Hilary Green
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823270118
- eISBN:
- 9780823270156
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823270118.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This study examines the ways in which black Richmonders, black Mobilians and their white allies created, developed and sustained a system of African American schools following the Civil War. As ...
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This study examines the ways in which black Richmonders, black Mobilians and their white allies created, developed and sustained a system of African American schools following the Civil War. As partners and circumstances changed over the twenty-five year period, Green argues that urban African Americans never lost sight of their vision of citizenship in their struggle for educational access and legitimacy; and consequently, they successfully enshrined the African American schoolhouse as the fundamental vehicle for distancing themselves from their slave past. The African American schoolhouse embodied black Richmonders’ and black Mobilians’ participation in the redefinition of American citizenship and transformation of the physical landscape wrought by Confederate defeat. Green contends that the end of Freedmen’s Bureau resulted in the expansion and not contraction of African American education. By demanding quality public schools from their new city and state partners, black Richmonders and black Mobilians found additional success through the employment of African American teachers, creation of normal schools, and development of a robust curriculum. Ultimately, Green concludes that their collective inability to resolve school funding challenges resulted in the demise of Educational Reconstruction and the ushering of a new phase of African American education in 1890.Less
This study examines the ways in which black Richmonders, black Mobilians and their white allies created, developed and sustained a system of African American schools following the Civil War. As partners and circumstances changed over the twenty-five year period, Green argues that urban African Americans never lost sight of their vision of citizenship in their struggle for educational access and legitimacy; and consequently, they successfully enshrined the African American schoolhouse as the fundamental vehicle for distancing themselves from their slave past. The African American schoolhouse embodied black Richmonders’ and black Mobilians’ participation in the redefinition of American citizenship and transformation of the physical landscape wrought by Confederate defeat. Green contends that the end of Freedmen’s Bureau resulted in the expansion and not contraction of African American education. By demanding quality public schools from their new city and state partners, black Richmonders and black Mobilians found additional success through the employment of African American teachers, creation of normal schools, and development of a robust curriculum. Ultimately, Green concludes that their collective inability to resolve school funding challenges resulted in the demise of Educational Reconstruction and the ushering of a new phase of African American education in 1890.
Bruce Levine
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195147629
- eISBN:
- 9780199788866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147629.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of Major-General Patrick R. Cleburne's plan for the Confederacy to train a large reserve of slaves to become soldiers, the initial rejection, ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of Major-General Patrick R. Cleburne's plan for the Confederacy to train a large reserve of slaves to become soldiers, the initial rejection, then subsequent acceptance of this proposal, which triggered a wide-ranging public dispute that dominated political life during the Confederacy's final six months of existence. The objectives of the book are then described, namely the analysis of Southern arm-and-emancipate proposals, their origins and justifications, the objections and resistance that they provoked, the final form they took, and the practical results that they produced. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of Major-General Patrick R. Cleburne's plan for the Confederacy to train a large reserve of slaves to become soldiers, the initial rejection, then subsequent acceptance of this proposal, which triggered a wide-ranging public dispute that dominated political life during the Confederacy's final six months of existence. The objectives of the book are then described, namely the analysis of Southern arm-and-emancipate proposals, their origins and justifications, the objections and resistance that they provoked, the final form they took, and the practical results that they produced. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Bruce Levine
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195147629
- eISBN:
- 9780199788866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147629.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter follows the early rise and changing fortunes of the idea of arming and emancipating Confederate slaves during the three-and-a-half years between the war's beginning and the Davis ...
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This chapter follows the early rise and changing fortunes of the idea of arming and emancipating Confederate slaves during the three-and-a-half years between the war's beginning and the Davis government's about-face in the fall of 1864. It identifies both the ideological and practical grounds on which Richmond first stoutly resisted the idea as well as the reasons for its later reconsideration.Less
This chapter follows the early rise and changing fortunes of the idea of arming and emancipating Confederate slaves during the three-and-a-half years between the war's beginning and the Davis government's about-face in the fall of 1864. It identifies both the ideological and practical grounds on which Richmond first stoutly resisted the idea as well as the reasons for its later reconsideration.
