Gavin Daly
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097027
- eISBN:
- 9781526103987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097027.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the nature of the French Revolutionary-Napoleonic Wars in light of recent historical debates over the question of ‘total war’ and the degree to which these wars constitute ‘old’ ...
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This chapter explores the nature of the French Revolutionary-Napoleonic Wars in light of recent historical debates over the question of ‘total war’ and the degree to which these wars constitute ‘old’ or ‘new’ wars within the broad currents of European history. The focus is on France as the epicentre of the wars. Notwithstanding continuities with the past, and regional and time variations, this chapter argues for important quantitative and qualitative changes in the nature of the French experience of war over this period: the ideologisation of war, the extraordinary growth of the state’s claims over its citizens for the purpose of waging war, the nation-in-arms, and the unprecedented impact of war on the lives of civilians.Less
This chapter explores the nature of the French Revolutionary-Napoleonic Wars in light of recent historical debates over the question of ‘total war’ and the degree to which these wars constitute ‘old’ or ‘new’ wars within the broad currents of European history. The focus is on France as the epicentre of the wars. Notwithstanding continuities with the past, and regional and time variations, this chapter argues for important quantitative and qualitative changes in the nature of the French experience of war over this period: the ideologisation of war, the extraordinary growth of the state’s claims over its citizens for the purpose of waging war, the nation-in-arms, and the unprecedented impact of war on the lives of civilians.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693078
- eISBN:
- 9780191732256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693078.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 ...
More
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements – both Protestant and Catholic – and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.Less
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements – both Protestant and Catholic – and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that ...
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The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that fears about the arrival of disease were bound up with fears about a French invasion and the permeation of revolutionary ideas. Attempts to guard against yellow fever using quarantine thus acquired additional meanings, and the doctrine of contagion on which quarantine was based was staunchly defended by the conservative political elite and senior members of the medical profession. However, many colonial practitioners challenged the theory of contagion and the system of quarantine, some equating these with tyranny and oppression, professional and political. Although they made little impact upon official doctrines, this chapter shows that colonial practitioners had begun seriously to challenge the authority of the Royal College of Physicians.Less
The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that fears about the arrival of disease were bound up with fears about a French invasion and the permeation of revolutionary ideas. Attempts to guard against yellow fever using quarantine thus acquired additional meanings, and the doctrine of contagion on which quarantine was based was staunchly defended by the conservative political elite and senior members of the medical profession. However, many colonial practitioners challenged the theory of contagion and the system of quarantine, some equating these with tyranny and oppression, professional and political. Although they made little impact upon official doctrines, this chapter shows that colonial practitioners had begun seriously to challenge the authority of the Royal College of Physicians.
Gillian Russell
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122630
- eISBN:
- 9780191671500
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122630.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This book reveals the importance of the theatre in the shaping of response to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The author explores the roles of the military and navy as both actors ...
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This book reveals the importance of the theatre in the shaping of response to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The author explores the roles of the military and navy as both actors and audiences, and shows their performances to be crucial to their self-perception as actors fighting on behalf of an often distant domestic audience. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars of 1793–1815 had profound consequences for British society, politics, and culture. In this study of the cultural dimension of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the author examines an important dimension of the experience of them: theatricality. Through this study, the theatre emerges as a place where battles were celebrated in the form of spectacular re-enactments, and where the tensions of mobilization on a hitherto unprecedented scale were played out in the form of riots and disturbances. Members of the military and the navy were actively engaged in such shows, taking to the stage as actors in the theatres of Britain, in ships off Portsmouth, and in the garrisons and battlefields of continental Europe and the empire.Less
This book reveals the importance of the theatre in the shaping of response to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The author explores the roles of the military and navy as both actors and audiences, and shows their performances to be crucial to their self-perception as actors fighting on behalf of an often distant domestic audience. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars of 1793–1815 had profound consequences for British society, politics, and culture. In this study of the cultural dimension of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the author examines an important dimension of the experience of them: theatricality. Through this study, the theatre emerges as a place where battles were celebrated in the form of spectacular re-enactments, and where the tensions of mobilization on a hitherto unprecedented scale were played out in the form of riots and disturbances. Members of the military and the navy were actively engaged in such shows, taking to the stage as actors in the theatres of Britain, in ships off Portsmouth, and in the garrisons and battlefields of continental Europe and the empire.
Erica Charters, Eve Rosenhaft, and Hannah Smith (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846317118
- eISBN:
- 9781846317699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317699
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the relationship between civilians and warfare from the start of the Thirty Years War to the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It interrogates received narratives of ...
