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Clearances and Removals

Colin G. Calloway

in White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America

Beginning in the late 18th century and accelerating in the first half of the 19th century thousands of Highlanders were pushed off their lands to make way for commercial sheep farming. Many migrated ... More

Beginning in the late 18th century and accelerating in the first half of the 19th century thousands of Highlanders were pushed off their lands to make way for commercial sheep farming. Many migrated to North America. About the same time, in the first half of the 19th century, the United States moved toward and then implemented a policy of Indian Removals, forcing thousands of Indian peoples from their homelands in the East to new lands in the West. With particular emphasis on the Sutherland Clearances in the north of Scotland and the Cherokee removal from Georgia, this chapter considers both phenomena as products of economic change affecting the Atlantic world, and notes that some of the Creeks, Cherokees and other Indians who were forced west were sons and daughters of Highlanders who had experienced similar dispossession.Less

Colonization and Decolonization in the Native-US Relationship

Jason Edward Black

in American Indians and the Rhetoric of Removal and Allotment

This chapter introduces the contexts of Removal and Allotment and positions them both in the ideology of colonization and the response of decolonization. Throughout the chapter U.S. colonial ideas ... More

This chapter introduces the contexts of Removal and Allotment and positions them both in the ideology of colonization and the response of decolonization. Throughout the chapter U.S. colonial ideas (paternalism, territoriality, godly authority) are discussed as a larger framework. Simultaneously, Native decolonization efforts are outlined as a responsive, critical framework. A larger purpose statement – regarding the Native-U.S. relationship and the importance of studying the mingling of governmental and Native rhetoric in these contexts – is also articulated. The chapter ends with a discussion of textual veracity, textual methods, and the inevitability of strategic essentializing.Less

Indian Territory and the Treaties of 1866: A Long History of Emancipation

Barbara Krauthamer

in The World the Civil War Made

This chapter traces the history of black people's emancipation from slavery in Indian Territory, with particular emphasis on the 1866 treaties that leaders of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, ... More

This chapter traces the history of black people's emancipation from slavery in Indian Territory, with particular emphasis on the 1866 treaties that leaders of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw nations entered with the United States to abolish racial chattel slavery in each nation. From the late eighteenth century through the end of the Civil War, Native American slaveholders held thousands of people of African descent in bondage, exploiting their labor and reproduction for power, prestige, and wealth. During the 1830s era of Indian Removal, the federal government forced Indian nations to leave Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, and resettled people in the region known as Indian Territory, where the nations retained limited sovereignty over their people and land. This chapter shows that the federal government's actions to end slavery after the Civil War went hand in hand with efforts to expand national sovereignty over the lands of Native Americans.Less

Religion, Place, and Mountaintop Removal

Joseph D. Witt

in Religion and Resistance in Appalachia: Faith and the Fight Against Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining

This chapter examines the historical development of anti-mountaintop removal activism in Appalachia in the early twenty-first century. The chapter first examines how twenty-first-century groups such ... More

This chapter examines the historical development of anti-mountaintop removal activism in Appalachia in the early twenty-first century. The chapter first examines how twenty-first-century groups such as Mountain Justice emerged out of decades of localized activism against strip mining in the area. It then outlines the theoretical influences from Appalachian studies and religious studies that have shaped this discussion of religion and place in Appalachia, including studies of Appalachian history and development, critical regionalism, and approaches to “lived religion.” Based on these theoretical concepts, the remainder of the book explores multiple religious threads in the re-imagining of Appalachian place by anti-mountaintop removal activists in light of a physically transformed topography.Less

The Favela of the Social Sciences

Licia do Prado Valladares

in The Invention of the Favela

The chapter begins by emphasizing three dogmas: the specificity of the favela seems particularly resistant; the favela as the space of poverty is also resistant but less so; and the unity of the ... More

The chapter begins by emphasizing three dogmas: the specificity of the favela seems particularly resistant; the favela as the space of poverty is also resistant but less so; and the unity of the favela is also being partly shattered. This chapter then focuses on graduate education in Brazil during that late 19th century. It describes the rise of social sciences as the area of study for many students. With that came more focus on urban poverty and public policies, such as the Policy of Removal. Once again, the author emphasizes the need to see favelas not as a problem to be removed but a problem to be improved. Finally, the chapter’s last pages focus on Survey Research with regard to favela and favela residents.Less

Doom and Deliverance: Faulkner’s Dialectical Indians

Melanie Benson Taylor

in Faulkner and the Native South

Most critics and historians agree that Faulkner’s Indian characters are outrageous mystifications drawn from popular misperceptions and unspoken ideologies. While he famously admitted that he “made ... More