Julian Maxwell Hayter
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813169484
- eISBN:
- 9780813169972
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813169484.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Dream Is Lost describes more than three decades of national/local racial politics and the unintended consequences of the civil rights movement. It uses the mid-twentieth-century urban history of ...
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The Dream Is Lost describes more than three decades of national/local racial politics and the unintended consequences of the civil rights movement. It uses the mid-twentieth-century urban history of Richmond, Virginia, to explain the political abuses that often accompanied American electoral reforms. The rights embodied in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 cannot be explained by separating the mobilization of black voters, on one hand, and federal policy directed toward race, on the other. The story first examines the suffrage crusades that predated the Voting Rights Act and how an organization called the Richmond Crusade for Voters mobilized African Americans a decade prior to 1965. As the Crusade mobilized voters, its members met firm resistance from their white counterparts. Local people and federal officials beat back the forces of white resistance by implementing majority–minority district systems. Although the reapportionment revolution led directly to the election of a black-majority city council in Richmond in 1977, it, too, had unintended consequences. The very forces that made Richmond’s majority–minority district system possible—an increase in African American populations in densely packed enclaves, unremitting residential segregation, white flight, and urban retrenchment—were the same that brought about intensifying marginalization in black communities during the twilight of the twentieth century. This story follows black voter mobilization to its logical conclusion: black empowerment and governance. It demonstrates that mid-twentieth-century urban redevelopment left a lasting impression on America’s cities. Richmond’s black-majority council struggled to negotiate the tension between rising expectations in black communities, sustained white resistance, and structural forces beyond the realm of politics.Less
The Dream Is Lost describes more than three decades of national/local racial politics and the unintended consequences of the civil rights movement. It uses the mid-twentieth-century urban history of Richmond, Virginia, to explain the political abuses that often accompanied American electoral reforms. The rights embodied in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 cannot be explained by separating the mobilization of black voters, on one hand, and federal policy directed toward race, on the other. The story first examines the suffrage crusades that predated the Voting Rights Act and how an organization called the Richmond Crusade for Voters mobilized African Americans a decade prior to 1965. As the Crusade mobilized voters, its members met firm resistance from their white counterparts. Local people and federal officials beat back the forces of white resistance by implementing majority–minority district systems. Although the reapportionment revolution led directly to the election of a black-majority city council in Richmond in 1977, it, too, had unintended consequences. The very forces that made Richmond’s majority–minority district system possible—an increase in African American populations in densely packed enclaves, unremitting residential segregation, white flight, and urban retrenchment—were the same that brought about intensifying marginalization in black communities during the twilight of the twentieth century. This story follows black voter mobilization to its logical conclusion: black empowerment and governance. It demonstrates that mid-twentieth-century urban redevelopment left a lasting impression on America’s cities. Richmond’s black-majority council struggled to negotiate the tension between rising expectations in black communities, sustained white resistance, and structural forces beyond the realm of politics.
CHRISTOPHER MORASH
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198182795
- eISBN:
- 9780191673887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182795.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Far from being distracting pieces of narrative machinery which obscure the ‘real’ representation of the Irish Famine, the conventional elements of Victorian fiction give the Famine form and hence ...
