Peter Gatrell and Liubov Zhvanko (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book addresses the unprecedented and overwhelming refugee crisis that the First World War unleashed in Europe. As the war came to an end a senior Red Cross official wrote ‘there were refugees ...
More
This book addresses the unprecedented and overwhelming refugee crisis that the First World War unleashed in Europe. As the war came to an end a senior Red Cross official wrote ‘there were refugees everywhere: it was as if the entire world had to move or was waiting to move’. At least 14 million people were directly affected during the war. Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences and to establish the political, social and cultural significance of the crisis and its post-war legacy. Part of the explanation for the scale and severity of the refugee crisis was that non-combatants caught up in the conflict sought to escape to a place of relative safety. However, mass civilian displacement was also a deliberate outcome of wartime mobilisation. The unexpected presence of millions of refugees posed challenging questions about the forms and extent of assistance. How far did governments assume responsibility for emergency relief, or conversely did they devolve responsibility on to non-state agencies? What impact did the presence of large numbers of refugees have on host communities? In what ways did refugees respond to their predicament? As the war came to an end, questions arose as to whether refugees would return to their homes and how and by whom that process might be managed. How did contemporaries interpret these unsettling issues? Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences as a whole and to establish the political, social and cultural significance and ramifications of the wartime refugee crisis.Less
This book addresses the unprecedented and overwhelming refugee crisis that the First World War unleashed in Europe. As the war came to an end a senior Red Cross official wrote ‘there were refugees everywhere: it was as if the entire world had to move or was waiting to move’. At least 14 million people were directly affected during the war. Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences and to establish the political, social and cultural significance of the crisis and its post-war legacy. Part of the explanation for the scale and severity of the refugee crisis was that non-combatants caught up in the conflict sought to escape to a place of relative safety. However, mass civilian displacement was also a deliberate outcome of wartime mobilisation. The unexpected presence of millions of refugees posed challenging questions about the forms and extent of assistance. How far did governments assume responsibility for emergency relief, or conversely did they devolve responsibility on to non-state agencies? What impact did the presence of large numbers of refugees have on host communities? In what ways did refugees respond to their predicament? As the war came to an end, questions arose as to whether refugees would return to their homes and how and by whom that process might be managed. How did contemporaries interpret these unsettling issues? Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences as a whole and to establish the political, social and cultural significance and ramifications of the wartime refugee crisis.
Daniel Ramírez
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624068
- eISBN:
- 9781469624082
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624068.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Daniel Ramírez's history of twentieth-century Pentecostalism in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands begins in Los Angeles in 1906 with the eruption of the Azusa Street Revival. The Pentecostal ...
More
Daniel Ramírez's history of twentieth-century Pentecostalism in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands begins in Los Angeles in 1906 with the eruption of the Azusa Street Revival. The Pentecostal phenomenon—characterized by ecstatic spiritual practices that included speaking in tongues, perceptions of miracles, interracial mingling, and new popular musical worship traditions from both sides of the border—was criticized by Christian theologians, secular media, and even governmental authorities for behaviors considered to be unorthodox and outrageous. Today, many scholars view the revival as having catalyzed the spread of Pentecostalism and consider the U.S.-Mexico borderlands as one of the most important fountainheads of a religious movement that has thrived not only in North America but worldwide. Ramírez argues that, because of the distance separating the transnational migratory circuits from domineering arbiters of religious and aesthetic orthodoxy in both the United States and Mexico, the region was fertile ground for the religious innovation by which working-class Pentecostals expanded and changed traditional options for practicing the faith. Giving special attention to individuals' and families' firsthand accounts of displacement during the Great Repatriation and to periodical accounts and other testimonials about religious life and movement during the guestworker Bracero program era, and tracing how a vibrant religious music culture tied transnational communities together, Ramírez illuminates the interplay of migration, mobility, and musicality in Pentecostalism's global boom.Less
Daniel Ramírez's history of twentieth-century Pentecostalism in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands begins in Los Angeles in 1906 with the eruption of the Azusa Street Revival. The Pentecostal phenomenon—characterized by ecstatic spiritual practices that included speaking in tongues, perceptions of miracles, interracial mingling, and new popular musical worship traditions from both sides of the border—was criticized by Christian theologians, secular media, and even governmental authorities for behaviors considered to be unorthodox and outrageous. Today, many scholars view the revival as having catalyzed the spread of Pentecostalism and consider the U.S.-Mexico borderlands as one of the most important fountainheads of a religious movement that has thrived not only in North America but worldwide. Ramírez argues that, because of the distance separating the transnational migratory circuits from domineering arbiters of religious and aesthetic orthodoxy in both the United States and Mexico, the region was fertile ground for the religious innovation by which working-class Pentecostals expanded and changed traditional options for practicing the faith. Giving special attention to individuals' and families' firsthand accounts of displacement during the Great Repatriation and to periodical accounts and other testimonials about religious life and movement during the guestworker Bracero program era, and tracing how a vibrant religious music culture tied transnational communities together, Ramírez illuminates the interplay of migration, mobility, and musicality in Pentecostalism's global boom.