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This book examines the relationship between civilians and warfare from the start of the Thirty Years War to the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It interrogates received narratives of warfare that identify the development of modern ‘total’ war with the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and instead considers the continuities and transformations in warfare over the course of 200 years. The book examines prisoners of war, the cultures of plunder, the tensions of billeting, and war-time atrocities throughout England, France, Spain, and the German territories. It also explores the legal practices surrounding the conduct and aftermath of war; representations of civilians, soldiers, and militias; and the philosophical underpinnings of warfare. The book probes what it meant to be a civilian in territories beset by invasion and civil war or in times when ‘peace’ at home was accompanied by almost continuous military engagement abroad. It shows civilians not only as anguished sufferers, but also directly involved with war: fighting back with shocking violence, profiting from war-time needs, and negotiating for material and social redress. Finally, the book shows us individuals and societies coming to terms with the moral and political challenges posed by the business of drawing lines between ‘civilians’ and ‘soldiers’.Less
This book examines the relationship between civilians and warfare from the start of the Thirty Years War to the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It interrogates received narratives of warfare that identify the development of modern ‘total’ war with the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and instead considers the continuities and transformations in warfare over the course of 200 years. The book examines prisoners of war, the cultures of plunder, the tensions of billeting, and war-time atrocities throughout England, France, Spain, and the German territories. It also explores the legal practices surrounding the conduct and aftermath of war; representations of civilians, soldiers, and militias; and the philosophical underpinnings of warfare. The book probes what it meant to be a civilian in territories beset by invasion and civil war or in times when ‘peace’ at home was accompanied by almost continuous military engagement abroad. It shows civilians not only as anguished sufferers, but also directly involved with war: fighting back with shocking violence, profiting from war-time needs, and negotiating for material and social redress. Finally, the book shows us individuals and societies coming to terms with the moral and political challenges posed by the business of drawing lines between ‘civilians’ and ‘soldiers’.
Sibylle Scheipers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199646111
- eISBN:
- 9780191756160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646111.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The concept of irregular warfare emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Irregular warfare was initially conceptualized as a tactical complement of regular warfare. However, with the nationalization ...
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The concept of irregular warfare emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Irregular warfare was initially conceptualized as a tactical complement of regular warfare. However, with the nationalization of war in the framework of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars a completely new notion of irregular warfare developed. Irregular fighters such as the French counter-revolutionary fighters in the Vendée and elsewhere, as well as guerrilla fighters in Napoleon’s empire, were denounced as illegitimate combatants. The marginalization of irregular fighters thus arose from the ambiguity of the idea of the levée en masse: if the nationalization of war meant that national war was essentially people’s war, it was difficult to deny that popular uprisings could have political legitimacy too. The denunciation of the irregular as the illegitimate fighter solved this dilemma.Less
The concept of irregular warfare emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Irregular warfare was initially conceptualized as a tactical complement of regular warfare. However, with the nationalization of war in the framework of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars a completely new notion of irregular warfare developed. Irregular fighters such as the French counter-revolutionary fighters in the Vendée and elsewhere, as well as guerrilla fighters in Napoleon’s empire, were denounced as illegitimate combatants. The marginalization of irregular fighters thus arose from the ambiguity of the idea of the levée en masse: if the nationalization of war meant that national war was essentially people’s war, it was difficult to deny that popular uprisings could have political legitimacy too. The denunciation of the irregular as the illegitimate fighter solved this dilemma.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198731016
- eISBN:
- 9780191730870
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 ...
More
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements — both Protestant and Catholic — and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.Less
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements — both Protestant and Catholic — and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Kate McLoughlin
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266267
- eISBN:
- 9780191869198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266267.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three ...
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Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three veterans have been stupefied by their experiences in mass, industrial, globalized war – William Wordsworth’s ‘Discharged Soldier’ in the French Revolutionary Wars, Rebecca West’s Chris Baldry (The Return of the Soldier (1918)) and Virginia Woolf’s Septimus Warren Smith (Mrs Dalloway (1925)) in the First World War. Consequently, they are unable to process their experiences into communicable wisdom – a different thing from being able to describe them. Those who encounter these veterans (and this includes the texts’ readers) may feel sadness or anger at their plight. But, though there is affect, there is no empathy, whether through body or mind. All that remains is to look upon these unfathoming, unfathomable characters with consternation.Less
Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three veterans have been stupefied by their experiences in mass, industrial, globalized war – William Wordsworth’s ‘Discharged Soldier’ in the French Revolutionary Wars, Rebecca West’s Chris Baldry (The Return of the Soldier (1918)) and Virginia Woolf’s Septimus Warren Smith (Mrs Dalloway (1925)) in the First World War. Consequently, they are unable to process their experiences into communicable wisdom – a different thing from being able to describe them. Those who encounter these veterans (and this includes the texts’ readers) may feel sadness or anger at their plight. But, though there is affect, there is no empathy, whether through body or mind. All that remains is to look upon these unfathoming, unfathomable characters with consternation.