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Far from being distracting pieces of narrative machinery which obscure the ‘real’ representation of the Irish Famine, the conventional elements of Victorian fiction give the Famine form and hence meaning, constructing ethical subjects in the midst of atrocity. As always, even when he is not mentioned by name, Thomas Malthus stands behind this process, ghostwriting the shape of narrative. While it might be argued that the linear form of the realist novel has a tendency to write all history as progress, three novels in particular inscribe the Famine in narratives of social improvement: Anthony Trollope's Castle Richmond; Annie Keary's Castle Daly; and Margaret Brew's The Chronicles of Castle Cloyne. It is this Malthusian metanarrative of class change, with its Darwinian overtones, which one sees acted out in the novels of Annie Keary, Margaret Brew, and Anthony Trollope in the decades after the Famine.Less
Far from being distracting pieces of narrative machinery which obscure the ‘real’ representation of the Irish Famine, the conventional elements of Victorian fiction give the Famine form and hence meaning, constructing ethical subjects in the midst of atrocity. As always, even when he is not mentioned by name, Thomas Malthus stands behind this process, ghostwriting the shape of narrative. While it might be argued that the linear form of the realist novel has a tendency to write all history as progress, three novels in particular inscribe the Famine in narratives of social improvement: Anthony Trollope's Castle Richmond; Annie Keary's Castle Daly; and Margaret Brew's The Chronicles of Castle Cloyne. It is this Malthusian metanarrative of class change, with its Darwinian overtones, which one sees acted out in the novels of Annie Keary, Margaret Brew, and Anthony Trollope in the decades after the Famine.
Andrew Billingsley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195161793
- eISBN:
- 9780199849512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161793.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Emancipation and Reconstruction were played out somewhat differently in Richmond than in Savannah, but no less dramatically. As the Confederates watched their world crumble, blacks in Richmond ...
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Emancipation and Reconstruction were played out somewhat differently in Richmond than in Savannah, but no less dramatically. As the Confederates watched their world crumble, blacks in Richmond watched a new world take shape, one in which their longings for freedom and dignity seemed to be on the brink of being satisfied. The black church became a source of courage and will to resist further oppression and inequity. The confrontation at the First African Baptist Church is described. In the evolution of the First African Baptist Church of Richmond, its social reform impact would be most dramatically expressed through the lives of its members who took the teaching of the church into the larger society through their roles as change agents. Prominent among these individuals were Lott Carey, Collin Teague, Jane Richards, Rev. Robert Ryland, Rev. James H. Holmes, Mrs. Maggie Lena Walker, and L. Douglass Wilder. All these members of this historic church represented and implemented the social reform mission of the church in their various achievements.Less
Emancipation and Reconstruction were played out somewhat differently in Richmond than in Savannah, but no less dramatically. As the Confederates watched their world crumble, blacks in Richmond watched a new world take shape, one in which their longings for freedom and dignity seemed to be on the brink of being satisfied. The black church became a source of courage and will to resist further oppression and inequity. The confrontation at the First African Baptist Church is described. In the evolution of the First African Baptist Church of Richmond, its social reform impact would be most dramatically expressed through the lives of its members who took the teaching of the church into the larger society through their roles as change agents. Prominent among these individuals were Lott Carey, Collin Teague, Jane Richards, Rev. Robert Ryland, Rev. James H. Holmes, Mrs. Maggie Lena Walker, and L. Douglass Wilder. All these members of this historic church represented and implemented the social reform mission of the church in their various achievements.
James Sambrook
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117889
- eISBN:
- 9780191671104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117889.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This chapter discusses the time Thomson spent in Richmond, which allowed the poet to visit other royal patrons aside from the Prince of Wales, such as Queen Catherine and Amelia, the Princess Royal. ...
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This chapter discusses the time Thomson spent in Richmond, which allowed the poet to visit other royal patrons aside from the Prince of Wales, such as Queen Catherine and Amelia, the Princess Royal. Other works of Thomson discussed in this chapter include the elegy he wrote in honour of the Lord Chancellor, who died on February 14, 1737.Less
This chapter discusses the time Thomson spent in Richmond, which allowed the poet to visit other royal patrons aside from the Prince of Wales, such as Queen Catherine and Amelia, the Princess Royal. Other works of Thomson discussed in this chapter include the elegy he wrote in honour of the Lord Chancellor, who died on February 14, 1737.
Jeff Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807835456
- eISBN:
- 9781469601816
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869970_wilson
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
Buddhism in the United States is often viewed in connection with practitioners in the Northeast and on the West Coast, but in fact, it has been spreading and evolving throughout the United States ...