Daniel Ramírez
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624068
- eISBN:
- 9781469624082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624068.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Pentecostalism began to acquire institutional form at a moment of great vulnerability and heightened xenophobia. The Great Repatriation of the 1930s leveraged almost a half-million Mexicans and ...
More
Pentecostalism began to acquire institutional form at a moment of great vulnerability and heightened xenophobia. The Great Repatriation of the 1930s leveraged almost a half-million Mexicans and Mexican Americans out of the United States. This chapter recovers the life histories of repatriated Pentecostals (Ignacio Mariscal, Isidro Pérez, and Francisco and José Avalos), whose memories of this wrenching experience are imbedded in generally positive accounts of long ministerial careers. This remarkable resilience and creativity in the face of calamity brought about an unexpected outcome, namely Pentecostalism's expansion into new regions in western (Nayarit, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora) and northern (Chihuahua) Mexico, the strengthening of transnational ties, and later missionary expansion throughout the hemisphere and into Europe. Rather than acquiescing as subdued scapegoats, many repatriates recovered prerogatives of citizenship, inserting themselves into and assuming leadership in agrarian ejidos (the Revolution's chief program) and vigorously contesting the custody of temples (federal property). Taken individually and in concert, Pentecostal subaltern responsive tactics carried strategic implications and yielded important results over time.Less
Pentecostalism began to acquire institutional form at a moment of great vulnerability and heightened xenophobia. The Great Repatriation of the 1930s leveraged almost a half-million Mexicans and Mexican Americans out of the United States. This chapter recovers the life histories of repatriated Pentecostals (Ignacio Mariscal, Isidro Pérez, and Francisco and José Avalos), whose memories of this wrenching experience are imbedded in generally positive accounts of long ministerial careers. This remarkable resilience and creativity in the face of calamity brought about an unexpected outcome, namely Pentecostalism's expansion into new regions in western (Nayarit, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora) and northern (Chihuahua) Mexico, the strengthening of transnational ties, and later missionary expansion throughout the hemisphere and into Europe. Rather than acquiescing as subdued scapegoats, many repatriates recovered prerogatives of citizenship, inserting themselves into and assuming leadership in agrarian ejidos (the Revolution's chief program) and vigorously contesting the custody of temples (federal property). Taken individually and in concert, Pentecostal subaltern responsive tactics carried strategic implications and yielded important results over time.
Alex Dowdall
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter provides complementary perspectives on the experiences of French refugees. The first is the perspective of the state and host communities in the French interior. The chapter examines the ...
More
This chapter provides complementary perspectives on the experiences of French refugees. The first is the perspective of the state and host communities in the French interior. The chapter examines the organisation of official and charitable aid and also examines the role of refugees in supporting the cultural mobilisation of the French nation for war. Originally they were welcomed as the tangible manifestations of ‘German barbarism’, but later on many faced hostility and were seen as a burden. The chapter also argues that in spite of the difficulties and disruptions posed by displacement, refugees successfully maintained communal bonds of solidarity based on the home communities they had left. French refugees were more than the passive recipients of state and charitable aid but actively engaged in managing their circumstances. Finally the chapter considers the return and resettlement of refugees after the war, the moral obligation many felt to return home and rebuild, and role played by memories and commemorations of displacement in post-war French society.Less
This chapter provides complementary perspectives on the experiences of French refugees. The first is the perspective of the state and host communities in the French interior. The chapter examines the organisation of official and charitable aid and also examines the role of refugees in supporting the cultural mobilisation of the French nation for war. Originally they were welcomed as the tangible manifestations of ‘German barbarism’, but later on many faced hostility and were seen as a burden. The chapter also argues that in spite of the difficulties and disruptions posed by displacement, refugees successfully maintained communal bonds of solidarity based on the home communities they had left. French refugees were more than the passive recipients of state and charitable aid but actively engaged in managing their circumstances. Finally the chapter considers the return and resettlement of refugees after the war, the moral obligation many felt to return home and rebuild, and role played by memories and commemorations of displacement in post-war French society.
