Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by ...
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This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by the International Committee of the Red Cross and confined within what that body understood to be its prudent limits. It further notes that this review is so long-drawn-out and so undramatic that it attracted hardly any public attention, yet some of its debates and achievements would have profoundly interested the more reflective members of the public. It compares the ‘Nuremberg’ and ‘Tokyo’ stories which attracted great publicity from the outset, and have not ceased to engage historians' attention. In this chapter the author tells the ‘Geneva’ story more amply and historically, since it has scarcely been told except by lawyers to lawyers for their own professional interest and purposes.Less
This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by the International Committee of the Red Cross and confined within what that body understood to be its prudent limits. It further notes that this review is so long-drawn-out and so undramatic that it attracted hardly any public attention, yet some of its debates and achievements would have profoundly interested the more reflective members of the public. It compares the ‘Nuremberg’ and ‘Tokyo’ stories which attracted great publicity from the outset, and have not ceased to engage historians' attention. In this chapter the author tells the ‘Geneva’ story more amply and historically, since it has scarcely been told except by lawyers to lawyers for their own professional interest and purposes.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter addresses the ‘parcels crisis’ of 1940–41 and shows how the collapse of the supply of relief parcels to German POW camps after the fall of France galvanized the prisoners and their ...
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This chapter addresses the ‘parcels crisis’ of 1940–41 and shows how the collapse of the supply of relief parcels to German POW camps after the fall of France galvanized the prisoners and their supporters in the United Kingdom and expatriate communities abroad into seizing the initiative and demanding a more responsive attitude from both the government and the Joint War Organization (JWO) of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem. The crisis transformed POW wellbeing into an issue of domestic political importance, and gave rise to a powerful POW lobby group within parliament and the country at large. It also forced the government to override the independence of the JWO and assume greater responsibility for POW wellbeing and Britain's relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).Less
This chapter addresses the ‘parcels crisis’ of 1940–41 and shows how the collapse of the supply of relief parcels to German POW camps after the fall of France galvanized the prisoners and their supporters in the United Kingdom and expatriate communities abroad into seizing the initiative and demanding a more responsive attitude from both the government and the Joint War Organization (JWO) of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem. The crisis transformed POW wellbeing into an issue of domestic political importance, and gave rise to a powerful POW lobby group within parliament and the country at large. It also forced the government to override the independence of the JWO and assume greater responsibility for POW wellbeing and Britain's relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
Elisabeth S. Clemens
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226277646
- eISBN:
- 9780226277813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226277813.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Political History
In times of crisis, domestic or international, the capacity of American government has been enhanced by the large-scale mobilization of civic benevolence. Although the New Deal is often envisioned as ...
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In times of crisis, domestic or international, the capacity of American government has been enhanced by the large-scale mobilization of civic benevolence. Although the New Deal is often envisioned as marking an end to the era of voluntarism in the provision of public goods, President Roosevelt constructed new alignments of citizen philanthropy with national projects, represented by the March of Dimes against polio and the widespread equation of donating with patriotic citizenship during the Second World War. Following Roosevelt's death and the end of the war, both his allies and opposition competed to reinforce or replace this presidentially-centered regime of civic philanthropy with other configurations that varied in their degree of inclusion (particularly of organized labor) and local rather than national orientation. Within a decade, the result was a much more fragmented system of civic benevolence, oriented to particular causes rather than national crises and patriotic solidarity.Less
In times of crisis, domestic or international, the capacity of American government has been enhanced by the large-scale mobilization of civic benevolence. Although the New Deal is often envisioned as marking an end to the era of voluntarism in the provision of public goods, President Roosevelt constructed new alignments of citizen philanthropy with national projects, represented by the March of Dimes against polio and the widespread equation of donating with patriotic citizenship during the Second World War. Following Roosevelt's death and the end of the war, both his allies and opposition competed to reinforce or replace this presidentially-centered regime of civic philanthropy with other configurations that varied in their degree of inclusion (particularly of organized labor) and local rather than national orientation. Within a decade, the result was a much more fragmented system of civic benevolence, oriented to particular causes rather than national crises and patriotic solidarity.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the major laws that form part of the making of the Geneva Conventions. It discusses the appurtenant laws and organizations that promote protection of civilians. It notes that ...