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Buddhism in the United States is often viewed in connection with practitioners in the Northeast and on the West Coast, but in fact, it has been spreading and evolving throughout the United States since the mid-nineteenth century. This book argues that region is crucial to understanding American Buddhism. Through the lens of a multidenominational Buddhist temple in Richmond, Virginia, it explores how Buddhists are adapting to life in the conservative evangelical Christian culture of the South, and how traditional Southerners are adjusting to these newer members on the religious landscape. Introducing a host of overlooked characters, including Buddhist circuit riders, modernist Pure Land priests, and pluralistic Buddhists, the author shows how regional specificity manifests itself through such practices as meditation vigils to heal the wounds of the slave trade. He argues that southern Buddhists at once use bodily practices, iconography, and meditation tools to enact distinct sectarian identities even as they enjoy a creative hybridity.Less
Buddhism in the United States is often viewed in connection with practitioners in the Northeast and on the West Coast, but in fact, it has been spreading and evolving throughout the United States since the mid-nineteenth century. This book argues that region is crucial to understanding American Buddhism. Through the lens of a multidenominational Buddhist temple in Richmond, Virginia, it explores how Buddhists are adapting to life in the conservative evangelical Christian culture of the South, and how traditional Southerners are adjusting to these newer members on the religious landscape. Introducing a host of overlooked characters, including Buddhist circuit riders, modernist Pure Land priests, and pluralistic Buddhists, the author shows how regional specificity manifests itself through such practices as meditation vigils to heal the wounds of the slave trade. He argues that southern Buddhists at once use bodily practices, iconography, and meditation tools to enact distinct sectarian identities even as they enjoy a creative hybridity.
W. A. Sessions
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186250
- eISBN:
- 9780191674457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186250.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
Henry Howard's friendship with the illegitimate son of Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset, took him from childhood to early manhood. In the years between 1529 and 1536, when ...
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Henry Howard's friendship with the illegitimate son of Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset, took him from childhood to early manhood. In the years between 1529 and 1536, when English culture underwent fundamental changes, the relationship of the two young men provided Surrey with a level of freedom from his past, that of the fathers and the mother, he had never known before. At least he dramatized it so, imprisoned at Windsor Castle in 1537, in his elegiac poems on Richmond's early death in 1536 and his own loss. This next stage in the life of Henry Howard is, in many ways, the most compelling and, in others, the most problematic. However, later centuries judged the two poetic texts that resulted from this experience of friendship and love, a reader can only conclude from their language that Surrey had found in Richmond the other self that every Petrarchan poet was seeking.Less
Henry Howard's friendship with the illegitimate son of Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset, took him from childhood to early manhood. In the years between 1529 and 1536, when English culture underwent fundamental changes, the relationship of the two young men provided Surrey with a level of freedom from his past, that of the fathers and the mother, he had never known before. At least he dramatized it so, imprisoned at Windsor Castle in 1537, in his elegiac poems on Richmond's early death in 1536 and his own loss. This next stage in the life of Henry Howard is, in many ways, the most compelling and, in others, the most problematic. However, later centuries judged the two poetic texts that resulted from this experience of friendship and love, a reader can only conclude from their language that Surrey had found in Richmond the other self that every Petrarchan poet was seeking.
Viola Franziska Müller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056036
- eISBN:
- 9780813053806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056036.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
As antebellum Virginia became the main point of departure for the domestic slave trade and enslaved people increasingly ran the risk of being sold and deported to the Deep South, the free black ...
