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City regions and the cities within them: Connecting two overlapping scales

John Sturzaker and Alexander Nurse

in Rescaling Urban Governance: Planning, Localism and Institutional Change

This chapter charts the demise of the regional agenda and the shift towards city-regional thinking which has underpinned much of the recent devolution agenda. Considering the similarities to the ... More

This chapter charts the demise of the regional agenda and the shift towards city-regional thinking which has underpinned much of the recent devolution agenda. Considering the similarities to the metropolitan architecture of the 70s and 80s, this discusses the emergence of Local Enterprise Partnerships through to Combined Authorities. This sets the scene for a broader discussion of the Devolution Deals being agreed at the city region level. In doing so, the chapter takes a broader look at how city regions function and, in particular, how districts can cooperate towards collective goals. This draws down recent examples from the emerging devolution deals, including how new metro-mayors are exercising their powers within their city regions, as well as lessons that can be learnt from the now nearly 20-year-old London Mayoral post.Less

Migration in Rural England in the Later Middle Ages

Christopher Dyer

in Migrants in Medieval England, c. 500-c. 1500

This chapter surveys research on rural migration in medieval England and investigates the frequency of migration, length of journeys, mechanisms which enabled migration, migrants’ motives for ... More

This chapter surveys research on rural migration in medieval England and investigates the frequency of migration, length of journeys, mechanisms which enabled migration, migrants’ motives for movement, and their reception in their new places of settlement. Evidence comes from tax and manorial record from the West Midlands. Migration seems to have been normal and commonplace, and mostly within 10 miles (15 km), but with a significant range of longer movements. Different types of migrant appear to have had as a common characteristic an aspiration to betterment, and tended to confine journeys to the landscapes with which they were familiar. Movements had positive social results such as exposing villages to external influence. The precise geographical knowledge of people in medieval England probably extended c. 50 miles (80 km), but they did not lead such narrow and ignorant lives as is sometimes imagined.Less

The Basque presence in Brussels

Angela K. Bourne

in The European Union and the Accommodation of Basque Difference in Spain

This chapter takes a look at Basque participation in EU decision bodies, including the European Commission advisory committees and the Committee of the Regions (CoR). It studies the responses of the ... More

This chapter takes a look at Basque participation in EU decision bodies, including the European Commission advisory committees and the Committee of the Regions (CoR). It studies the responses of the EU and the state to the demands in EU decisionmaking and analyses the domestic debates and arrangements that allow Basque and other autonomous communities' involvement in EU bodies.Less

BBC English Regions Drama

Lez Cooke

in A sense of place: Regional British television drama, 1956-82

Chapter 4 provides an extensive case study of BBC English Regions Drama, based at BBC Pebble Mill in Birmingham, from its foundation in 1971 to the early 1980s. This chapter explores the model of ... More

Chapter 4 provides an extensive case study of BBC English Regions Drama, based at BBC Pebble Mill in Birmingham, from its foundation in 1971 to the early 1980s. This chapter explores the model of regional drama production offered by this regional BBC department, under the influential leadership of David Rose, and the extent of its achievement, examining in detail the plays, series and serials produced over a ten year period, including the Second City Firsts series of half-hour dramas, plays by regional writers such as Peter Terson, Alan Plater, David Rudkin and Willy Russell, and series such as Philip Martin’s Gangsters, Michael Abbensetts’ Empire Road, and Alan Bleasdale’s Boys from the Blackstuff.Less

Epilogue

Catherine Tatiana Dunlop

in Cartophilia: Maps and the Search for Identity in the French-German Borderland

This chapter concludes the book with a reflection on the state of map making and map reading in Europe today. It analyses a recent exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris which presented historical ... More

This chapter concludes the book with a reflection on the state of map making and map reading in Europe today. It analyses a recent exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris which presented historical relief maps of French border cities from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. The exhibition’s purpose was to serve as a window into the territorial mindset of another time, when Europeans were intent on using maps to visualize and enforce the boundaries that separated them. In contrast, the goal of most new map production in Europe today is to make national borders between countries appear less visible. The chapter reflects on efforts to transform European mentalities toward longstanding national boundaries through maps of Euro-regions and cross-border biking trails.Less

Contesting the Western Regions and the High Grasslands: China and Tibet

Zhenping Wang

in Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

This chapter illustrates that from the very beginning of its relations with China, Tibet positioned itself as a peer state of the Tang, not as a submissive vassal to its Chinese overlord. Fostering ... More

