Nicholas Morris*
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the ...
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Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.Less
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as ...
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Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.Less
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.
Gil Loescher and James Milner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Among the various categories of international migration, asylum and refugee protection is unique in its degree of formal institutionalization. It has its own international convention and a ...
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Among the various categories of international migration, asylum and refugee protection is unique in its degree of formal institutionalization. It has its own international convention and a specialized UN agency, UNHCR. This structure is complemented by regional agreements and human rights norms. However, although the refugee regime guarantees the protection of refugees who reach the territory of a state, it offers little normative guidance on states' obligations to support other states in hosting refugees. Given that most refugees are in the developing world, this creates a fundamental imbalance, which defines the politics of refugee protection. This chapter explains the politics and the limitations of the existing regime. It offers politically feasible suggestions for ways in which the regime and the work of UNHCR might be adapted to meet the emerging challenges of the twenty-first century.Less
Among the various categories of international migration, asylum and refugee protection is unique in its degree of formal institutionalization. It has its own international convention and a specialized UN agency, UNHCR. This structure is complemented by regional agreements and human rights norms. However, although the refugee regime guarantees the protection of refugees who reach the territory of a state, it offers little normative guidance on states' obligations to support other states in hosting refugees. Given that most refugees are in the developing world, this creates a fundamental imbalance, which defines the politics of refugee protection. This chapter explains the politics and the limitations of the existing regime. It offers politically feasible suggestions for ways in which the regime and the work of UNHCR might be adapted to meet the emerging challenges of the twenty-first century.
James D. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199209118
- eISBN:
- 9780191706134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209118.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Ardent Calvinists and refugees from the south blamed Holland for the loss of Flanders and Brabant; did not Holland's merchants batten on trade with the foe? Leicester thus found support for a more ...
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Ardent Calvinists and refugees from the south blamed Holland for the loss of Flanders and Brabant; did not Holland's merchants batten on trade with the foe? Leicester thus found support for a more centralized government, but only briefly, for he lost credit by slighting local privileges. When he called on true patriots to rise up against Holland's urban oligarchies, there were only minor plots here and there; the more dangerous legacy of Leicester's brief tenure was a rash of garrison mutinies, but even this was manageable for a wealthy province. Meanwhile, Leicester's partisans promoted the novel doctrine of popular sovereignty. In response, Gouda's town attorney asserted that the urban oligarchies had ruled, through the states, since time out of mind. This was not a theoretically interesting answer, but it satisfied the needs of a nascent republic.Less
Ardent Calvinists and refugees from the south blamed Holland for the loss of Flanders and Brabant; did not Holland's merchants batten on trade with the foe? Leicester thus found support for a more centralized government, but only briefly, for he lost credit by slighting local privileges. When he called on true patriots to rise up against Holland's urban oligarchies, there were only minor plots here and there; the more dangerous legacy of Leicester's brief tenure was a rash of garrison mutinies, but even this was manageable for a wealthy province. Meanwhile, Leicester's partisans promoted the novel doctrine of popular sovereignty. In response, Gouda's town attorney asserted that the urban oligarchies had ruled, through the states, since time out of mind. This was not a theoretically interesting answer, but it satisfied the needs of a nascent republic.
Gregory White
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794829
- eISBN:
- 9780199919284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794829.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged ...
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This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged as a concept in the mid-’80s. It offers a typology that specifies different kinds of population movements and explores the different dimensions of the debate. It seeks to tread the complicated middle ground between alarmist anticipation of multitudes of desperate refugees at one extreme and dismissive criticisms of the concept on the other.Less
This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged as a concept in the mid-’80s. It offers a typology that specifies different kinds of population movements and explores the different dimensions of the debate. It seeks to tread the complicated middle ground between alarmist anticipation of multitudes of desperate refugees at one extreme and dismissive criticisms of the concept on the other.
David Weissbrodt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547821
- eISBN:
- 9780191720086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547821.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter begins with discussion of the definition of ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It then discusses the rights of refugees, protections for ...
