Douglas A. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150321
- eISBN:
- 9781400838394
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150321.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed ...
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The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed for—the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s. Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a compliment. This book provides the first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming the U.S. and world economies during the Depression. The book presents an authoritative account of the politics behind Smoot–Hawley, its economic consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free for all in which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill, U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to shrivel as well. While Smoot–Hawley was hardly responsible for the Great Depression, the book argues, it contributed to a decline in world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that lasted decades. The book tells a fascinating story filled with valuable lessons for trade policy today.Less
The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed for—the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s. Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a compliment. This book provides the first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming the U.S. and world economies during the Depression. The book presents an authoritative account of the politics behind Smoot–Hawley, its economic consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free for all in which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill, U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to shrivel as well. While Smoot–Hawley was hardly responsible for the Great Depression, the book argues, it contributed to a decline in world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that lasted decades. The book tells a fascinating story filled with valuable lessons for trade policy today.
Benjamin J. Wetzel
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198865803
- eISBN:
- 9780191898136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198865803.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter analyses Roosevelt’s domestic policies and his personal family life as president. His 1901 dinner with black educator Booker T. Washington and his 1902 settling of a coal strike endeared ...
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This chapter analyses Roosevelt’s domestic policies and his personal family life as president. His 1901 dinner with black educator Booker T. Washington and his 1902 settling of a coal strike endeared him to reformers. In 1904 he won election in his own right. As a tolerant Protestant, Roosevelt appointed the first Jew to a cabinet position in 1906, supported the Mormon senator Reed Smoot, and defended the Unitarianism of his hand-picked successor William Howard Taft. At the same time he faced backlash for attempting to remove “In God We Trust” from the national coinage. Theodore and Edith Roosevelt also raised their children in the Christian faith and quietly encouraged their devotion.Less
This chapter analyses Roosevelt’s domestic policies and his personal family life as president. His 1901 dinner with black educator Booker T. Washington and his 1902 settling of a coal strike endeared him to reformers. In 1904 he won election in his own right. As a tolerant Protestant, Roosevelt appointed the first Jew to a cabinet position in 1906, supported the Mormon senator Reed Smoot, and defended the Unitarianism of his hand-picked successor William Howard Taft. At the same time he faced backlash for attempting to remove “In God We Trust” from the national coinage. Theodore and Edith Roosevelt also raised their children in the Christian faith and quietly encouraged their devotion.
W. Paul Reeve
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199754076
- eISBN:
- 9780190226282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754076.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, History of Religion
This chapter situates the Mormon racial story in a moment of transition at the beginning of the twentieth century. It uses a political cartoon from Life magazine to frame the entire book. It situates ...
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This chapter situates the Mormon racial story in a moment of transition at the beginning of the twentieth century. It uses a political cartoon from Life magazine to frame the entire book. It situates the argument within racial and whiteness studies contexts and a fluid and illogical nineteenth-century American racial context. It uses the children in Mormon Elder Berry’s imagined family to frame the book. It argues that race is both something ascribed from the outside and aspired to from within. In the Mormon example, negative media representations, such as the cartoon in Life, kept the Mormons mired in a racialized past even as they struggled to reframe themselves as “white.”Less
This chapter situates the Mormon racial story in a moment of transition at the beginning of the twentieth century. It uses a political cartoon from Life magazine to frame the entire book. It situates the argument within racial and whiteness studies contexts and a fluid and illogical nineteenth-century American racial context. It uses the children in Mormon Elder Berry’s imagined family to frame the book. It argues that race is both something ascribed from the outside and aspired to from within. In the Mormon example, negative media representations, such as the cartoon in Life, kept the Mormons mired in a racialized past even as they struggled to reframe themselves as “white.”
Ray Zone
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813136110
- eISBN:
- 9780813141183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136110.003.0018
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The process of converting a flat motion picture to 3D is explained using a specific Large Format film, Mummies 3D, as a case study. Director Keith Melton discusses the process. 3D conversion artist ...
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The process of converting a flat motion picture to 3D is explained using a specific Large Format film, Mummies 3D, as a case study. Director Keith Melton discusses the process. 3D conversion artist Tim Sassoon is interviewed.Less
The process of converting a flat motion picture to 3D is explained using a specific Large Format film, Mummies 3D, as a case study. Director Keith Melton discusses the process. 3D conversion artist Tim Sassoon is interviewed.