John Weber
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625232
- eISBN:
- 9781469625256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625232.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter illustrates the conditions of the Great Depression in the region and the failure of local and state governments to deal with the worst consequences of the international economic crisis. ...
More
This chapter illustrates the conditions of the Great Depression in the region and the failure of local and state governments to deal with the worst consequences of the international economic crisis. Public aid remained almost non-existent, but when it did come, local and state politicians wielded relief policies as the latest in a long line of laws meant to tilt the power in labor relations further away from workers. This chapter examines the objective conditions of life during the 1930s. Continued deportation campaigns, higher unemployment rates, and lower wages exacerbated the problems already present in previous decades. Political solutions to these problems, even during the height of New Deal reformism, proved rare and fleeting as agribusiness interests and conservative politicians maintained control of much of the state despite countervailing pressures.Less
This chapter illustrates the conditions of the Great Depression in the region and the failure of local and state governments to deal with the worst consequences of the international economic crisis. Public aid remained almost non-existent, but when it did come, local and state politicians wielded relief policies as the latest in a long line of laws meant to tilt the power in labor relations further away from workers. This chapter examines the objective conditions of life during the 1930s. Continued deportation campaigns, higher unemployment rates, and lower wages exacerbated the problems already present in previous decades. Political solutions to these problems, even during the height of New Deal reformism, proved rare and fleeting as agribusiness interests and conservative politicians maintained control of much of the state despite countervailing pressures.
Dean Aszkielowicz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390724
- eISBN:
- 9789888390427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390724.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Australia’s trials ended in April 1951, and just a few months later in September, the San Francisco Peace Treaty signalled that the Occupation would end the following year and Japan would return to ...
More
Australia’s trials ended in April 1951, and just a few months later in September, the San Francisco Peace Treaty signalled that the Occupation would end the following year and Japan would return to the international community. A nationwide petition movement in Japan began calling for the repatriation of war criminals who had been convicted by Allied courts and resided in overseas prisons, such as some of those convicted by Australia who were now imprisoned on Manus Island. Meanwhile, other war criminals who were convicted by Australian courts resided in Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, and the Japanese government was bound by Article 11 of the peace treaty to keep them in prison until the convicting country allowed their release. Article 11 was not enough to reassure the Australian government that the Japanese would respect the decisions handed down in its war crimes courts, however, and this made the government anxious over repatriating the war criminals on Manus. In Japan, the petition movement began to pressure the Japanese government and the Australian embassy for the return of these prisoners.Less
Australia’s trials ended in April 1951, and just a few months later in September, the San Francisco Peace Treaty signalled that the Occupation would end the following year and Japan would return to the international community. A nationwide petition movement in Japan began calling for the repatriation of war criminals who had been convicted by Allied courts and resided in overseas prisons, such as some of those convicted by Australia who were now imprisoned on Manus Island. Meanwhile, other war criminals who were convicted by Australian courts resided in Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, and the Japanese government was bound by Article 11 of the peace treaty to keep them in prison until the convicting country allowed their release. Article 11 was not enough to reassure the Australian government that the Japanese would respect the decisions handed down in its war crimes courts, however, and this made the government anxious over repatriating the war criminals on Manus. In Japan, the petition movement began to pressure the Japanese government and the Australian embassy for the return of these prisoners.
María Eugenia Cotera
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041211
- eISBN:
- 9780252099809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041211.003.0013
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This essay offers an overview of the El Museo del Norte, a community/university partnership with the goal of establishing a “museum without walls” in Detroit, Michigan. The essay provides some ...
