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This chapter concerns Roman sacrifice. Sacrifice was only one of many attested Roman rituals, but it is arguably the one whose imagery was most ubiquitous throughout the Roman world. This imagery is known in virtually all of the artistic media—at every possible scale, from the minuscule to the monumental, in many varied contexts, both public and private—and its use extended from the center of the urbs to every corner of Rome's imperium. Most, if not all, of the familiar examples that survive are of imperial date, though a greater repertory of extant mid-Republican monuments would have given a clearer sense of how honors had traditionally been afforded to the gods and a better impression of the shape of the tradition in which the surviving monuments must be set. It would give a better idea of just how early an imagery was established for a distinctly Roman ritus, and when what appear to be its constitutive elements were codified in practice.

This chapter analyzes the Arch of Constantine in Rome. First, it focuses on the roles of the SPQR and the emperor in the arch's design. In particular, the chapter deals with Constantine's role, or his conception of his role in the urbs, in the arch's imagery. Second, this chapter examines the meaning of the claim triumphis insignem—that is, that an arch, still customarily associated with triumph by the fourth century, was in this instance bestowed for a new purpose with a unique rationale, in a particular historical context, despite a lack of any persuasive evidence that an official triumph was actually celebrated. And finally, this chapter elucidates the arch's evocation of the emperor's role, both at home and abroad, as both civilis princeps and imperator exercitus.

This chapter reviews the formation of the northern frontier of the kingdom of England from the eleventh to the later sixteenth century. Through a study of the physical and symbolic roles of the Wall, it explores the origins of the concept linking this Roman monument to the delimitation of the northern boundary of England. This theme draws upon a significant location along the Wall's line, Lanercost Priory (Cumbria). Lanercost is a medieval religious house that was founded during the later half of the twelfth century, in the contested borderlands between England and Scotland. The construction of the Priory drew both physically and conceptually upon the remains of the Picts' Wall located 700 metres to the north. During the late sixteenth century, the buildings of the converted Priory were to become the home of Christopher Dacre, one of the Elizabethan gentlemen responsible for the maintenance of order along England's northern frontier.

This chapter examines how the governance of Algeria shifted from a military to a civilian footing after the fall of Napoleon III and the creation of the Third Republic. It chronicles the continued worsening of economic and political conditions of Muslims living under French rule in the North African colony. The chapter also looks at the metropolitan support for archaeological exploration and the French treatment of Roman inscriptions and monuments. With the passage of the 1876 law regulating patrimonial concerns, the minister of public instruction took steps toward a more comprehensive assessment of existing needs regarding antiquities across metropolitan France and Algeria. Authorities in Algiers established a commission intended to identify and catalogue monuments and art objects in the three Algerian departments. Ultimately, the chapter considers the internal impediments to financing and organizing archaeological activities in Algeria.