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This chapter discusses the major laws that form part of the making of the Geneva Conventions. It discusses the appurtenant laws and organizations that promote protection of civilians. It notes that the other side of the coin from the protection of civilians is protection of combatants incorporated in the rules on the security of belligerents. It provides the principal purpose of the first and second Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross Conventions which reaffirms the principles which had been at the heart of the Geneva law since its pioneering codification in the early 1860s: the protection and care of the sick and wounded soldiers and sailors; similarly, the protection and support of the men and women who undertake that care, and the distinctive sign they carry. It also discusses the 1949 POW Convention, much enlarged beyond the 1929 bridgehead, which is made up of 143 articles and five annexes.Less
This chapter discusses the major laws that form part of the making of the Geneva Conventions. It discusses the appurtenant laws and organizations that promote protection of civilians. It notes that the other side of the coin from the protection of civilians is protection of combatants incorporated in the rules on the security of belligerents. It provides the principal purpose of the first and second Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross Conventions which reaffirms the principles which had been at the heart of the Geneva law since its pioneering codification in the early 1860s: the protection and care of the sick and wounded soldiers and sailors; similarly, the protection and support of the men and women who undertake that care, and the distinctive sign they carry. It also discusses the 1949 POW Convention, much enlarged beyond the 1929 bridgehead, which is made up of 143 articles and five annexes.
Nicholas Morris*
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the ...
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Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.Less
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.
Jenny Edkins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450297
- eISBN:
- 9780801462795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450297.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the official and unofficial tracing services that were set up in Europe in the aftermath of World War II as well as the tensions and disagreements that the demand to trace the ...
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This chapter examines the official and unofficial tracing services that were set up in Europe in the aftermath of World War II as well as the tensions and disagreements that the demand to trace the missing produced in the various military, civilian, and voluntary agencies. It considers the attempts of senior women in the British Red Cross and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to bring a particular sort of order to the chaos that was Europe. It shows that the authorities prioritized the control of populations on the move rather than the business of tracing missing persons. It also highlights the conflict between the politics of who should be helped and the concern of voluntary agencies to help everyone, even former enemies.Less
This chapter examines the official and unofficial tracing services that were set up in Europe in the aftermath of World War II as well as the tensions and disagreements that the demand to trace the missing produced in the various military, civilian, and voluntary agencies. It considers the attempts of senior women in the British Red Cross and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to bring a particular sort of order to the chaos that was Europe. It shows that the authorities prioritized the control of populations on the move rather than the business of tracing missing persons. It also highlights the conflict between the politics of who should be helped and the concern of voluntary agencies to help everyone, even former enemies.
Kathryn Walls
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719090370
- eISBN:
- 9781781706510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090370.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Once the independent trajectories of Una and Red Cross have coincided, Una is reflected in her companions. Arthur, too, epitomizes and signifies the invisible Church. As such, he becomes instrumental ...
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Once the independent trajectories of Una and Red Cross have coincided, Una is reflected in her companions. Arthur, too, epitomizes and signifies the invisible Church. As such, he becomes instrumental in the salvation of Red Cross. “Called to election” in canto viii, Red Cross (whose prior and formal baptism is intimated by the cross he has borne from the beginning) experiences the spiritual baptism of repentance in the House of Holiness, and also during his fight with the dragon. That Red Cross has become, as it were, another Una is implied by their quasi-marriage in canto xii, in a ceremony suggestive of the Sacrament of Communion.Less
Once the independent trajectories of Una and Red Cross have coincided, Una is reflected in her companions. Arthur, too, epitomizes and signifies the invisible Church. As such, he becomes instrumental in the salvation of Red Cross. “Called to election” in canto viii, Red Cross (whose prior and formal baptism is intimated by the cross he has borne from the beginning) experiences the spiritual baptism of repentance in the House of Holiness, and also during his fight with the dragon. That Red Cross has become, as it were, another Una is implied by their quasi-marriage in canto xii, in a ceremony suggestive of the Sacrament of Communion.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the law of armed conflict or the doctrine of ‘belligerent equality’ which applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict, whether or not the international community ...