More
This essay offers an overview of the El Museo del Norte, a community/university partnership with the goal of establishing a “museum without walls” in Detroit, Michigan. The essay provides some background on the genesis and development of the museum project, as well as it’s scholarly, pedagogical and community goals. Beyond offering a narrative of the project, the essay also engages with some of the conceptual, methodological, and personal questions that shape such public humanities initiatives. As such, it offers a meditation on the challenges and productive tensions that arise when our scholarship and teaching engages with modes of knowledge production that exceed the boundaries of the classroom or the library.Less
This essay offers an overview of the El Museo del Norte, a community/university partnership with the goal of establishing a “museum without walls” in Detroit, Michigan. The essay provides some background on the genesis and development of the museum project, as well as it’s scholarly, pedagogical and community goals. Beyond offering a narrative of the project, the essay also engages with some of the conceptual, methodological, and personal questions that shape such public humanities initiatives. As such, it offers a meditation on the challenges and productive tensions that arise when our scholarship and teaching engages with modes of knowledge production that exceed the boundaries of the classroom or the library.
Tony Banham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390878
- eISBN:
- 9789888390489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390878.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter Four observes the evacuees’ environment as they fought to be allowed to return to Hong Kong and made the largely unassisted transition from pre-evacuation Colony to the difficulties (real and ...
More
Chapter Four observes the evacuees’ environment as they fought to be allowed to return to Hong Kong and made the largely unassisted transition from pre-evacuation Colony to the difficulties (real and perceived) of life in Australia. They now had the social position of refugees. The eighteen months of separation before the Japanese attack meant families were immediately under strain - at the Hong Kong and Australian ends. The pressure on evacuated families was greater than on those not evacuated, added to by the continuing sense of injustice that many of the latter had deliberately evaded evacuation. The Hong Kong evacuees’ experience is contextualised through comparison with American civilians in the Philippines who were not evacuated and would eventually fare far worse. The vain hope for repatriation to Hong Kong delayed acclimatisation to Australia for many – though now more families realised that they could regain control of their destinies, by the evacuees themselves leaving Australia or by husbands who had been left behind leaving Hong Kong. Meanwhile, demonstrations and petitions calling for repatriation of the evacuees to Hong Kong grew to a crescendo.Less
Chapter Four observes the evacuees’ environment as they fought to be allowed to return to Hong Kong and made the largely unassisted transition from pre-evacuation Colony to the difficulties (real and perceived) of life in Australia. They now had the social position of refugees. The eighteen months of separation before the Japanese attack meant families were immediately under strain - at the Hong Kong and Australian ends. The pressure on evacuated families was greater than on those not evacuated, added to by the continuing sense of injustice that many of the latter had deliberately evaded evacuation. The Hong Kong evacuees’ experience is contextualised through comparison with American civilians in the Philippines who were not evacuated and would eventually fare far worse. The vain hope for repatriation to Hong Kong delayed acclimatisation to Australia for many – though now more families realised that they could regain control of their destinies, by the evacuees themselves leaving Australia or by husbands who had been left behind leaving Hong Kong. Meanwhile, demonstrations and petitions calling for repatriation of the evacuees to Hong Kong grew to a crescendo.
Tony Banham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390878
- eISBN:
- 9789888390489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390878.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter Six argues that the five years elapsed time from arrival in Australia till war’s end transformed the evacuation, for approximately half of those involved, into a permanent though initially ...
More
Chapter Six argues that the five years elapsed time from arrival in Australia till war’s end transformed the evacuation, for approximately half of those involved, into a permanent though initially involuntary migration. For some women their newly forced independence opened fresh horizons and catapulted them into better lives, often continuing without those husbands (either due to war deaths or post-war separations, the latter typically sparked by husbands’ and wives’ different experiences in those years). Children growing up in Australia also found new opportunities which return to post-war British austerity could not match. When families reunited at war’s end, many stayed in Australia, others fragmented, and some returned to Hong Kong or the UK - but many of these later decided to return to Australia. Essentially – for all its grandiose claims of facilitating the defence of the Colony, and actual aims of preventing loss of civilian life - the only long-term effect of the evacuation had been the accidental and unplanned establishment of a unique ‘lost tribe’; a significant segment of today’s Australian population being descended from the garrison and business community of 1940 Hong Kong. Less
Chapter Six argues that the five years elapsed time from arrival in Australia till war’s end transformed the evacuation, for approximately half of those involved, into a permanent though initially involuntary migration. For some women their newly forced independence opened fresh horizons and catapulted them into better lives, often continuing without those husbands (either due to war deaths or post-war separations, the latter typically sparked by husbands’ and wives’ different experiences in those years). Children growing up in Australia also found new opportunities which return to post-war British austerity could not match. When families reunited at war’s end, many stayed in Australia, others fragmented, and some returned to Hong Kong or the UK - but many of these later decided to return to Australia. Essentially – for all its grandiose claims of facilitating the defence of the Colony, and actual aims of preventing loss of civilian life - the only long-term effect of the evacuation had been the accidental and unplanned establishment of a unique ‘lost tribe’; a significant segment of today’s Australian population being descended from the garrison and business community of 1940 Hong Kong.