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This chapter begins with discussion of the definition of ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It then discusses the rights of refugees, protections for refugees, refugee populations around the world, the plight of refugees, and the vulnerability of refugee women and girls.Less
This chapter begins with discussion of the definition of ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It then discusses the rights of refugees, protections for refugees, refugee populations around the world, the plight of refugees, and the vulnerability of refugee women and girls.
Nina Gren
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9789774166952
- eISBN:
- 9781617976568
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166952.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict does not necessarily enhance one’s knowledge or understanding of the Palestinians; on the contrary, they are often reduced to either victims or ...
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Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict does not necessarily enhance one’s knowledge or understanding of the Palestinians; on the contrary, they are often reduced to either victims or perpetrators. Similarly, while many academic studies devote considerable effort to analyzing the political situation in the occupied territories, there have been few sophisticated case studies of Palestinian refugees living under Israeli rule. An ethnographic study of Palestinian refugees in Dheisheh refugee camp, Occupied Lives looks closely at the attempts of the camp inhabitants to survive and bounce back from the profound effects of political violence and Israeli military occupation. Based on the author’s extensive fieldwork conducted inside the camp, this study examines the daily efforts of camp inhabitants to secure survival and meaning during the period of the al-Aqsa Intifada. It argues that the political developments and experiences of extensive violence at the time, which left most refugees outside of direct activism, caused many camp inhabitants to disengage from traditional forms of politics. Instead, they became involved in alternative practices aimed at maintaining their sense of social worth and integrity by focusing on processes to establish a ‘normal’ order, social continuity, and morality. Coming from Social Anthropology, Nina Gren explores these processes and the ambiguities and dilemmas that necessarily arose from them and the ways in which the political and the existential are often intertwined in Dheisheh.Less
Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict does not necessarily enhance one’s knowledge or understanding of the Palestinians; on the contrary, they are often reduced to either victims or perpetrators. Similarly, while many academic studies devote considerable effort to analyzing the political situation in the occupied territories, there have been few sophisticated case studies of Palestinian refugees living under Israeli rule. An ethnographic study of Palestinian refugees in Dheisheh refugee camp, Occupied Lives looks closely at the attempts of the camp inhabitants to survive and bounce back from the profound effects of political violence and Israeli military occupation. Based on the author’s extensive fieldwork conducted inside the camp, this study examines the daily efforts of camp inhabitants to secure survival and meaning during the period of the al-Aqsa Intifada. It argues that the political developments and experiences of extensive violence at the time, which left most refugees outside of direct activism, caused many camp inhabitants to disengage from traditional forms of politics. Instead, they became involved in alternative practices aimed at maintaining their sense of social worth and integrity by focusing on processes to establish a ‘normal’ order, social continuity, and morality. Coming from Social Anthropology, Nina Gren explores these processes and the ambiguities and dilemmas that necessarily arose from them and the ways in which the political and the existential are often intertwined in Dheisheh.
Agnès Hurwitz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278381
- eISBN:
- 9780191706998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278381.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
Having highlighted the many protection challenges arising from the implementation of safe third country practices, and the limitations of EU judicial supervision, this chapter examines whether and ...
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Having highlighted the many protection challenges arising from the implementation of safe third country practices, and the limitations of EU judicial supervision, this chapter examines whether and how monitoring and supervision of States' international obligations may be enhanced at the international level. It argues that to counterbalance regional integration processes that carry the potential for further erosion and fragmentation of States' international obligations, an effective response would be to strengthen international supervisory mechanisms so as to better address protection gaps and ensure a more consistent interpretation and application of international obligations. The first section of the chapter examines supervisory mechanisms currently existing under international refugee law, based on a distinction between supervision carried out by international organizations, by States, and by individuals. The second part analyzes United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees's (UNHCR) efforts to address protection gaps and suggests possible approaches for improving supervisory mechanisms under international refugee law.Less
Having highlighted the many protection challenges arising from the implementation of safe third country practices, and the limitations of EU judicial supervision, this chapter examines whether and how monitoring and supervision of States' international obligations may be enhanced at the international level. It argues that to counterbalance regional integration processes that carry the potential for further erosion and fragmentation of States' international obligations, an effective response would be to strengthen international supervisory mechanisms so as to better address protection gaps and ensure a more consistent interpretation and application of international obligations. The first section of the chapter examines supervisory mechanisms currently existing under international refugee law, based on a distinction between supervision carried out by international organizations, by States, and by individuals. The second part analyzes United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees's (UNHCR) efforts to address protection gaps and suggests possible approaches for improving supervisory mechanisms under international refugee law.