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This chapter discusses the law of armed conflict or the doctrine of ‘belligerent equality’ which applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict, whether or not the international community regards any participant as the ‘aggressor’ or ‘victim’. It explains that the individual victims of conflict, notably civilians, POWs, the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, and all military members of nations involved are the beneficiaries of much of the law of armed conflict. It notes that the immediate humanitarian advantages of this doctrine are nowhere more evident than in the value which the ICRC places on it. It further notes that the fundamental principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent — humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence — rely upon it. It emphasizes that humanity is the ark of the movement's covenant: the Red Cross's calling and duty to succour, assist, and protect war's victims and sufferers.Less
This chapter discusses the law of armed conflict or the doctrine of ‘belligerent equality’ which applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict, whether or not the international community regards any participant as the ‘aggressor’ or ‘victim’. It explains that the individual victims of conflict, notably civilians, POWs, the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, and all military members of nations involved are the beneficiaries of much of the law of armed conflict. It notes that the immediate humanitarian advantages of this doctrine are nowhere more evident than in the value which the ICRC places on it. It further notes that the fundamental principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent — humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence — rely upon it. It emphasizes that humanity is the ark of the movement's covenant: the Red Cross's calling and duty to succour, assist, and protect war's victims and sufferers.
Randall Curren and Charles Dorn
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226552255
- eISBN:
- 9780226552422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226552422.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, Philosophy and Theory of Education
Chapter 3 investigates the history of militarizing schooling and the mobilization of public education in response to war. U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and WWI led to the establishment ...
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Chapter 3 investigates the history of militarizing schooling and the mobilization of public education in response to war. U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and WWI led to the establishment of programs such as the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) and the Cadet Corps. These programs emphasized honor, submission to authority, and physical fitness—all traits considered central to preparing boys for service in the armed forces. Girls participated in the Junior Red Cross, which involved them in service projects such as collecting clothing for war victims, promoting food conservation, and planting victory gardens. With America’s entrance into WWII, many high schools adopted the federal Victory Corps program, which supported the training of students for a range of homefront and military roles immediately following graduation. While overt school-based military training remained controversial throughout the war years, most communities supported engaging children in selling war stamps and bonds, collecting scrap metal, and harvesting crops. One of the most popular extracurricular organizations in the United States, the Future Farmers of America (FFA), also taught students to be patriotic Americans. Receiving a federal charter in 1950, the organization embraced several purposes, including developing character, training for useful citizenship, and fostering patriotism.Less
Chapter 3 investigates the history of militarizing schooling and the mobilization of public education in response to war. U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and WWI led to the establishment of programs such as the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) and the Cadet Corps. These programs emphasized honor, submission to authority, and physical fitness—all traits considered central to preparing boys for service in the armed forces. Girls participated in the Junior Red Cross, which involved them in service projects such as collecting clothing for war victims, promoting food conservation, and planting victory gardens. With America’s entrance into WWII, many high schools adopted the federal Victory Corps program, which supported the training of students for a range of homefront and military roles immediately following graduation. While overt school-based military training remained controversial throughout the war years, most communities supported engaging children in selling war stamps and bonds, collecting scrap metal, and harvesting crops. One of the most popular extracurricular organizations in the United States, the Future Farmers of America (FFA), also taught students to be patriotic Americans. Receiving a federal charter in 1950, the organization embraced several purposes, including developing character, training for useful citizenship, and fostering patriotism.
Julia F. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199766406
- eISBN:
- 9780190254469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199766406.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) phenomenal growth between 1917 and 1918. It shows how the ARC's leaders sold the organization to the U.S. public and worked to define foreign ...
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This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) phenomenal growth between 1917 and 1918. It shows how the ARC's leaders sold the organization to the U.S. public and worked to define foreign assistance as a new obligation, a patriotic duty, during World War I. It also examines the extent to which individual Americans consented to this new set of international humanitarian responsibilities, along with the varied meanings that they attributed to this concept of foreign aid. The chapter explains how the support and confidence of the public at large enabled the ARC to become the nation's preferred instrument for overseas civilian relief. Finally, it considers ARC's international humanitarianism as a major departure in U.S. foreign affairs.Less
This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) phenomenal growth between 1917 and 1918. It shows how the ARC's leaders sold the organization to the U.S. public and worked to define foreign assistance as a new obligation, a patriotic duty, during World War I. It also examines the extent to which individual Americans consented to this new set of international humanitarian responsibilities, along with the varied meanings that they attributed to this concept of foreign aid. The chapter explains how the support and confidence of the public at large enabled the ARC to become the nation's preferred instrument for overseas civilian relief. Finally, it considers ARC's international humanitarianism as a major departure in U.S. foreign affairs.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter focuses on blood donors in the Soviet Union and other countries. About half of all blood supplies in the Soviet Union are obtained from unpaid donors at factories, offices, colleges and ...