Greg Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804775366
- eISBN:
- 9780804780704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804775366.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses how the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and similar law shape religious claims and then conduce to misrecognition of the same. NAGPRA hearings both ...
More
This chapter discusses how the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and similar law shape religious claims and then conduce to misrecognition of the same. NAGPRA hearings both legally authorize and provide the occasion for the performance of Hawai'ian genealogies in hearings contesting ownership of sacred objects. Law is both complicit in the legitimizing of Hawai'ian religion and limited in its power to shape that religion in the ways it would like. This chapter notes that Hawai'ian political and religious actors competitively and creatively work and rework both their received traditions and emerging ones in the legal spaces provided by state and federal law.Less
This chapter discusses how the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and similar law shape religious claims and then conduce to misrecognition of the same. NAGPRA hearings both legally authorize and provide the occasion for the performance of Hawai'ian genealogies in hearings contesting ownership of sacred objects. Law is both complicit in the legitimizing of Hawai'ian religion and limited in its power to shape that religion in the ways it would like. This chapter notes that Hawai'ian political and religious actors competitively and creatively work and rework both their received traditions and emerging ones in the legal spaces provided by state and federal law.
Greg Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226248479
- eISBN:
- 9780226248646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226248646.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Using the legal battles surrounding care for ancestors in Hawaiˋi, Johnson queries whether a focus on the politics of religious freedom actually disenfranchises marginalized groups whose religious ...
More
Using the legal battles surrounding care for ancestors in Hawaiˋi, Johnson queries whether a focus on the politics of religious freedom actually disenfranchises marginalized groups whose religious practices have long been considered suspect by the mainstream.Less
Using the legal battles surrounding care for ancestors in Hawaiˋi, Johnson queries whether a focus on the politics of religious freedom actually disenfranchises marginalized groups whose religious practices have long been considered suspect by the mainstream.
Scott Soo
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719086915
- eISBN:
- 9781781706008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086915.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Outlines the reactions of the French authorities, press and public to the refugees’ arrival in France. Although some French nationals reacted with gestures of solidarity, the refugees faced a ...
More
Outlines the reactions of the French authorities, press and public to the refugees’ arrival in France. Although some French nationals reacted with gestures of solidarity, the refugees faced a considerable level of discrimination and pressure to return to Spain. The most visible sign of exclusion existed on the beaches of the French Mediterranean where close to two hundred thousand refugees were penned into sprawling ‘concentration’ camps. The remaining refugees, mostly women, children and the elderly, were housed in reception centres elsewhere in France where conditions were often very basic. Comparisons are drawn between the reductive and scaremongering reporting of the Spanish refugees by much of the French press, and French officials’ descriptions of refugees arriving in their localities. The chapter reveals how French officials mobilised cultural difference in order to secure the exclusion and return of the refugees to Spain.Less
Outlines the reactions of the French authorities, press and public to the refugees’ arrival in France. Although some French nationals reacted with gestures of solidarity, the refugees faced a considerable level of discrimination and pressure to return to Spain. The most visible sign of exclusion existed on the beaches of the French Mediterranean where close to two hundred thousand refugees were penned into sprawling ‘concentration’ camps. The remaining refugees, mostly women, children and the elderly, were housed in reception centres elsewhere in France where conditions were often very basic. Comparisons are drawn between the reductive and scaremongering reporting of the Spanish refugees by much of the French press, and French officials’ descriptions of refugees arriving in their localities. The chapter reveals how French officials mobilised cultural difference in order to secure the exclusion and return of the refugees to Spain.