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As antebellum Virginia became the main point of departure for the domestic slave trade and enslaved people increasingly ran the risk of being sold and deported to the Deep South, the free black population of Richmond, Virginia, was substantially augmented by an influx of fugitive slaves from the surrounding countryside who attempted to escape slavery by illegally passing themselves off as free. At the same time, the city became an important industrial site, stimulating an incessant demand for factory workers (both men and women) and domestic servants in the households of the growing white merchant class, thereby significantly expanding employment opportunities for black residents. These developments provided opportunities for slave refugees to hide amongst the free black population, pass for free, and find work in the booming labor markets of the city. Following up on the previous chapter, this chapter zooms in on a specific case study and focuses on the residential and economic integration of slave refugees in the Antebellum South, the interdependence of free blacks and fugitive slaves, and the intermingling of the lower classes within the bustling urban environment of Virginia’s capital city. Drawing from police registers, runaway slave ads, and court documents—all of which reveal illuminating details about the lives of runaway slaves and their interactions with the free black population—it reveals how fugitive slaves navigated an informal freedom in ways similar to the migration experiences of today’s illegal immigrants.Less
As antebellum Virginia became the main point of departure for the domestic slave trade and enslaved people increasingly ran the risk of being sold and deported to the Deep South, the free black population of Richmond, Virginia, was substantially augmented by an influx of fugitive slaves from the surrounding countryside who attempted to escape slavery by illegally passing themselves off as free. At the same time, the city became an important industrial site, stimulating an incessant demand for factory workers (both men and women) and domestic servants in the households of the growing white merchant class, thereby significantly expanding employment opportunities for black residents. These developments provided opportunities for slave refugees to hide amongst the free black population, pass for free, and find work in the booming labor markets of the city. Following up on the previous chapter, this chapter zooms in on a specific case study and focuses on the residential and economic integration of slave refugees in the Antebellum South, the interdependence of free blacks and fugitive slaves, and the intermingling of the lower classes within the bustling urban environment of Virginia’s capital city. Drawing from police registers, runaway slave ads, and court documents—all of which reveal illuminating details about the lives of runaway slaves and their interactions with the free black population—it reveals how fugitive slaves navigated an informal freedom in ways similar to the migration experiences of today’s illegal immigrants.
F.P. Lock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541539
- eISBN:
- 9780191701238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541539.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Ideas
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1785 to 1786. Burke was elected and assumed office as a Member of Parliament in August 1785. ...
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This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1785 to 1786. Burke was elected and assumed office as a Member of Parliament in August 1785. During this period he spoke mostly about Indian issues. After the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, Burke rarely had occasion to speak in Parliament on American affairs. And in February 1786 he failed to attend the debate on Duke Richmond's proposed dockyard fortifications.Less
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1785 to 1786. Burke was elected and assumed office as a Member of Parliament in August 1785. During this period he spoke mostly about Indian issues. After the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, Burke rarely had occasion to speak in Parliament on American affairs. And in February 1786 he failed to attend the debate on Duke Richmond's proposed dockyard fortifications.
Steven E. Nash
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125817
- eISBN:
- 9780813135533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125817.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
The Civil War brought privation, loss of life, and governmental power to western Carolinians' doorsteps to an unprecedented degree. Conscription officers, tax collectors, and soldiers became ...
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The Civil War brought privation, loss of life, and governmental power to western Carolinians' doorsteps to an unprecedented degree. Conscription officers, tax collectors, and soldiers became commonplace in the region during the war. White mountaineers greeted the Richmond government's policies with more of an attitude of exasperation than the defiant opposition that many later observers read into their responses. When the Richmond government inaugurated the first draft of the war in April 1862, its exemption for white men on farms with 20 or more slaves led to a spike in desertion and violence.Less
The Civil War brought privation, loss of life, and governmental power to western Carolinians' doorsteps to an unprecedented degree. Conscription officers, tax collectors, and soldiers became commonplace in the region during the war. White mountaineers greeted the Richmond government's policies with more of an attitude of exasperation than the defiant opposition that many later observers read into their responses. When the Richmond government inaugurated the first draft of the war in April 1862, its exemption for white men on farms with 20 or more slaves led to a spike in desertion and violence.
Michael Ayers Trotti
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807831786
- eISBN:
- 9781469604374
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899038_trotti
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Centered on a series of dramatic murders in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Richmond, Virginia, this book uses these gripping stories of crime to explore the evolution of sensationalism in ...