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This chapter focuses on blood donors in the Soviet Union and other countries. About half of all blood supplies in the Soviet Union are obtained from unpaid donors at factories, offices, colleges and palaces of culture, and other institutions. They are recruited by the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Donors are allowed a day off work to give their donation and a free meal afterwards; they are also given an extra day's holiday which, if they choose, they may add to their annual vacation. Other reports suggest that in some places donors may be rewarded with free public transport for a month, higher priority for housing, and other ‘fringe benefits’. Meanwhile, the other half of all blood supplies comes from paid donors who attend blood-collecting stations. Although they get a day off work for donating, they are not given a free meal or other benefits.Less
This chapter focuses on blood donors in the Soviet Union and other countries. About half of all blood supplies in the Soviet Union are obtained from unpaid donors at factories, offices, colleges and palaces of culture, and other institutions. They are recruited by the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Donors are allowed a day off work to give their donation and a free meal afterwards; they are also given an extra day's holiday which, if they choose, they may add to their annual vacation. Other reports suggest that in some places donors may be rewarded with free public transport for a month, higher priority for housing, and other ‘fringe benefits’. Meanwhile, the other half of all blood supplies comes from paid donors who attend blood-collecting stations. Although they get a day off work for donating, they are not given a free meal or other benefits.
David J. Bettez
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813168012
- eISBN:
- 9780813168784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813168012.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter covers the commonwealth’s response to World War I and efforts to support the war after the United States entered it in April 1917. It describes support from newspaper editors Henry ...
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This chapter covers the commonwealth’s response to World War I and efforts to support the war after the United States entered it in April 1917. It describes support from newspaper editors Henry Watterson and Desha Breckinridge. It also discusses attitudes toward the state’s extensive German American population, including an effort to ban the teaching of the German language in schools and the repression of people deemed disloyal or insufficiently supportive of the war. Kentuckians also rallied to the war effort in a positive way, supporting Liberty Bond and Red Cross campaigns. They joined support organizations such as the Four Minute Men and the American Protective League.Less
This chapter covers the commonwealth’s response to World War I and efforts to support the war after the United States entered it in April 1917. It describes support from newspaper editors Henry Watterson and Desha Breckinridge. It also discusses attitudes toward the state’s extensive German American population, including an effort to ban the teaching of the German language in schools and the repression of people deemed disloyal or insufficiently supportive of the war. Kentuckians also rallied to the war effort in a positive way, supporting Liberty Bond and Red Cross campaigns. They joined support organizations such as the Four Minute Men and the American Protective League.
Mariane C. Ferme
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520294370
- eISBN:
- 9780520967526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294370.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
The circulation of wartime rumors frames the history and experiences of particular conflicts, as well as widely shared popular anxieties that mark turning points and critical events—transitions that ...
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The circulation of wartime rumors frames the history and experiences of particular conflicts, as well as widely shared popular anxieties that mark turning points and critical events—transitions that define clear “befores” and “afters” in the memories of those who lived through the civil war. Rumors of collusions between humanitarian agencies and the RUF rebels—particularly the multiple “Red Crosses” with their secretive and sometimes conflicting agendas—informed collective imaginaries during the conflict. The chapter also examines historical instances of suspicions surrounding the secretive diplomatic activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross in other wars and the organization’s practices of neutrality and secrecy that fail to quash those suspicions.Less
The circulation of wartime rumors frames the history and experiences of particular conflicts, as well as widely shared popular anxieties that mark turning points and critical events—transitions that define clear “befores” and “afters” in the memories of those who lived through the civil war. Rumors of collusions between humanitarian agencies and the RUF rebels—particularly the multiple “Red Crosses” with their secretive and sometimes conflicting agendas—informed collective imaginaries during the conflict. The chapter also examines historical instances of suspicions surrounding the secretive diplomatic activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross in other wars and the organization’s practices of neutrality and secrecy that fail to quash those suspicions.
Geoffrey Charles Emerson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098800
- eISBN:
- 9789882206977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098800.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter provides a summary description of the life and conditions experienced by internees in the Stanley camp. It notes that no one starved to death, and the fact remains that every day of ...