Domonique deBeaubien and Kate Macuen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813062280
- eISBN:
- 9780813051970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062280.003.0013
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The enactment of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is a powerful tool that in theory affords tribes greater opportunity to bring their ancestors home to rest. ...
More
The enactment of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is a powerful tool that in theory affords tribes greater opportunity to bring their ancestors home to rest. Implementation is a different issue. The bulk of the NAGPRA workload undertaken by the Tribe is completed by the THPO bioarchaeologist who works within the collections section. The bioarchaeologist provides an interface between individual institutions and the THPO by protecting the broader Tribal community from having to deal directly with an issue not culturally appropriate for discussion. Because of the subject matter, the bioarchaeologist must prepare information sufficient for the NAGPRA Committee while staying within culturally appropriate parameters to encourage input from the designated spiritual advisors within the Tribal community.Less
The enactment of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is a powerful tool that in theory affords tribes greater opportunity to bring their ancestors home to rest. Implementation is a different issue. The bulk of the NAGPRA workload undertaken by the Tribe is completed by the THPO bioarchaeologist who works within the collections section. The bioarchaeologist provides an interface between individual institutions and the THPO by protecting the broader Tribal community from having to deal directly with an issue not culturally appropriate for discussion. Because of the subject matter, the bioarchaeologist must prepare information sufficient for the NAGPRA Committee while staying within culturally appropriate parameters to encourage input from the designated spiritual advisors within the Tribal community.
Ruth Leiserowitz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
As a region bordering the Russian Empire, East Prussia was (apart from Alsace-Lorraine) the only part of the German Empire to be directly affected by the military operations of the First World War. ...
More
As a region bordering the Russian Empire, East Prussia was (apart from Alsace-Lorraine) the only part of the German Empire to be directly affected by the military operations of the First World War. The refugee crisis in 1914 found everyone totally unprepared. In August 1914 two distinct waves of forced migration took place: in the first, the population fled westwards before returning to their homes in 1916. The second wave concerned Germans who were seized by Russian occupying forces and forcibly settled in the Russian interior. Their repatriation was complicated by the Russian revolution and the ensuing civil war. This chapter discusses the experiences of these two groups, attempts to assist them and how population displacement was represented by contemporaries.Less
As a region bordering the Russian Empire, East Prussia was (apart from Alsace-Lorraine) the only part of the German Empire to be directly affected by the military operations of the First World War. The refugee crisis in 1914 found everyone totally unprepared. In August 1914 two distinct waves of forced migration took place: in the first, the population fled westwards before returning to their homes in 1916. The second wave concerned Germans who were seized by Russian occupying forces and forcibly settled in the Russian interior. Their repatriation was complicated by the Russian revolution and the ensuing civil war. This chapter discusses the experiences of these two groups, attempts to assist them and how population displacement was represented by contemporaries.
Klaus Richter
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on refugees in the region that later became the Baltic States and that in the Russian Empire formed the Baltic provinces and parts of Russia’s northwest. It addresses how the ...
More
This chapter focuses on refugees in the region that later became the Baltic States and that in the Russian Empire formed the Baltic provinces and parts of Russia’s northwest. It addresses how the refugee crisis was perceived by diverse groups including Russian officials, Baltic Germans, Jews, local peasants, and the emerging national elites, and considers the impact of ethnic belonging on the treatment of refugees and the changes in ethnic policies over the course of the war and the first years of independent statehood. It examines how refugees were resettled against the background of state-building and continuing warfare. Lastly it points out that repatriation was not merely a reaction to expulsions, but a policy with its own strategic purpose, with aims that went far beyond a return to the status quo ante 1914.Less
This chapter focuses on refugees in the region that later became the Baltic States and that in the Russian Empire formed the Baltic provinces and parts of Russia’s northwest. It addresses how the refugee crisis was perceived by diverse groups including Russian officials, Baltic Germans, Jews, local peasants, and the emerging national elites, and considers the impact of ethnic belonging on the treatment of refugees and the changes in ethnic policies over the course of the war and the first years of independent statehood. It examines how refugees were resettled against the background of state-building and continuing warfare. Lastly it points out that repatriation was not merely a reaction to expulsions, but a policy with its own strategic purpose, with aims that went far beyond a return to the status quo ante 1914.
