tales of violence: the narrators’ violence toward other gang members and the violence committed against them by the authorities. The chapter further describes how, in 1960s California, violence was already embedded in the culture of the state, but it became more oppressive in Los Angeles in the succeeding decades. In the discussions of state power in Always Running, it notes that police brutality in the 1960s was not exclusively toward street gangs, but also toward Mexican political demonstrators.Less
This chapter presents four decades in the history of street gang violence — the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s — in order to map the setting in which the narrators of street gang memoirs describe and justify their violent pasts. It explains that the main narrative action of the memoirs Always Running, Blue Rage, and Monster, revolves around tales of violence: the narrators’ violence toward other gang members and the violence committed against them by the authorities. The chapter further describes how, in 1960s California, violence was already embedded in the culture of the state, but it became more oppressive in Los Angeles in the succeeding decades. In the discussions of state power in Always Running, it notes that police brutality in the 1960s was not exclusively toward street gangs, but also toward Mexican political demonstrators.
Alan K. Rode
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813173917
- eISBN:
- 9780813174808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813173917.003.0018
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Curtiz was assigned a horror programmer, The Walking Dead, that he turned into a highly credible film.This picture beganhis association with Irving Rapper as a dialogue director. Rapper became a ...
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Curtiz was assigned a horror programmer, The Walking Dead, that he turned into a highly credible film.This picture beganhis association with Irving Rapper as a dialogue director. Rapper became a respected director who considered Curtiz his professional mentor. Wallis and Curtiz finally had it out during the production of The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936).Curtiz continued to defy Wallis by eschewing close-ups while using an excess amount of camera movement and foreground composition in his setups. Wallis eventually threatened to fire Curtiz, who acquiesced to filming more to the producer’s desired style. The chapter includes a detailed account of the alleged mistreatment of horses during the charge sequences,whichErrol Flynn and David Niven blamed on Curtiz.Author’s research revealed that these stories were grossly exaggerated; Curtiz was not even present when some horses were injured and put down. Despite a wave of bad publicity, the picture was another hit. Curtiz endured a separation from Bess and divorce proceedings that ended abruptly when the couple reconciled. He also achieved his long-sought-after American citizenship, even though he lied about the existence of his European children.Less
Curtiz was assigned a horror programmer, The Walking Dead, that he turned into a highly credible film.This picture beganhis association with Irving Rapper as a dialogue director. Rapper became a respected director who considered Curtiz his professional mentor. Wallis and Curtiz finally had it out during the production of The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936).Curtiz continued to defy Wallis by eschewing close-ups while using an excess amount of camera movement and foreground composition in his setups. Wallis eventually threatened to fire Curtiz, who acquiesced to filming more to the producer’s desired style. The chapter includes a detailed account of the alleged mistreatment of horses during the charge sequences,whichErrol Flynn and David Niven blamed on Curtiz.Author’s research revealed that these stories were grossly exaggerated; Curtiz was not even present when some horses were injured and put down. Despite a wave of bad publicity, the picture was another hit. Curtiz endured a separation from Bess and divorce proceedings that ended abruptly when the couple reconciled. He also achieved his long-sought-after American citizenship, even though he lied about the existence of his European children.
Ralph Davis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497384
- eISBN:
- 9781786944467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497384.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This penultimate chapter attempts to answer whether or not merchant shipping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a profitable enterprise. It first quantifies the costs of operating ships, ...
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This penultimate chapter attempts to answer whether or not merchant shipping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a profitable enterprise. It first quantifies the costs of operating ships, including wages, earnings, and profit, by analysing the account books of shipmasters and various other contemporary sources. It divides running costs into four sections: wages and crew costs; repairs and stores; port charges, pilotage and lighthouse dues; and miscellaneous expenses; and explores each in turn. After determining the cost of operations and of ships themselves, it then considers capital charge rates per annum. It asserts that voyage estimates alone cannot determine the profitability of shipping, and so turns to examine rates of financial ruin; increases in flow of capital into the industry; and the nature of fluctuating returns inherent to long-distance shipping. It concludes that these factors caused profit to vary, but stresses that it was not merely financial gain that led people to a career at sea, but an affection for ships and the appetite for adventure as much as enterprise, which renders financial gain less imperative.Less
This penultimate chapter attempts to answer whether or not merchant shipping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a profitable enterprise. It first quantifies the costs of operating ships, including wages, earnings, and profit, by analysing the account books of shipmasters and various other contemporary sources. It divides running costs into four sections: wages and crew costs; repairs and stores; port charges, pilotage and lighthouse dues; and miscellaneous expenses; and explores each in turn. After determining the cost of operations and of ships themselves, it then considers capital charge rates per annum. It asserts that voyage estimates alone cannot determine the profitability of shipping, and so turns to examine rates of financial ruin; increases in flow of capital into the industry; and the nature of fluctuating returns inherent to long-distance shipping. It concludes that these factors caused profit to vary, but stresses that it was not merely financial gain that led people to a career at sea, but an affection for ships and the appetite for adventure as much as enterprise, which renders financial gain less imperative.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846318214
- eISBN:
- 9781846317736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317736.002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter compares Christopher Ondaatje's conventional travel narrative The Man Eater of Punanai and his brother Michael Ondaatje's experimental travel text Running in the Family. It analyzes how ...
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This chapter compares Christopher Ondaatje's conventional travel narrative The Man Eater of Punanai and his brother Michael Ondaatje's experimental travel text Running in the Family. It analyzes how the Ondaatje brothers translated their similar journeys to Sri Lanka into intricate palimpsests of texts and voices. It suggests that both texts illustrate how textuality interlocks with globalization and travel and contends that while they share common genealogies and thematic concerns, they employ radically different textual strategies.Less
This chapter compares Christopher Ondaatje's conventional travel narrative The Man Eater of Punanai and his brother Michael Ondaatje's experimental travel text Running in the Family. It analyzes how the Ondaatje brothers translated their similar journeys to Sri Lanka into intricate palimpsests of texts and voices. It suggests that both texts illustrate how textuality interlocks with globalization and travel and contends that while they share common genealogies and thematic concerns, they employ radically different textual strategies.
Christopher D. Tirres
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199352531
- eISBN:
- 9780199358359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199352531.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter forges a dialogue between the ecofeminism of Brazilian theologian Ivone Gebara and the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey. The author looks especially at the ways in which both thinkers ...
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This chapter forges a dialogue between the ecofeminism of Brazilian theologian Ivone Gebara and the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey. The author looks especially at the ways in which both thinkers connect their theory of experience to a liberating ethics through the medium of human intelligence. The chapter underscores the pragmatic aspects of Gebara’s work and shows how Dewey’s work in metaphysics can help to make some of her central claims even more explicit.Less
This chapter forges a dialogue between the ecofeminism of Brazilian theologian Ivone Gebara and the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey. The author looks especially at the ways in which both thinkers connect their theory of experience to a liberating ethics through the medium of human intelligence. The chapter underscores the pragmatic aspects of Gebara’s work and shows how Dewey’s work in metaphysics can help to make some of her central claims even more explicit.