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Centered on a series of dramatic murders in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Richmond, Virginia, this book uses these gripping stories of crime to explore the evolution of sensationalism in southern culture. In Richmond, as across the nation, the embrace of modernity was accompanied by the prodigious growth of mass culture and its accelerating interest in lurid stories of crime and bloodshed. While others have emphasized the importance of the penny press and yellow journalism on the shifting nature of the media and cultural responses to violence, this book reveals a more gradual and nuanced story of change. In addition, Richmond's racial makeup (one-third to one-half of the population was African American) allows the book to challenge assumptions about how black and white media reported the sensational; the surprising discrepancies offer insight into just how differently these two communities experienced American justice.Less
Centered on a series of dramatic murders in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Richmond, Virginia, this book uses these gripping stories of crime to explore the evolution of sensationalism in southern culture. In Richmond, as across the nation, the embrace of modernity was accompanied by the prodigious growth of mass culture and its accelerating interest in lurid stories of crime and bloodshed. While others have emphasized the importance of the penny press and yellow journalism on the shifting nature of the media and cultural responses to violence, this book reveals a more gradual and nuanced story of change. In addition, Richmond's racial makeup (one-third to one-half of the population was African American) allows the book to challenge assumptions about how black and white media reported the sensational; the surprising discrepancies offer insight into just how differently these two communities experienced American justice.
Hilary Green
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823270118
- eISBN:
- 9780823270156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823270118.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This chapter explores the expansion and refinement of the educational relationships forged by black Richmonders through Richmond Colored Normal. These relationships not only facilitated the creation ...
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This chapter explores the expansion and refinement of the educational relationships forged by black Richmonders through Richmond Colored Normal. These relationships not only facilitated the creation of crucial resources for African American education but also permitted the continuation of educational opportunities for African Americans whether as students, teachers, or administrators in the new system. Outside the classroom, Richmond Colored Normal graduates’ participation in literary societies and racial uplift organizations made them essential assets to black Richmonders. Without Richmond Colored Normal and its graduates, the chapter argues that the public schools and turn of the century racial uplift activism would have been greatly impaired.Less
This chapter explores the expansion and refinement of the educational relationships forged by black Richmonders through Richmond Colored Normal. These relationships not only facilitated the creation of crucial resources for African American education but also permitted the continuation of educational opportunities for African Americans whether as students, teachers, or administrators in the new system. Outside the classroom, Richmond Colored Normal graduates’ participation in literary societies and racial uplift organizations made them essential assets to black Richmonders. Without Richmond Colored Normal and its graduates, the chapter argues that the public schools and turn of the century racial uplift activism would have been greatly impaired.
Sarah Winter
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823233526
- eISBN:
- 9780823241132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823233526.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter examines one of Dickens's most popular serial novels alongside the religious tracts that were a hallmark of Evangelical propagandizing. Even as it shares with Evangelical tracts certain ...
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This chapter examines one of Dickens's most popular serial novels alongside the religious tracts that were a hallmark of Evangelical propagandizing. Even as it shares with Evangelical tracts certain common associationist assumptions about the effects of reading on the memory, The Old Curiosity Shop contests the cultural politics of the larger evangelical movement by subverting the rhetorical and ideological rationales behind didactic fictions, such as Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts and Legh Richmond's Annals of the Poor. Shaping an “anti-didactic” strategy for popular fiction, Dickens's moralizing tale about Little Nell's unjust death counteracts the cultural influence of evangelicalism by substituting a benevolent curiosity and activist sensibility in the place of Evangelical fiction's staging of pious deaths to motivate the reader's religious conversion and social deference.Less
This chapter examines one of Dickens's most popular serial novels alongside the religious tracts that were a hallmark of Evangelical propagandizing. Even as it shares with Evangelical tracts certain common associationist assumptions about the effects of reading on the memory, The Old Curiosity Shop contests the cultural politics of the larger evangelical movement by subverting the rhetorical and ideological rationales behind didactic fictions, such as Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts and Legh Richmond's Annals of the Poor. Shaping an “anti-didactic” strategy for popular fiction, Dickens's moralizing tale about Little Nell's unjust death counteracts the cultural influence of evangelicalism by substituting a benevolent curiosity and activist sensibility in the place of Evangelical fiction's staging of pious deaths to motivate the reader's religious conversion and social deference.