Mariusz Korzeniowski
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter concentrates on the issues raised by the forced resettlement of civilians (mainly Poles) in the Kingdom of Poland by the Tsarist authorities, beginning in 1914-15. Attention is paid to ...
More
This chapter concentrates on the issues raised by the forced resettlement of civilians (mainly Poles) in the Kingdom of Poland by the Tsarist authorities, beginning in 1914-15. Attention is paid to migration of the Polish population from Russian-occupied Galicia into the Russian interior. The chapter focuses on the institutional arrangements made on their behalf including the legal basis of their activity, financial, educational, cultural, economic and religious assistance to refugees, and the implications for creating and maintaining their national consciousness. Particularly noteworthy is the inclusion and participation of at least some refugees in the cultural, educational, journalistic and economic activity of Poles who had settled permanently in the Russian interior and formed ‘Polish colonies’. An important issue concerns the return of refugees to their homeland and the problems this posed at a time of internal and international political upheaval, especially after the Bolshevik seizure of power.Less
This chapter concentrates on the issues raised by the forced resettlement of civilians (mainly Poles) in the Kingdom of Poland by the Tsarist authorities, beginning in 1914-15. Attention is paid to migration of the Polish population from Russian-occupied Galicia into the Russian interior. The chapter focuses on the institutional arrangements made on their behalf including the legal basis of their activity, financial, educational, cultural, economic and religious assistance to refugees, and the implications for creating and maintaining their national consciousness. Particularly noteworthy is the inclusion and participation of at least some refugees in the cultural, educational, journalistic and economic activity of Poles who had settled permanently in the Russian interior and formed ‘Polish colonies’. An important issue concerns the return of refugees to their homeland and the problems this posed at a time of internal and international political upheaval, especially after the Bolshevik seizure of power.
Irina Belova
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Mass population displacement in Russia began at the very outset of war. People left their homes to evade enemy invasion, but the Russian army also targeted subjects of the Tsar who were suspected of ...
More
Mass population displacement in Russia began at the very outset of war. People left their homes to evade enemy invasion, but the Russian army also targeted subjects of the Tsar who were suspected of cooperating with the enemy and resettled them in the Russian interior. German and Jewish subjects were disproportionately affected by this policy. The Tsarist state struggled to come to terms with the mass displacement, but finally articulated a policy towards refugees at the end of August 1915 by giving a new Special Council for Refugees overall responsibility for managing the refugee crisis. Local welfare provision became the responsibility of provincial governors. Local authorities played an important role, but refugees relied heavily upon the semi-official Tatiana committee, private philanthropy, religious communities and new national committees.. Social and political upheaval in 1917 created new structures of authority, complicating the process of repatriation. This chapter draws on Russian archives and refugees’ memoirs to trace the contours of the refugee crisis in Russia’s provinces.Less
Mass population displacement in Russia began at the very outset of war. People left their homes to evade enemy invasion, but the Russian army also targeted subjects of the Tsar who were suspected of cooperating with the enemy and resettled them in the Russian interior. German and Jewish subjects were disproportionately affected by this policy. The Tsarist state struggled to come to terms with the mass displacement, but finally articulated a policy towards refugees at the end of August 1915 by giving a new Special Council for Refugees overall responsibility for managing the refugee crisis. Local welfare provision became the responsibility of provincial governors. Local authorities played an important role, but refugees relied heavily upon the semi-official Tatiana committee, private philanthropy, religious communities and new national committees.. Social and political upheaval in 1917 created new structures of authority, complicating the process of repatriation. This chapter draws on Russian archives and refugees’ memoirs to trace the contours of the refugee crisis in Russia’s provinces.
Liubov Zhvanko and Oleksiy Nestulya
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Ukrainian lands became an epicentre of the movement of refugees who were assisted by a range of organisations. This chapter considers the role of governmental bodies in the Russian Empire and the ...