M. Jan Holton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300207620
- eISBN:
- 9780300220797
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300207620.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Longing for Home explores the psychological, social, and theological impact of forcibly losing one’s home place and asks two questions: What is it about home that makes its loss so profound? And, How ...
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Longing for Home explores the psychological, social, and theological impact of forcibly losing one’s home place and asks two questions: What is it about home that makes its loss so profound? And, How should we think about this theologically?
This book explores the notion of home and its loss from the perspectives of four very diverse groups who have suffered forced displacement: an indigenous tribe of Batwa in Uganda, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Congo and Sudan, American soldiers struggling with PTSD, and homeless persons in the United States. The author uses her own experiences in the Ugandan mountains, ethnographic research in refugee camps in Congo and Sudan and internally displaced persons, published stories of American soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, and life in a transitional facility for homeless persons as windows into these contexts and stories of forced displacement. Through these intense, sometimes tragic encounters, the psychological, social, and theological impact of living without home becomes clear as does the often exclusionary response of the communities in which they seek care. The author suggests that a moral obligation of care grounded in relational postures of hospitality—or predispositions toward the other that precede practices—are at the heart of breaking through social exclusion and helping each to lean into God in ways that invite home of a different kind. The book’s concrete experiences of communities of displacement add a unique element that both challenges and complements psychological and social theories. The end result is a constructive contribution to both practical and public theology.Less
Longing for Home explores the psychological, social, and theological impact of forcibly losing one’s home place and asks two questions: What is it about home that makes its loss so profound? And, How should we think about this theologically?
This book explores the notion of home and its loss from the perspectives of four very diverse groups who have suffered forced displacement: an indigenous tribe of Batwa in Uganda, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Congo and Sudan, American soldiers struggling with PTSD, and homeless persons in the United States. The author uses her own experiences in the Ugandan mountains, ethnographic research in refugee camps in Congo and Sudan and internally displaced persons, published stories of American soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, and life in a transitional facility for homeless persons as windows into these contexts and stories of forced displacement. Through these intense, sometimes tragic encounters, the psychological, social, and theological impact of living without home becomes clear as does the often exclusionary response of the communities in which they seek care. The author suggests that a moral obligation of care grounded in relational postures of hospitality—or predispositions toward the other that precede practices—are at the heart of breaking through social exclusion and helping each to lean into God in ways that invite home of a different kind. The book’s concrete experiences of communities of displacement add a unique element that both challenges and complements psychological and social theories. The end result is a constructive contribution to both practical and public theology.
George Rupp
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174282
- eISBN:
- 9780231539869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174282.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Perhaps the most positive way to construe the displaced persons and uprooted communities that result from current conflicts is to see in the victims of war also large numbers of people on the move ...
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Perhaps the most positive way to construe the displaced persons and uprooted communities that result from current conflicts is to see in the victims of war also large numbers of people on the move toward what might become new prospects.Less
Perhaps the most positive way to construe the displaced persons and uprooted communities that result from current conflicts is to see in the victims of war also large numbers of people on the move toward what might become new prospects.
Nadya Hajj
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231180627
- eISBN:
- 9780231542920
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231180627.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership ...
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The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.Less
The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.
Thibaut Raboin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719099632
- eISBN:
- 9781526121011
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099632.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gay and Lesbian Studies
Discourses on LGBT asylum in the UK analyses fifteen years of debate, activism and media narrative and examines the way asylum is conceptualized at the crossroads of nationhood, post colonialism and ...