Jonathan Eacott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622309
- eISBN:
- 9781469623153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622309.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, British and American codependence in the India trade heightened, and so too did codependence in British industrial production and American cotton ...
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During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, British and American codependence in the India trade heightened, and so too did codependence in British industrial production and American cotton cultivation. American ships and merchants provided ready access for British Indian goods into Napoleon’s Europe, and they supplied Britain with raw cotton from the southern U.S. states. Yet the French Wars also reignited conflict between Britain and the United States, and the resulting embargoes and the War of 1812 magnified the dangers of British dependence on American cotton. By the time of the East India Company’s charter renewal in 1813, British production of India goods and the demand for India’s raw materials had eliminated the benefits believed to have come from the Company’s monopoly.Less
During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, British and American codependence in the India trade heightened, and so too did codependence in British industrial production and American cotton cultivation. American ships and merchants provided ready access for British Indian goods into Napoleon’s Europe, and they supplied Britain with raw cotton from the southern U.S. states. Yet the French Wars also reignited conflict between Britain and the United States, and the resulting embargoes and the War of 1812 magnified the dangers of British dependence on American cotton. By the time of the East India Company’s charter renewal in 1813, British production of India goods and the demand for India’s raw materials had eliminated the benefits believed to have come from the Company’s monopoly.
Mark Hewitson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198787457
- eISBN:
- 9780191829468
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198787457.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
Wars have played a fundamental part in modern German history. Although infrequent, conflicts involving German states have usually been extensive and often catastrophic, constituting turning points ...
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Wars have played a fundamental part in modern German history. Although infrequent, conflicts involving German states have usually been extensive and often catastrophic, constituting turning points for Europe as a whole. This volume is the first in a series of studies that explore how such conflicts were experienced by soldiers and civilians during wartime, and how they were subsequently imagined and understood during peacetime. Without such an understanding, it is difficult to make sense of the dramatic shifts characterizing the politics of Germany and Europe over the past two centuries. The studies argue that the ease—or reluctance—with which Germans went to war, and the far-reaching consequences of such wars on domestic politics, were related to soldiers’ and civilians’ attitudes to violence and death, as well as to long-term transformations in contemporaries’ conceptualization of conflict. Absolute War reassesses the meaning of military conflict for the millions of German subjects who were directly implicated in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Based on a re-reading of contemporary diaries, letters, memoirs, official correspondence, press reports, pamphlets, treatises, poems, and plays, it refocuses attention on combat and conscription as the central components of new forms of mass warfare. It concentrates, in particular, on the impact of violence, killing, and death on soldiers’ and civilians’ experiences and subsequent memories of conflict. War has often been conceived of as ‘an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds’, as Clausewitz put it, but the relationship between military conflicts and violent acts remains a problematic one.Less
Wars have played a fundamental part in modern German history. Although infrequent, conflicts involving German states have usually been extensive and often catastrophic, constituting turning points for Europe as a whole. This volume is the first in a series of studies that explore how such conflicts were experienced by soldiers and civilians during wartime, and how they were subsequently imagined and understood during peacetime. Without such an understanding, it is difficult to make sense of the dramatic shifts characterizing the politics of Germany and Europe over the past two centuries. The studies argue that the ease—or reluctance—with which Germans went to war, and the far-reaching consequences of such wars on domestic politics, were related to soldiers’ and civilians’ attitudes to violence and death, as well as to long-term transformations in contemporaries’ conceptualization of conflict. Absolute War reassesses the meaning of military conflict for the millions of German subjects who were directly implicated in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Based on a re-reading of contemporary diaries, letters, memoirs, official correspondence, press reports, pamphlets, treatises, poems, and plays, it refocuses attention on combat and conscription as the central components of new forms of mass warfare. It concentrates, in particular, on the impact of violence, killing, and death on soldiers’ and civilians’ experiences and subsequent memories of conflict. War has often been conceived of as ‘an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds’, as Clausewitz put it, but the relationship between military conflicts and violent acts remains a problematic one.
Lucy Riall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646494
- eISBN:
- 9780191744815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646494.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Social History
Nelson was created Duke of Bronte and received the vast estate in 1799 as a gift from Ferdinand IV, King of the Two Sicilies. It was a standard, if especially ostentatious, form of military reward ...