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This chapter provides a summary description of the life and conditions experienced by internees in the Stanley camp. It notes that no one starved to death, and the fact remains that every day of internment there was something to eat. It further observes that many skilled medical personnel were interned and so few people died during internment, a total of less than 120. It reports that the interviews of former internees revealed that the Red Cross had done as much as possible and was extremely hindered by lack of cooperation from the Japanese authorities. It further reports that although Japan had not been a signatory to the Geneva Convention, the Japanese government had announced that it would follow the rules of the Convention. It observes that the Geneva Convention failed to note the vast difference between an Oriental, rice-based diet and a European diet.Less
This chapter provides a summary description of the life and conditions experienced by internees in the Stanley camp. It notes that no one starved to death, and the fact remains that every day of internment there was something to eat. It further observes that many skilled medical personnel were interned and so few people died during internment, a total of less than 120. It reports that the interviews of former internees revealed that the Red Cross had done as much as possible and was extremely hindered by lack of cooperation from the Japanese authorities. It further reports that although Japan had not been a signatory to the Geneva Convention, the Japanese government had announced that it would follow the rules of the Convention. It observes that the Geneva Convention failed to note the vast difference between an Oriental, rice-based diet and a European diet.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in ...
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From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.Less
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.
Arieh J. Kochavi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807829400
- eISBN:
- 9781469603636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807876404_kochavi.6
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter focuses on the living conditions in German camps where British prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive during World War II, the way the POWs were treated by the Germans, and the ...
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This chapter focuses on the living conditions in German camps where British prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive during World War II, the way the POWs were treated by the Germans, and the measures taken by the British government to ensure their general welfare. In the aftermath of Dunkirk, Britain devoted all its energy on the struggle for survival at home and paid little attention to the fate of British troops captured by Nazi Germany. The chapter examines the health conditions of British POWs in German prison camps and the medical attention given to them, along with food and other services. It also looks at the creation of the Directorate of Prisoners of War within the British War Office and concludes by discussing the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Britain regarding British POWs in Germany.Less
This chapter focuses on the living conditions in German camps where British prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive during World War II, the way the POWs were treated by the Germans, and the measures taken by the British government to ensure their general welfare. In the aftermath of Dunkirk, Britain devoted all its energy on the struggle for survival at home and paid little attention to the fate of British troops captured by Nazi Germany. The chapter examines the health conditions of British POWs in German prison camps and the medical attention given to them, along with food and other services. It also looks at the creation of the Directorate of Prisoners of War within the British War Office and concludes by discussing the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Britain regarding British POWs in Germany.
Lis de Vries, Mohita Roman, and Linda Briskman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447333746
- eISBN:
- 9781447333791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447333746.003.0015
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
For many years, the Australian Red Cross (Red Cross) has delivered high-quality, strengths-based individualised casework services. In the last few years, on-going consultation with asylum seekers and ...
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For many years, the Australian Red Cross (Red Cross) has delivered high-quality, strengths-based individualised casework services. In the last few years, on-going consultation with asylum seekers and a rapidly growing number of clients drove Red Cross to consider a broader, more adaptive, and more inclusive community development model. Such a model would encourage resilience and self-reliance; would recognise the role of the community in supporting dignity, health, well-being, and social inclusion; and would bring clients in as their own experts. However, in determining this change, Red Cross was faced with the challenge of implementing a community development model in a large, formal organisation with a group often considered by the broader Australian community as ‘outsiders’, and without access to many mainstream services and opportunities. This chapter discusses how Red Cross adapted and changed the service delivery model from individual casework to a community development approach.Less
For many years, the Australian Red Cross (Red Cross) has delivered high-quality, strengths-based individualised casework services. In the last few years, on-going consultation with asylum seekers and a rapidly growing number of clients drove Red Cross to consider a broader, more adaptive, and more inclusive community development model. Such a model would encourage resilience and self-reliance; would recognise the role of the community in supporting dignity, health, well-being, and social inclusion; and would bring clients in as their own experts. However, in determining this change, Red Cross was faced with the challenge of implementing a community development model in a large, formal organisation with a group often considered by the broader Australian community as ‘outsiders’, and without access to many mainstream services and opportunities. This chapter discusses how Red Cross adapted and changed the service delivery model from individual casework to a community development approach.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the three world wars (counting that of 1792–1815 as the first) and the extraordinary political circumstances that have accompanied them. It notes that this chapter is to some ...