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Discourses on LGBT asylum in the UK analyses fifteen years of debate, activism and media narrative and examines the way asylum is conceptualized at the crossroads of nationhood, post colonialism and sexual citizenship, reshaping in the process forms of sexual belongings to the nation.
Asylum has become a foremost site for the formulation and critique of LGBT human rights. This book intervenes in the ongoing discussion of homonationalism, sheds new light on the limitations of queer liberalism as a political strategy, and questions the prevailing modes of solidarity with queer migrants in the UK.
This book employs the methods of Discourse Analysis to study a large corpus encompassing media narratives, policy documents, debates with activists and NGOs, and also counter discourses emerging from art practice. The study of these discourses illuminates the construction of the social problem of LGBT asylum. Doing so, it shows how our understanding of asylum is firmly rooted in the individual stories of migration that are circulated in the media. The book also critiques the exclusionary management of cases by the state, especially in the way the state manufactures the authenticity of queer refugees. Finally, it investigates the affective economy of asylum, assessing critically the role of sympathy and challenging the happy goals of queer liberalism.
This book will be essential for researchers and students specializing in refugee studies and queer studies.Less
Discourses on LGBT asylum in the UK analyses fifteen years of debate, activism and media narrative and examines the way asylum is conceptualized at the crossroads of nationhood, post colonialism and sexual citizenship, reshaping in the process forms of sexual belongings to the nation.
Asylum has become a foremost site for the formulation and critique of LGBT human rights. This book intervenes in the ongoing discussion of homonationalism, sheds new light on the limitations of queer liberalism as a political strategy, and questions the prevailing modes of solidarity with queer migrants in the UK.
This book employs the methods of Discourse Analysis to study a large corpus encompassing media narratives, policy documents, debates with activists and NGOs, and also counter discourses emerging from art practice. The study of these discourses illuminates the construction of the social problem of LGBT asylum. Doing so, it shows how our understanding of asylum is firmly rooted in the individual stories of migration that are circulated in the media. The book also critiques the exclusionary management of cases by the state, especially in the way the state manufactures the authenticity of queer refugees. Finally, it investigates the affective economy of asylum, assessing critically the role of sympathy and challenging the happy goals of queer liberalism.
This book will be essential for researchers and students specializing in refugee studies and queer studies.
Christopher B. Bean
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780823268757
- eISBN:
- 9780823271771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268757.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
In its brief seven-year existence, the Freedmen’s Bureau became the epicenter of the debate about Reconstruction. Cognizant of its responsibilities, partisans fiercely debated its necessity. ...
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In its brief seven-year existence, the Freedmen’s Bureau became the epicenter of the debate about Reconstruction. Cognizant of its responsibilities, partisans fiercely debated its necessity. Historians continued that debate about the agency’s policies and necessity. But historians have only recently begun to focus on the Bureau’s personnel in Texas, the individual agents termed the “hearts of Reconstruction.” Not ignoring individual experiences and attitudes, this work focuses on them at a more personal level. Where were they from? Were they wealthy? Were they married or single? Did the agency prefer the young? Did agents have military experience or were they civilians? What occupations did the Bureau draw from? The answers illuminate the type of man Bureau officials believed qualified—or not—to oversee the freedpeople’s transition to freedom. Officials in Texas desired those able to meet emancipation’s challenges. That meant northern-born, mature, white men from the middle and upper-middle class, and generally with military experience. Dispelling the idea of a uniform Bureau policy, this work shows that each agent, moved by his sense of fairness and ideas of citizenship, gender, and labor, represented the agency’s policy in his subdistrict. They protected freedpeople’s labor and established their right to set up a household (and protected within in it). They worked to recognize their marriages, and, despite the practice of apprenticeship, they tried to establish their rights as parents to their children. These men further ensured the former slaves’ right to an education and right of mobility, something they never had while in bondage.Less
In its brief seven-year existence, the Freedmen’s Bureau became the epicenter of the debate about Reconstruction. Cognizant of its responsibilities, partisans fiercely debated its necessity. Historians continued that debate about the agency’s policies and necessity. But historians have only recently begun to focus on the Bureau’s personnel in Texas, the individual agents termed the “hearts of Reconstruction.” Not ignoring individual experiences and attitudes, this work focuses on them at a more personal level. Where were they from? Were they wealthy? Were they married or single? Did the agency prefer the young? Did agents have military experience or were they civilians? What occupations did the Bureau draw from? The answers illuminate the type of man Bureau officials believed qualified—or not—to oversee the freedpeople’s transition to freedom. Officials in Texas desired those able to meet emancipation’s challenges. That meant northern-born, mature, white men from the middle and upper-middle class, and generally with military experience. Dispelling the idea of a uniform Bureau policy, this work shows that each agent, moved by his sense of fairness and ideas of citizenship, gender, and labor, represented the agency’s policy in his subdistrict. They protected freedpeople’s labor and established their right to set up a household (and protected within in it). They worked to recognize their marriages, and, despite the practice of apprenticeship, they tried to establish their rights as parents to their children. These men further ensured the former slaves’ right to an education and right of mobility, something they never had while in bondage.