Most critics and historians agree that Faulkner’s Indian characters are outrageous mystifications drawn from popular misperceptions and unspoken ideologies. While he famously admitted that he “made up” his Indians, numerous scholars have wondered whether such a shrewd student of Mississippi history could have ignored the facts entirely. This chapter suggests that the reality lies somewhere in between—purposefully and revealingly so. Faulkner’s Indians occupy the dialectical space between the wreckage of the South’s colonial histories and the rapacities of the capitalist future; they are despicably “other” even as they are uncannily, frighteningly kindred. Departing from the standard focus on Faulkner’s so-called “Indian stories,” this chapter instead uncovers the obscure, uncanny Indians that lurk unseen in his major texts and within his most prominent families and novels. Collectively, these Indians comprise a surprisingly active and pertinent contingent in Faulkner’s modern South: specimens of America’s most luminous possibilities and haunting failures.Less

“Advancing Compactly as We Multiply”

Paul Frymer

in Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion

This chapter examines the final decades of American policy toward incorporation of lands east of the Mississippi. It first considers the federal government's continuation of land and expansion ... More

This chapter examines the final decades of American policy toward incorporation of lands east of the Mississippi. It first considers the federal government's continuation of land and expansion policies under the Jeffersonian Republicans from 1800 to the mid-1820s before discussing the federal government's initial incursions into the lands purchased from the French, especially Orleans Territory that became the state of Louisiana. It then explores how the addition of Louisiana, and its French settlers who were actively involved in the slave trade, exacerbated existing national debates over slavery. It also looks at the role of judges and courts of law in privileging the rights of settlers in their claims against both Native Americans and the federal government. Finally, it analyzes the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and its enforcement, with emphasis on the politics of removals of Native Americans.Less

The Turbulent Ending of the Nineteenth Century

Sandra E. Bonura

in Light in the Queen's Garden: Ida May Pope, Pioneer for Hawai'i's Daughters, 1862-1914

In 1898, a series of explosive events led to the U.S. declaring war on Spain. A multitude of soldiers were in the port when the news came that President McKinley had signed the resolution annexing ... More

In 1898, a series of explosive events led to the U.S. declaring war on Spain. A multitude of soldiers were in the port when the news came that President McKinley had signed the resolution annexing Hawai‘i. Frances Parker, visiting the school, witnessed Pope’s private rebellion, by asking girls to boldly sing their kingdom’s patriotic songs in their native tongue while their Hawaiian flag was removed. Annexation was a divisive issue at the school; it placed Pope on one side and the parents on the other. Pope, while deeply sympathetic to the plight of the country and the Hawaiian culture she had come to love, was well aware that this year of annexation, she would need to teach her girls more than history or literature; she would have to teach them to be Americans in Hawai‘i. Like the girls, Pope had torn allegiances and conflicting emotions, but it would be up to her to motivate the girls, despite their collective sadness over the demise of their sovereign nation.Less

Removal and the Cherokee Nation

Andrew Denson

in Monuments to Absence: Cherokee Removal and the Contest over Southern Memory

This chapter provides an overview of removal-era Cherokee history. It recounts the rise of the Indian removal policy and the state of Georgia's campaign to compel the Cherokee Nation to negotiate a ... More

This chapter provides an overview of removal-era Cherokee history. It recounts the rise of the Indian removal policy and the state of Georgia's campaign to compel the Cherokee Nation to negotiate a removal treaty. It describes Cherokee resistance to removal and the experience of the "Trail of Tears." It also offers a brief narrative of Cherokee Nation history after removal, while explaining the emergence of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina. The chapter ends by describing several ways in which Cherokees and non-Indians employed the memory of removal in writings from the late nineteenth century. These writings established themes later broadcast by twentieth century commemorations.Less

Appalachia Coal: The Campaign to End Mountaintop Removal Mining

Laura A. Bozzi

in Ending the Fossil Fuel Era

In this case of mountaintop removal for coal in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States, Laura Bozzi explores the delicate insider-outsider tension of keep-it-in-the ground (KIIG) politics. ... More