More
The Ukrainian lands became an epicentre of the movement of refugees who were assisted by a range of organisations. This chapter considers the role of governmental bodies in the Russian Empire and the new entities that appeared on Ukrainian territory following the February 1917 Revolution: the Ukrainian Central Rada, and the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR). It discusses the developing framework and implementation of public policy in relation to refugees, the activity of local government and non-governmental organisations which supported refugees. The chapter considers refugees’ life in Ukraine in 1914-18. During the peace negotiations in Brest-Litovsk in February 1918, Ukrainian delegates took the initiative in organizing the re-evacuation of refugees; the agreement between Ukraine and Austro- Hungarian, German, Polish and Russian representatives concerning repatriation was an early example of inter-governmental regulation of a new humanitarian problem.Less
The Ukrainian lands became an epicentre of the movement of refugees who were assisted by a range of organisations. This chapter considers the role of governmental bodies in the Russian Empire and the new entities that appeared on Ukrainian territory following the February 1917 Revolution: the Ukrainian Central Rada, and the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR). It discusses the developing framework and implementation of public policy in relation to refugees, the activity of local government and non-governmental organisations which supported refugees. The chapter considers refugees’ life in Ukraine in 1914-18. During the peace negotiations in Brest-Litovsk in February 1918, Ukrainian delegates took the initiative in organizing the re-evacuation of refugees; the agreement between Ukraine and Austro- Hungarian, German, Polish and Russian representatives concerning repatriation was an early example of inter-governmental regulation of a new humanitarian problem.
Danilo Šarenac
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
‘Golgotha’ (often referred to as the ‘Albanian Golgotha’) refers to the order given to the Serbian army by the high command in November 2015 to cross the border and retreat towards the Adriatic. Two ...
More
‘Golgotha’ (often referred to as the ‘Albanian Golgotha’) refers to the order given to the Serbian army by the high command in November 2015 to cross the border and retreat towards the Adriatic. Two major incursions by Habsburg forces in 1914 had already prompted the flight of civilians, but these upheavals paled into insignificance compared to ‘Golgotha’. By February 1916 most troops and civilians had been evacuated, although the retreat only came to an end at the beginning of April when the final group of soldiers embarked on Entente ships. In 1916, the Serbian army regrouped and reassembled on the Salonika front. Meanwhile refugees had been dispersed all over Europe and northern Africa. This chapter discusses the course of the retreat and its political, social and cultural significance.Less
‘Golgotha’ (often referred to as the ‘Albanian Golgotha’) refers to the order given to the Serbian army by the high command in November 2015 to cross the border and retreat towards the Adriatic. Two major incursions by Habsburg forces in 1914 had already prompted the flight of civilians, but these upheavals paled into insignificance compared to ‘Golgotha’. By February 1916 most troops and civilians had been evacuated, although the retreat only came to an end at the beginning of April when the final group of soldiers embarked on Entente ships. In 1916, the Serbian army regrouped and reassembled on the Salonika front. Meanwhile refugees had been dispersed all over Europe and northern Africa. This chapter discusses the course of the retreat and its political, social and cultural significance.
Alanís Enciso Fernando Saúl and Russ Davidson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469634265
- eISBN:
- 9781469634289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634265.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter presents an overview of the flow of Mexican immigration to the United States between the years of 1880 and 1934. It notes that two main factors were responsible for the influx of Mexican ...
More
This chapter presents an overview of the flow of Mexican immigration to the United States between the years of 1880 and 1934. It notes that two main factors were responsible for the influx of Mexican immigrants to the United States over this period of time, these being: 1) the expansion of the U.S. economy and integration of the southwestern states into the union, and 2) the difficult social and economic conditions that Mexico faced as a result of the expropriation of village communal lands and a decrease in wages on rural estates. This chapter also outlines the timeline of Mexican immigration throughout this period, from the late 19th to the middle of the 20th century, and analyses how momentous events, such as World War I and the Great Depression, spurred or deterred Mexican migration to the U.S., as well as the Mexican government’s various attempts to both encourage and curb repatriation.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the flow of Mexican immigration to the United States between the years of 1880 and 1934. It notes that two main factors were responsible for the influx of Mexican immigrants to the United States over this period of time, these being: 1) the expansion of the U.S. economy and integration of the southwestern states into the union, and 2) the difficult social and economic conditions that Mexico faced as a result of the expropriation of village communal lands and a decrease in wages on rural estates. This chapter also outlines the timeline of Mexican immigration throughout this period, from the late 19th to the middle of the 20th century, and analyses how momentous events, such as World War I and the Great Depression, spurred or deterred Mexican migration to the U.S., as well as the Mexican government’s various attempts to both encourage and curb repatriation.