Ingo Venzke
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199657674
- eISBN:
- 9780191753114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657674.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter generally introduces international bureaucracies as autonomous actors in the practice of interpretation and then illustrates in greater detail how the United Nations High Commissioner ...
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This chapter generally introduces international bureaucracies as autonomous actors in the practice of interpretation and then illustrates in greater detail how the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has contributed to developing the meaning of its Statute and of the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. While at the outset of its life UNHCR offered quasi-consular protection to a rather narrow group of refugees, it is now the world’s chief international agency providing humanitarian assistance. When new challenges of refugee protection arose to which the Convention seemed to offer no answers and prospects of any treaty amendment were dim, UNHCR vested its efforts into shifting interpretations instead. It has crafted documents of interpretative guidance and intervened in seminal court cases, thereby directing semantic developments and the making of refugee law.Less
This chapter generally introduces international bureaucracies as autonomous actors in the practice of interpretation and then illustrates in greater detail how the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has contributed to developing the meaning of its Statute and of the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. While at the outset of its life UNHCR offered quasi-consular protection to a rather narrow group of refugees, it is now the world’s chief international agency providing humanitarian assistance. When new challenges of refugee protection arose to which the Convention seemed to offer no answers and prospects of any treaty amendment were dim, UNHCR vested its efforts into shifting interpretations instead. It has crafted documents of interpretative guidance and intervened in seminal court cases, thereby directing semantic developments and the making of refugee law.
Gordon S. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056036
- eISBN:
- 9780813053806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056036.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter explores the meaning of fugitive slave freedom in Canada West during the antebellum and Civil War era by examining the legal framework relating to slavery and race that emerged in what ...
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This chapter explores the meaning of fugitive slave freedom in Canada West during the antebellum and Civil War era by examining the legal framework relating to slavery and race that emerged in what is now modern-day Ontario. Changes in statutory law, jurisprudence, and British free soil diplomacy will be addressed, revealing the evolution of Canada West as a safe haven from which few fugitive slaves were taken by slave catchers or state-sanctioned extradition. The chapter discusses what freedom on the ground meant for early black Canadians in terms of political rights, access to courts, education, landownership, employment, religious worship, participation in the militia, and the enjoyment of public places and services. Particular attention is given to the agency exercised by fugitive slave refugees and other black Canadians in shaping their own freedom and building new lives for themselves and their children, in sustaining Canada West as a beacon of freedom for others still enslaved in the American South, and in combatting race prejudice, which at times differed little from that prevailing south of the border.Less
This chapter explores the meaning of fugitive slave freedom in Canada West during the antebellum and Civil War era by examining the legal framework relating to slavery and race that emerged in what is now modern-day Ontario. Changes in statutory law, jurisprudence, and British free soil diplomacy will be addressed, revealing the evolution of Canada West as a safe haven from which few fugitive slaves were taken by slave catchers or state-sanctioned extradition. The chapter discusses what freedom on the ground meant for early black Canadians in terms of political rights, access to courts, education, landownership, employment, religious worship, participation in the militia, and the enjoyment of public places and services. Particular attention is given to the agency exercised by fugitive slave refugees and other black Canadians in shaping their own freedom and building new lives for themselves and their children, in sustaining Canada West as a beacon of freedom for others still enslaved in the American South, and in combatting race prejudice, which at times differed little from that prevailing south of the border.