Shirley Ann Wilson Moore
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520215658
- eISBN:
- 9780520927124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520215658.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book traces the development of the African American community in Richmond, California, a city on the San Francisco Bay. This social history, based on numerous oral histories, newspapers, and ...
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This book traces the development of the African American community in Richmond, California, a city on the San Francisco Bay. This social history, based on numerous oral histories, newspapers, and archival collections, is the first to examine the historical development of one black working-class community over a fifty-year period. Offering a gritty view of daily life in Richmond, the author examines the process and effect of migration, the rise of a black urban industrial workforce, and the dynamics of community development. She describes the culture that migrants brought with them—including music, food, religion, and sports—and shows how these traditions were adapted to new circumstances. Working-class African Americans in Richmond used their cultural venues—especially the city's legendary blues clubs—as staging grounds from which to challenge the racial status quo, with a steadfast determination not to be “Jim Crowed” in the Golden State. As the work shows, working-class African Americans often stood at the forefront of the struggle for equality and were linked to larger political, social, and cultural currents that transformed the nation in the postwar period.Less
This book traces the development of the African American community in Richmond, California, a city on the San Francisco Bay. This social history, based on numerous oral histories, newspapers, and archival collections, is the first to examine the historical development of one black working-class community over a fifty-year period. Offering a gritty view of daily life in Richmond, the author examines the process and effect of migration, the rise of a black urban industrial workforce, and the dynamics of community development. She describes the culture that migrants brought with them—including music, food, religion, and sports—and shows how these traditions were adapted to new circumstances. Working-class African Americans in Richmond used their cultural venues—especially the city's legendary blues clubs—as staging grounds from which to challenge the racial status quo, with a steadfast determination not to be “Jim Crowed” in the Golden State. As the work shows, working-class African Americans often stood at the forefront of the struggle for equality and were linked to larger political, social, and cultural currents that transformed the nation in the postwar period.
Alex Schafran
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520286443
- eISBN:
- 9780520961678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520286443.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter focuses primarily on Richmond and Oakland and the military-industrial spaces of the Bay Area, on important African American places that struggled with the long legacy of ghettoized ...
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This chapter focuses primarily on Richmond and Oakland and the military-industrial spaces of the Bay Area, on important African American places that struggled with the long legacy of ghettoized segregation and its geographic relationship to highways and heavy industry. It examines the struggles of downtown development, brownfield redevelopment, and the lost opportunity that has been the redevelopment of the old military bases. It examines the interlinked violence of air pollution and homicide that plagued these communities, part of a set of issues which the fiscally challenged cities were unable to meet. In doing so, it highlights the same mix of local responsibility and collective failure that marked the previous chapters. But it also discusses a profound dilemma particular to these communities.Less
This chapter focuses primarily on Richmond and Oakland and the military-industrial spaces of the Bay Area, on important African American places that struggled with the long legacy of ghettoized segregation and its geographic relationship to highways and heavy industry. It examines the struggles of downtown development, brownfield redevelopment, and the lost opportunity that has been the redevelopment of the old military bases. It examines the interlinked violence of air pollution and homicide that plagued these communities, part of a set of issues which the fiscally challenged cities were unable to meet. In doing so, it highlights the same mix of local responsibility and collective failure that marked the previous chapters. But it also discusses a profound dilemma particular to these communities.
Shirley Ann Wilson Moore
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520215658
- eISBN:
- 9780520927124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520215658.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
A blackwater on the San Francisco Bay in Northern California named Richmond was transformed into the typical war boomtown when Henry J. Kaiser and other defense contractors located four shipyards and ...