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This chapter discusses the three world wars (counting that of 1792–1815 as the first) and the extraordinary political circumstances that have accompanied them. It notes that this chapter is to some extent a revision, and at the same time a distillation, of the earlier book which the author of this book wrote fourteen years ago in 1980, titled Humanity in Warfare. It describes how the law of war, as a development within European history and Atlantic civilization from the later seventeenth century to the turn of the twentieth century, has every appearance of a success story. It further explains that war remains a respected and necessary element of international relations, but its risks are increasingly well realized and attempts to avoid it often succeeds. It explains that civilian populations seem to suffer proportionately less than previously and political science recognizes the International Committee of the Red Cross as the grandest of the pioneer NGOs.Less
This chapter discusses the three world wars (counting that of 1792–1815 as the first) and the extraordinary political circumstances that have accompanied them. It notes that this chapter is to some extent a revision, and at the same time a distillation, of the earlier book which the author of this book wrote fourteen years ago in 1980, titled Humanity in Warfare. It describes how the law of war, as a development within European history and Atlantic civilization from the later seventeenth century to the turn of the twentieth century, has every appearance of a success story. It further explains that war remains a respected and necessary element of international relations, but its risks are increasingly well realized and attempts to avoid it often succeeds. It explains that civilian populations seem to suffer proportionately less than previously and political science recognizes the International Committee of the Red Cross as the grandest of the pioneer NGOs.
Mark A. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199660285
- eISBN:
- 9780191757716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660285.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
“New justice” ideas concerning the validity of post-war prosecution entered the revision of the Geneva Conventions in an expected way. The International Committee of the Red Cross was not willing ...
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“New justice” ideas concerning the validity of post-war prosecution entered the revision of the Geneva Conventions in an expected way. The International Committee of the Red Cross was not willing initially to get involved in war crimes trials after World War Two, considering them exercises in victor's justice. One delegate even lobbied Great Britain to halt war crimes trials. However, other Red Cross officials favored criminal prosecution to ensure compliance with the Geneva Conventions in the future, as long as there were adequate safeguards for the accused. International jurists, some with ties to the Nuremberg proceedings and to international criminal law, supported universal jurisdiction and an international criminal court for violations, but British and U.S. officials opposed them. In the end, the creation of the “grave breaches” provisions in the Geneva Conventions synthesized traditional legal concepts with “new justice” ideas.Less
“New justice” ideas concerning the validity of post-war prosecution entered the revision of the Geneva Conventions in an expected way. The International Committee of the Red Cross was not willing initially to get involved in war crimes trials after World War Two, considering them exercises in victor's justice. One delegate even lobbied Great Britain to halt war crimes trials. However, other Red Cross officials favored criminal prosecution to ensure compliance with the Geneva Conventions in the future, as long as there were adequate safeguards for the accused. International jurists, some with ties to the Nuremberg proceedings and to international criminal law, supported universal jurisdiction and an international criminal court for violations, but British and U.S. officials opposed them. In the end, the creation of the “grave breaches” provisions in the Geneva Conventions synthesized traditional legal concepts with “new justice” ideas.
Lynn Dumenil
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631219
- eISBN:
- 9781469631233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631219.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines women's voluntary associations' role in mobilization. It examining the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Woman's ...
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This chapter examines women's voluntary associations' role in mobilization. It examining the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the National Association of Colored Women, and the American Red Cross, it analyzes the way in which women activists conjoined the war emergency to their own goals of staking their claim to full citizenship, and continuing their reform agendas begun in the Progressive reform era. As they did so, white women invoked “maternalism” and emphasized the instrumental role that women played in protecting the family. African American activists similarly focused on the centrality of women citizens, but did so in the specific context of racial uplift. Their engagement in meaningful war work encouraged them to view the war – over optimistically as it turned out – as an opportunity to achieve both long-standing reform goals and an enhanced role for women in public life.Less
This chapter examines women's voluntary associations' role in mobilization. It examining the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the National Association of Colored Women, and the American Red Cross, it analyzes the way in which women activists conjoined the war emergency to their own goals of staking their claim to full citizenship, and continuing their reform agendas begun in the Progressive reform era. As they did so, white women invoked “maternalism” and emphasized the instrumental role that women played in protecting the family. African American activists similarly focused on the centrality of women citizens, but did so in the specific context of racial uplift. Their engagement in meaningful war work encouraged them to view the war – over optimistically as it turned out – as an opportunity to achieve both long-standing reform goals and an enhanced role for women in public life.