Laura Robson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520292154
- eISBN:
- 9780520965669
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292154.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
In the interwar Eastern Mediterranean, European colonial modes of establishing land claims and controlling populations converged with a recent Ottoman past featuring desperate and violent efforts at ...
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In the interwar Eastern Mediterranean, European colonial modes of establishing land claims and controlling populations converged with a recent Ottoman past featuring desperate and violent efforts at nationalization and an increasingly empowered Zionist settler colonialism. States of Separation explores how this confluence produced a series of internationally supported plans to move “minority” communities in, around, and out of the newly constituted states of Iraq, Syria, and Palestine. Under the aegis of the new League of Nations and the British and French mandate governments, and often over the protests of those on the ground slated for displacement, these three states saw multiple efforts to remove entire communities, resettle populations, and redraw maps along ethnic lines. These efforts to create ethnically and religiously homogenous national enclaves out of a highly pluralistic political and cultural landscape constituted a massive demographic experiment that carried lasting political and social consequences for the twentieth-century Middle East and for the international order.Less
In the interwar Eastern Mediterranean, European colonial modes of establishing land claims and controlling populations converged with a recent Ottoman past featuring desperate and violent efforts at nationalization and an increasingly empowered Zionist settler colonialism. States of Separation explores how this confluence produced a series of internationally supported plans to move “minority” communities in, around, and out of the newly constituted states of Iraq, Syria, and Palestine. Under the aegis of the new League of Nations and the British and French mandate governments, and often over the protests of those on the ground slated for displacement, these three states saw multiple efforts to remove entire communities, resettle populations, and redraw maps along ethnic lines. These efforts to create ethnically and religiously homogenous national enclaves out of a highly pluralistic political and cultural landscape constituted a massive demographic experiment that carried lasting political and social consequences for the twentieth-century Middle East and for the international order.
Peter Gatrell and Liubov Zhvanko (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994419
- eISBN:
- 9781526128232
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994419.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book addresses the unprecedented and overwhelming refugee crisis that the First World War unleashed in Europe. As the war came to an end a senior Red Cross official wrote ‘there were refugees ...
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This book addresses the unprecedented and overwhelming refugee crisis that the First World War unleashed in Europe. As the war came to an end a senior Red Cross official wrote ‘there were refugees everywhere: it was as if the entire world had to move or was waiting to move’. At least 14 million people were directly affected during the war. Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences and to establish the political, social and cultural significance of the crisis and its post-war legacy. Part of the explanation for the scale and severity of the refugee crisis was that non-combatants caught up in the conflict sought to escape to a place of relative safety. However, mass civilian displacement was also a deliberate outcome of wartime mobilisation. The unexpected presence of millions of refugees posed challenging questions about the forms and extent of assistance. How far did governments assume responsibility for emergency relief, or conversely did they devolve responsibility on to non-state agencies? What impact did the presence of large numbers of refugees have on host communities? In what ways did refugees respond to their predicament? As the war came to an end, questions arose as to whether refugees would return to their homes and how and by whom that process might be managed. How did contemporaries interpret these unsettling issues? Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences as a whole and to establish the political, social and cultural significance and ramifications of the wartime refugee crisis.Less
This book addresses the unprecedented and overwhelming refugee crisis that the First World War unleashed in Europe. As the war came to an end a senior Red Cross official wrote ‘there were refugees everywhere: it was as if the entire world had to move or was waiting to move’. At least 14 million people were directly affected during the war. Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences and to establish the political, social and cultural significance of the crisis and its post-war legacy. Part of the explanation for the scale and severity of the refugee crisis was that non-combatants caught up in the conflict sought to escape to a place of relative safety. However, mass civilian displacement was also a deliberate outcome of wartime mobilisation. The unexpected presence of millions of refugees posed challenging questions about the forms and extent of assistance. How far did governments assume responsibility for emergency relief, or conversely did they devolve responsibility on to non-state agencies? What impact did the presence of large numbers of refugees have on host communities? In what ways did refugees respond to their predicament? As the war came to an end, questions arose as to whether refugees would return to their homes and how and by whom that process might be managed. How did contemporaries interpret these unsettling issues? Europe on the move is the first attempt to understand their experiences as a whole and to establish the political, social and cultural significance and ramifications of the wartime refugee crisis.