In this case of mountaintop removal for coal in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States, Laura Bozzi explores the delicate insider-outsider tension of keep-it-in-the ground (KIIG) politics. Mountaintop removal activists recognize both the deep sense of place, history, and culture of the peoples of Appalachia and the impacts of mountaintop removal and coal on local and global ecosystems. This chapter shows how the quick violence of destroying mountains, streams, and rivers creates a slow violence of lung cancer and other diseases, along with diminished educational, employment, and retirement opportunities. Appalachian peoples are effectively pursuing a KIIG politics based on the reality of decreasing coal reserves, ever-increasing mechanization, and declining market share on the one hand, and a dire need for a solution that marries well-being and livelihood on the other. Finally, this chapter explores the uneasy transition of fear of a way of life for locals with the lack of transparency of coal companies.Less

Power Line: Memory and the March on Blair Mountain

Richelle C. Brown

in Excavating Memory: Sites of Remembering and Forgetting

Despite its effacement from official history, the 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain entered history and folklore as the culmination of the West Virginia Mine Wars of the early twentieth century. Ninety ... More

Despite its effacement from official history, the 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain entered history and folklore as the culmination of the West Virginia Mine Wars of the early twentieth century. Ninety years later, the site of that battle, a former national heritage site, is threatened with destruction by the coal extraction process known as mountaintop removal. In June 2011, several hundred people set out to retrace the route taken by miners from Kanawha to Mingo counties. This march invoked a history of resistance in the Appalachian region to promote a vision for the future that included community empowerment and a diversified economy. Drawing on oral histories of participants in the 2011 march and my own experiences as a marcher, Brown examines the ways in which the march used the past to challenge the power encoded in a landscape defined by intensive resource extraction.Less

‘Have the Scotch no Claim upon the Cherokees?’ Scots, Indians and Scots Indians in the American South

Colin G. Calloway

in Global Migrations: The Scottish Diaspora since 1600

This chapter traces intermarriages between Scots and Indians and the families they established in the matrilineal indigenous societies of the American Southeast. It examines the roles played by Scots ... More

This chapter traces intermarriages between Scots and Indians and the families they established in the matrilineal indigenous societies of the American Southeast. It examines the roles played by Scots in the deerskin trade and in the British Indian department, and by their children in Creek and Cherokee history. It reconstructs the historic connections between Scots and Cherokees that endured after the Cherokees were forced west by US policies of Indian removal.Less

Removal

Tiya Miles

in Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom

This chapter describes the history of Indian Removal under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, explores the spiritual and psychological impact of dislocation among Cherokees and their black slaves, and ... More

This chapter describes the history of Indian Removal under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, explores the spiritual and psychological impact of dislocation among Cherokees and their black slaves, and offers an interpretation of why the Cherokee–African relations worsened in the aftermath of forced relocation. In 1802, the U.S. government entered into an agreement with the state of Georgia, promising to expel the Indians in exchange for Georgia's relinquishment of particular lands in the West. If slavery is the monumental tragedy of the African American experience, then removal plays the same role in the American Indian experience. Crucial to making sense of the decline in relations between Cherokees and blacks in the West is poet Diane Glancy's paradigm of place. For Native peoples, place was paramount in maintaining cultural values and moral relationships. Displacement, therefore, was likely to weaken those values and relationships.Less

Foreign Policy and Internal Security

in Specializing the Courts

This chapter addresses the federal courts that deal with issues relating to foreign policy and national security. Five categories of courts are presented: overseas courts, military courts, military ... More

This chapter addresses the federal courts that deal with issues relating to foreign policy and national security. Five categories of courts are presented: overseas courts, military courts, military tribunals, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Courts, and Removal Courts. The overseas courts resulted from the extension of influence by the United States and European powers into non-Western nations, primarily in Asia. The various military tribunals accomplished the goal of decreasing the risk of outcomes in court that government officials wanted to avoid. It is noted that the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) court has played a somewhat more independent role due to the aggressiveness of the Bush administration. The Removal Court followed the design of the FISA court in important respects. Like some other military tribunals, the Combat Status Review Tribunals at Guantánamo were severely constrained by the rules that governed their operation.Less

The House: Whig Nationalist

Matthew Mason

in Apostle of Union: A Political Biography of Edward Everett

This chapter explores other key elements of Everett’s House career, centering on his commitment to American nationalism and to the National Republican and Whig Parties’ ethic of “Improvement.” A ... More

This chapter explores other key elements of Everett’s House career, centering on his commitment to American nationalism and to the National Republican and Whig Parties’ ethic of “Improvement.” A staunch supporter of improvements to American infrastructure known at the time as “internal improvements” or the “American System,” Everett vigorously opposed Jacksonian priorities such as Indian Removal. He joined with other nationalists of all parties to combat threats to American unity headlined by the nullification movement.Less