This chapter illustrates that from the very beginning of its relations with China, Tibet positioned itself as a peer state of the Tang, not as a submissive vassal to its Chinese overlord. Fostering territorial ambition beyond their homeland, Tibetan rulers extended their influence over the Kunlun Mountain range. They established power bases in the Qinghai Plateau, threatened and defeated the oasis states in Eastern Turkistan, and challenged Tang presence in the Western Regions. The multi-polar nature of Eastern Turkistan and the Western Regions enabled Tibet to carry out its expansionist activities into this vast area. Amid fierce power struggles, Tibet replaced Tang China as the most formidable force and subjected the Middle Kingdom to military pressures in three directions—the west, the northwest, and the southwest.Less

Referencing Europe: usages of Europe in national identity projects

Jenny Ozga and Farah Dubois-Shaik

in Governing Europe's spaces: European Union re-imagined

This chapter works with the idea of conceptualising Europe organically and as coming into being through the actions of groups of actors whose interests are socially constructed. The actors in ... More

This chapter works with the idea of conceptualising Europe organically and as coming into being through the actions of groups of actors whose interests are socially constructed. The actors in question are pursuing regional interests, and the work they do in referencing Europe promotes agendas in their ‘home’ contexts of Scotland and canton Zurich. Jenny Ozga and Farah Shaik argue that this potential of Europe is often invisible or overlooked in conventional, hierarchical conceptualisations of territorial relationships. The empirical material presented reveals a complex mix of inward and outward referencing by actors who simultaneously reconcile the ‘re-making’ of the region with the ‘making’ of Europe. In Scotland, actors play both to the exigencies of the global knowledge economy and to local civic tradition in their concern to make education policy both more ‘Scottish’ and more ‘European’; Zurich’s cantonal administration in turn uses references to European-wide indicators to bring about changes in social integration practices in schools. The chapter therefore offers a flexible view of the potential of Europe as an imaginary for categories of political organisation.Less

Emphasising mutual benefit: rethinking the impact agenda through the lens of Share Academy

Judy Willcocks

in The Impact of Co-Production: From Community Engagement To Social Justice

This chapter examines the relationship between universities and museums in the UK. By focusing on two case studies, namely, Peckham Cultural Institute and the ‘Local roots/global routes: the legacies ... More

This chapter examines the relationship between universities and museums in the UK. By focusing on two case studies, namely, Peckham Cultural Institute and the ‘Local roots/global routes: the legacies of British slave-ownership’ project, it illustrates some of the challenges and opportunities Share Academy has experienced. The early 21st century brought considerable changes to the way museums and universities were constituted and understood. Initiatives like the UK government-funded Renaissance in the Regions programme encouraged museums to broaden their audiences and think of themselves as lifelong educators, situating learning at the centre of museum practice. However, the chapter shows ongoing funding problems within the museum sector continued to contribute to an erosion of curatorial skills as specialist roles were replaced with more general posts.Less

Stadium travels: spectatorship, territorial identity and global connections, 1900–60

Robert W. Lewis

in The Stadium Century: Sport, Spectatorship and Mass Society in Modern France

This chapter turns to the ways in which stadia, sport and spectators both in France and elsewhere around the globe helped generate changing place-based communities and identities. French stadia ... More

This chapter turns to the ways in which stadia, sport and spectators both in France and elsewhere around the globe helped generate changing place-based communities and identities. French stadia created discourses about local places through the depiction of spectators within their confines. But stadium spectatorship also helped define the national collective, through literal and imaginary voyages within France and abroad to other stadia around the world. These latter voyages generated a series of comparisons that provided French men and women with convenient benchmarks for monitoring the perceived vitality and social cohesion of France in relation to its rivals on the world stage. These comparisons predominantly reinforced a sense of French inadequacy and decline throughout the interwar period, if not necessarily after the Second World War. At the same time, however, the comparisons with the wider world testified to the global character of sport itself in the first half of the twentieth century, as a mass media complex in Western Europe and North America publicised and promoted sporting competitions that helped create transnational communities of spectators invested in the same sporting events.Less

Salvation in Writing and the Annex of Indian Buddhism

Stuart H. Young

in Conceiving the Indian Buddhist Patriarchs in China

Chapter 3 discusses how Sui-Tang Buddhist exegetes integrated Aśvaghoṣa, Nāgārjuna, and Āryadeva into broader efforts to redefine China as the epicenter of Buddhist enlightenment. This chapter ... More

Chapter 3 discusses how Sui-Tang Buddhist exegetes integrated Aśvaghoṣa, Nāgārjuna, and Āryadeva into broader efforts to redefine China as the epicenter of Buddhist enlightenment. This chapter illustrates how the paradigms of Buddhist sainthood advanced by Kumārajīva’s associates and in earlier lineage histories were amalgamated in a new idiom that focused especially on the importance of authoring doctrinal treatises. Here scriptural exegesis became the central defining function of the Indian patriarchs in China, particularly as juxtaposed with other means of conveying the Dharma across the Sino-Indian divide. In this way Chinese exegetes advanced a model of Buddhist sainthood through scholarship, but no longer in a benighted China marked by perpetually declining Dharma, which paled in comparison to the brilliance of ancient India. Rather, this model was promoted as part of the broader process of re-locating the means and media of Indian enlightenment within the new Buddhist heartland of latter-day China.Less