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A blackwater on the San Francisco Bay in Northern California named Richmond was transformed into the typical war boomtown when Henry J. Kaiser and other defense contractors located four shipyards and numerous war industries there in 1940. Even though the war was the essential part of the story of Richmond's transformation, the history of African Americans there started before World War II, which brought many black people to the west. The content of this book examines the history of the African American community in Richmond during the critical transitional years of the first half of the twentieth century. It places the activities of black working-class men and women, observed by some peasants who were spatially and intellectually isolated from larger social currents, at the center of the nation's most profound events.Less
A blackwater on the San Francisco Bay in Northern California named Richmond was transformed into the typical war boomtown when Henry J. Kaiser and other defense contractors located four shipyards and numerous war industries there in 1940. Even though the war was the essential part of the story of Richmond's transformation, the history of African Americans there started before World War II, which brought many black people to the west. The content of this book examines the history of the African American community in Richmond during the critical transitional years of the first half of the twentieth century. It places the activities of black working-class men and women, observed by some peasants who were spatially and intellectually isolated from larger social currents, at the center of the nation's most profound events.
Shirley Ann Wilson Moore
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520215658
- eISBN:
- 9780520927124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520215658.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Ever since Richmond was founded, African Americans had resided in there and been part of the city's industrial life. These people in Richmond numbered just 29 out of 6,802 in 1910, but with the ...
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Ever since Richmond was founded, African Americans had resided in there and been part of the city's industrial life. These people in Richmond numbered just 29 out of 6,802 in 1910, but with the coming of the Kaiser shipyards, the black population increased radically. In 1894, through the coming of the Mexicans, Richmond's city-building period began in earnest, as American land developers won legal title to large portions of Mexican land grants and set out to convert the region's small agricultural outpost into blocks of neat city lots on subdivision maps. The largest group of Richmond's residents was a “class of high grade workers and specialized mechanics” who sold their services to the city's factories, industries, and waterfront business.Less
Ever since Richmond was founded, African Americans had resided in there and been part of the city's industrial life. These people in Richmond numbered just 29 out of 6,802 in 1910, but with the coming of the Kaiser shipyards, the black population increased radically. In 1894, through the coming of the Mexicans, Richmond's city-building period began in earnest, as American land developers won legal title to large portions of Mexican land grants and set out to convert the region's small agricultural outpost into blocks of neat city lots on subdivision maps. The largest group of Richmond's residents was a “class of high grade workers and specialized mechanics” who sold their services to the city's factories, industries, and waterfront business.
Shirley Ann Wilson Moore
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520215658
- eISBN:
- 9780520927124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520215658.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The arrival of the Kaiser shipyards was the cause and symbol of the war in Richmond, as well as the catalyst that changed the city, and seemed to realize the founder's dreams of industrial supremacy. ...
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The arrival of the Kaiser shipyards was the cause and symbol of the war in Richmond, as well as the catalyst that changed the city, and seemed to realize the founder's dreams of industrial supremacy. The president of the Parr-Richmond Terminal Corporation convinced Henry J. Kaiser to bring his federal contract to build British merchant ships to Richmond Harbor, California's second largest port. Shipyard work presented African Americans with an economic shift upward, which placed them at the center and at times as the precursor of Richmond's economic, industrial, and social transformation. The Kaiser yard proved to be a mixed blessing, worsened the conflict between small-townism and industrialism, increased racial tension, and thrust African Americans into the spotlight. The shipyards provided the industrial economic base the city had sought since 1905.Less
The arrival of the Kaiser shipyards was the cause and symbol of the war in Richmond, as well as the catalyst that changed the city, and seemed to realize the founder's dreams of industrial supremacy. The president of the Parr-Richmond Terminal Corporation convinced Henry J. Kaiser to bring his federal contract to build British merchant ships to Richmond Harbor, California's second largest port. Shipyard work presented African Americans with an economic shift upward, which placed them at the center and at times as the precursor of Richmond's economic, industrial, and social transformation. The Kaiser yard proved to be a mixed blessing, worsened the conflict between small-townism and industrialism, increased racial tension, and thrust African Americans into the spotlight. The shipyards provided the industrial economic base the city had sought since 1905.