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Nelson was created Duke of Bronte and received the vast estate in 1799 as a gift from Ferdinand IV, King of the Two Sicilies. It was a standard, if especially ostentatious, form of military reward and reflected both the ‘Nelson-mania’ prevailing in Naples and the King's personal gratitude to the British for having saved his kingdom from the French Revolutionary armies. But the gift also brought disgrace on Nelson, in that it pointed to his dubious role in the brutal suppression of the Jacobin Republic in Naples (not to mention his love affair with the British ambassador's wife). All was not what it appeared to be in Bronte either. The first British men to arrive there found nothing but trouble and bad luck, and at the time of his death of 1805, Nelson was complaining that the place was a drain on his finances. After Nelson's death, his brother William inherited the estate and the title and, through William's daughter, Charlotte, Lady Bridport, the estate passed to the Bridport family.Less
Nelson was created Duke of Bronte and received the vast estate in 1799 as a gift from Ferdinand IV, King of the Two Sicilies. It was a standard, if especially ostentatious, form of military reward and reflected both the ‘Nelson-mania’ prevailing in Naples and the King's personal gratitude to the British for having saved his kingdom from the French Revolutionary armies. But the gift also brought disgrace on Nelson, in that it pointed to his dubious role in the brutal suppression of the Jacobin Republic in Naples (not to mention his love affair with the British ambassador's wife). All was not what it appeared to be in Bronte either. The first British men to arrive there found nothing but trouble and bad luck, and at the time of his death of 1805, Nelson was complaining that the place was a drain on his finances. After Nelson's death, his brother William inherited the estate and the title and, through William's daughter, Charlotte, Lady Bridport, the estate passed to the Bridport family.
Pascal Firges
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759966
- eISBN:
- 9780191820472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759966.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the persistent French diplomatic efforts to negotiate a Franco-Ottoman alliance. These efforts were one of the most consistent foreign policy doctrines of revolutionary France. ...
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This chapter explores the persistent French diplomatic efforts to negotiate a Franco-Ottoman alliance. These efforts were one of the most consistent foreign policy doctrines of revolutionary France. The first topic of this chapter is how the changes in the strategic aims of French foreign policy took shape during the Revolution. It therefore gives a concise overview of French foreign policy strategies during the old regime. Next, the Ottoman perspective on the French overtures is considered, with an account of the course of Franco-Ottoman negotiations in 1793. Despite a positive bias towards the French, Ottoman policymakers considered France to be too weak and chose to stay neutral and to defer the conclusion of an alliance. The chapter ends with an examination of the obstacles which hampered the accomplishment of the first republican envoy’s diplomatic mission.Less
This chapter explores the persistent French diplomatic efforts to negotiate a Franco-Ottoman alliance. These efforts were one of the most consistent foreign policy doctrines of revolutionary France. The first topic of this chapter is how the changes in the strategic aims of French foreign policy took shape during the Revolution. It therefore gives a concise overview of French foreign policy strategies during the old regime. Next, the Ottoman perspective on the French overtures is considered, with an account of the course of Franco-Ottoman negotiations in 1793. Despite a positive bias towards the French, Ottoman policymakers considered France to be too weak and chose to stay neutral and to defer the conclusion of an alliance. The chapter ends with an examination of the obstacles which hampered the accomplishment of the first republican envoy’s diplomatic mission.
Silvia Marzagalli
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497346
- eISBN:
- 9781786944504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497346.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter examines American consular records in order to understand the priorities of the United States and the configuration of American shipping within the Mediterranean during the French ...
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This chapter examines American consular records in order to understand the priorities of the United States and the configuration of American shipping within the Mediterranean during the French Revolutionary Wars. It explores the establishment of American consulates; the increase in American diplomatic and military presence; the increase in American trade due to the demand for neutral transport during wars; the presence of American ships in Mediterranean ports; and the emergent patterns in American shipping. It discovers that American trade in the Mediterranean was a profitable enough enterprise to justify the Tripolitanian War, but further research into American economic affairs is needed to better understand the long-term American interest in Mediterranean affairs.Less
This chapter examines American consular records in order to understand the priorities of the United States and the configuration of American shipping within the Mediterranean during the French Revolutionary Wars. It explores the establishment of American consulates; the increase in American diplomatic and military presence; the increase in American trade due to the demand for neutral transport during wars; the presence of American ships in Mediterranean ports; and the emergent patterns in American shipping. It discovers that American trade in the Mediterranean was a profitable enough enterprise to justify the Tripolitanian War, but further research into American economic affairs is needed to better understand the long-term American interest in Mediterranean affairs.