Conclusion: The Country of Regions

Nancy P. Appelbaum

in Mapping the Country of Regions: The Chorographic Commission of Nineteenth-Century Colombia

The conclusion briefly places Colombia in a broader framework, comparing it to other Latin American cases. The conclusion also traces the commission’s problematic long-term legacies for Colombia ... More

The conclusion briefly places Colombia in a broader framework, comparing it to other Latin American cases. The conclusion also traces the commission’s problematic long-term legacies for Colombia itself. The Chorographic Commission’s cartography formed the basis of most maps of Colombia until the early twentieth century. Its descriptions and regional typologies, moreover, were echoed in the works of Colombian and foreign writers and geographers, such as José María Samper, Élisée Reclus, and especialy Francisco Javier Vergara y Velasco, who elaborated a theory of “natural regions.” The commission thus contributed to constructing the nation as a “country of regions.” Rather than unify the nation, the commission portrayed it as fragmented into different and often opposing spaces, inhabited by racially and culturally distinct “types,” some better than others. This geographic hierarchy has persisted. A century and a half after the death of Agustín Codazzi, Colombians still ponder the question of what takes precedence: region or nation. Inhabitants of the highland Andean core, moreover, tend to define themselves as the Colombian norm, implicitly or explicitly white or mestizo. They tend to envision the peoples and landscapes of the rest of the country as violent, inferior, and Other, though also, at times, alluring.Less

Five Theses on Regional Governance

Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks

in Community, Scale, and Regional Governance: A Postfunctionalist Theory of Governance, Volume II

This chapter makes five claims about the past and future of regional governance. Each is a building bloc in a postfunctionalist theory of governance: (1) regional governance has undergone a quiet ... More

This chapter makes five claims about the past and future of regional governance. Each is a building bloc in a postfunctionalist theory of governance: (1) regional governance has undergone a quiet revolution; (2) regional governance has become differentiated; (3) regional governance grows with affluence; (4) regional governance is social; and (5) regional governance is democratic.Less

SNAs in the Contemporary European Union

Michèle Finck

in Subnational Authorities in EU Law

The present chapter introduces the book’s subject of analysis: subnational authorities (SNAs). It will illustrate the highly variegated nature of local and regional authorities in the various Member ... More

The present chapter introduces the book’s subject of analysis: subnational authorities (SNAs). It will illustrate the highly variegated nature of local and regional authorities in the various Member States, the status and competences of which vary significantly depending on the context at stake. Notwithstanding this diversity, virtually all SNAs share one characteristic: their jurisgenerative capacity. SNAs produce norms that coexist with norms at other levels, including EU law. The chapter subsequently investigates various modes of interaction between SNAs and the European Union, such as SNAs’ participation in the Committee of the Regions. A key mechanism allowing SNAs to exert influence in international relations is their participation in transnational networks.Less

The discursive role of Europe in a disunited kingdom

Klaus Stolz

in The road to Brexit: A cultural perspective on British attitudes to Europe

This chapter delineates major historical changes in the role that Europe has played in domestic discourse on the territorial order of the United Kingdom. It is argued that Europe has a uniform effect ... More

This chapter delineates major historical changes in the role that Europe has played in domestic discourse on the territorial order of the United Kingdom. It is argued that Europe has a uniform effect neither on this discourse nor on the territorial order itself. Instead, the impact of references to Europe is contingent upon both the state of the European project and the historical domestic context at a particular time. The EU and the European integration project have opened windows of opportunity for political actors in Britain to introduce and advocate particular constitutional notions and models. The Brexit process, as the most recent such window, may very well provide an unmissable opportunity for those who want to break up an already highly fragile United Kingdom.Less

Article 306 TFEU

Marcus Klamert

in The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary

Article 264 EC The Committee of the Regions shall elect its chairman and officers from among its members for a term of two and a half years.

Article 307 TFEU

Marcus Klamert

in The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary

Article 265 EC The Committee of the Regions shall be consulted by the European Parliament, by the Council or by the Commission where the Treaties so provide and in all other cases, in particular ... More

Article 265 EC The Committee of the Regions shall be consulted by the European Parliament, by the Council or by the Commission where the Treaties so provide and in all other cases, in particular those which concern cross-border cooperation, in which one of these institutions considers it appropriate. Less