Sasha D. Pack
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503606678
- eISBN:
- 9781503607538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish ...
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This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish and Moroccan labor. Economic crisis, along with the advent of the Spanish Republic of 1931, stirred working-class politics in both cities, pitting the predominantly working-class Spanish communities against European colonial elites over major municipal issues such as casino gambling and cross-border commerce. The resulting divide continued after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Despite official neutrality, European elites in both cities tended to favor groups associated with Francisco Franco’s rebellion against the Republic.Less
This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish and Moroccan labor. Economic crisis, along with the advent of the Spanish Republic of 1931, stirred working-class politics in both cities, pitting the predominantly working-class Spanish communities against European colonial elites over major municipal issues such as casino gambling and cross-border commerce. The resulting divide continued after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Despite official neutrality, European elites in both cities tended to favor groups associated with Francisco Franco’s rebellion against the Republic.
Reuven Firestone
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860302
- eISBN:
- 9780199950621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860302.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish ...
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The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish self-government. Many Orthodox Jews who were a-Zionist or anti-Zionist changed their position on the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state. But mass immigration to the Land of Israel and creating a military force to protect the community there were considered by many to be an act of defiance against God’s dictate that Jews vow to refrain from mass immigration to Palestine. The problem was resolved for many by the Holocaust, which represented to them Gentile rebellion against their own divinely dictated vow not to persecute the Jews living among them too harshly. Historical crisis and the meaning applied to it thus began the process of breaking down the traditional rabbinic barriers to engaging in war.Less
The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish self-government. Many Orthodox Jews who were a-Zionist or anti-Zionist changed their position on the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state. But mass immigration to the Land of Israel and creating a military force to protect the community there were considered by many to be an act of defiance against God’s dictate that Jews vow to refrain from mass immigration to Palestine. The problem was resolved for many by the Holocaust, which represented to them Gentile rebellion against their own divinely dictated vow not to persecute the Jews living among them too harshly. Historical crisis and the meaning applied to it thus began the process of breaking down the traditional rabbinic barriers to engaging in war.
Martin Geiger
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529202168
- eISBN:
- 9781529209594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529202168.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter presents insights into global migration governance and maps the management of environmentally induced migration. Focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the ...
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This chapter presents insights into global migration governance and maps the management of environmentally induced migration. Focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the UN High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR), the UN Development Program (UNDP) and UN Environmental Program (UNEP) the author discusses the migration policies of these organizations and their involvement in the negotiation of Global Compacts on migration and refugees. It highlights that migration governance takes place in different international organizations with overlapping mandates and memberships. Also, that their efforts are limited due to sovereignty claims of member states. The chapter concludes by mentioning the achievements and difficulties of environmental migration governance on the international level and how the UN Global Compacts can serve as potential problem solvers.Less
This chapter presents insights into global migration governance and maps the management of environmentally induced migration. Focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the UN High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR), the UN Development Program (UNDP) and UN Environmental Program (UNEP) the author discusses the migration policies of these organizations and their involvement in the negotiation of Global Compacts on migration and refugees. It highlights that migration governance takes place in different international organizations with overlapping mandates and memberships. Also, that their efforts are limited due to sovereignty claims of member states. The chapter concludes by mentioning the achievements and difficulties of environmental migration governance on the international level and how the UN Global Compacts can serve as potential problem solvers.
