Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by ...
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This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by the International Committee of the Red Cross and confined within what that body understood to be its prudent limits. It further notes that this review is so long-drawn-out and so undramatic that it attracted hardly any public attention, yet some of its debates and achievements would have profoundly interested the more reflective members of the public. It compares the ‘Nuremberg’ and ‘Tokyo’ stories which attracted great publicity from the outset, and have not ceased to engage historians' attention. In this chapter the author tells the ‘Geneva’ story more amply and historically, since it has scarcely been told except by lawyers to lawyers for their own professional interest and purposes.Less
This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by the International Committee of the Red Cross and confined within what that body understood to be its prudent limits. It further notes that this review is so long-drawn-out and so undramatic that it attracted hardly any public attention, yet some of its debates and achievements would have profoundly interested the more reflective members of the public. It compares the ‘Nuremberg’ and ‘Tokyo’ stories which attracted great publicity from the outset, and have not ceased to engage historians' attention. In this chapter the author tells the ‘Geneva’ story more amply and historically, since it has scarcely been told except by lawyers to lawyers for their own professional interest and purposes.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter addresses the ‘parcels crisis’ of 1940–41 and shows how the collapse of the supply of relief parcels to German POW camps after the fall of France galvanized the prisoners and their ...
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This chapter addresses the ‘parcels crisis’ of 1940–41 and shows how the collapse of the supply of relief parcels to German POW camps after the fall of France galvanized the prisoners and their supporters in the United Kingdom and expatriate communities abroad into seizing the initiative and demanding a more responsive attitude from both the government and the Joint War Organization (JWO) of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem. The crisis transformed POW wellbeing into an issue of domestic political importance, and gave rise to a powerful POW lobby group within parliament and the country at large. It also forced the government to override the independence of the JWO and assume greater responsibility for POW wellbeing and Britain's relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).Less
This chapter addresses the ‘parcels crisis’ of 1940–41 and shows how the collapse of the supply of relief parcels to German POW camps after the fall of France galvanized the prisoners and their supporters in the United Kingdom and expatriate communities abroad into seizing the initiative and demanding a more responsive attitude from both the government and the Joint War Organization (JWO) of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem. The crisis transformed POW wellbeing into an issue of domestic political importance, and gave rise to a powerful POW lobby group within parliament and the country at large. It also forced the government to override the independence of the JWO and assume greater responsibility for POW wellbeing and Britain's relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
Christine Ardalan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813066158
- eISBN:
- 9780813058368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813066158.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter explores the influence of the Red Cross Nursing Service in Florida after World War I when the American Red Cross focused on public health nursing. Central leadership from its Washington, ...
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This chapter explores the influence of the Red Cross Nursing Service in Florida after World War I when the American Red Cross focused on public health nursing. Central leadership from its Washington, DC headquarters directed policies and values that guided Red Cross nurses into the southernmost state. The policies and the nurses themselves illuminated the connections between the Red Cross, race, class, and a population in dire need of healthcare. Becuase the Red Cross was to some extentcolorblind with its policies and nurse recruitment, it paved the way for black public health nurses to forge new paths. From local Red Cross chapters, the white and few black nurses began to establish links with the communities. The Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick classes offered a particularly important means to serve all, regardless of race. The aftermath of Florida’s 1928 hurricane highlighted the more racially open policy towards the employment of African American nurses. Rosa Brown demonstrated the need for public health nurses to improve health in the neglected rural areas of Palm Beach County.Less
This chapter explores the influence of the Red Cross Nursing Service in Florida after World War I when the American Red Cross focused on public health nursing. Central leadership from its Washington, DC headquarters directed policies and values that guided Red Cross nurses into the southernmost state. The policies and the nurses themselves illuminated the connections between the Red Cross, race, class, and a population in dire need of healthcare. Becuase the Red Cross was to some extentcolorblind with its policies and nurse recruitment, it paved the way for black public health nurses to forge new paths. From local Red Cross chapters, the white and few black nurses began to establish links with the communities. The Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick classes offered a particularly important means to serve all, regardless of race. The aftermath of Florida’s 1928 hurricane highlighted the more racially open policy towards the employment of African American nurses. Rosa Brown demonstrated the need for public health nurses to improve health in the neglected rural areas of Palm Beach County.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the major laws that form part of the making of the Geneva Conventions. It discusses the appurtenant laws and organizations that promote protection of civilians. It notes that ...
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This chapter discusses the major laws that form part of the making of the Geneva Conventions. It discusses the appurtenant laws and organizations that promote protection of civilians. It notes that the other side of the coin from the protection of civilians is protection of combatants incorporated in the rules on the security of belligerents. It provides the principal purpose of the first and second Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross Conventions which reaffirms the principles which had been at the heart of the Geneva law since its pioneering codification in the early 1860s: the protection and care of the sick and wounded soldiers and sailors; similarly, the protection and support of the men and women who undertake that care, and the distinctive sign they carry. It also discusses the 1949 POW Convention, much enlarged beyond the 1929 bridgehead, which is made up of 143 articles and five annexes.Less
This chapter discusses the major laws that form part of the making of the Geneva Conventions. It discusses the appurtenant laws and organizations that promote protection of civilians. It notes that the other side of the coin from the protection of civilians is protection of combatants incorporated in the rules on the security of belligerents. It provides the principal purpose of the first and second Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross Conventions which reaffirms the principles which had been at the heart of the Geneva law since its pioneering codification in the early 1860s: the protection and care of the sick and wounded soldiers and sailors; similarly, the protection and support of the men and women who undertake that care, and the distinctive sign they carry. It also discusses the 1949 POW Convention, much enlarged beyond the 1929 bridgehead, which is made up of 143 articles and five annexes.
Elisabeth S. Clemens
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226277646
- eISBN:
- 9780226277813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226277813.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Political History
In times of crisis, domestic or international, the capacity of American government has been enhanced by the large-scale mobilization of civic benevolence. Although the New Deal is often envisioned as ...
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In times of crisis, domestic or international, the capacity of American government has been enhanced by the large-scale mobilization of civic benevolence. Although the New Deal is often envisioned as marking an end to the era of voluntarism in the provision of public goods, President Roosevelt constructed new alignments of citizen philanthropy with national projects, represented by the March of Dimes against polio and the widespread equation of donating with patriotic citizenship during the Second World War. Following Roosevelt's death and the end of the war, both his allies and opposition competed to reinforce or replace this presidentially-centered regime of civic philanthropy with other configurations that varied in their degree of inclusion (particularly of organized labor) and local rather than national orientation. Within a decade, the result was a much more fragmented system of civic benevolence, oriented to particular causes rather than national crises and patriotic solidarity.Less
In times of crisis, domestic or international, the capacity of American government has been enhanced by the large-scale mobilization of civic benevolence. Although the New Deal is often envisioned as marking an end to the era of voluntarism in the provision of public goods, President Roosevelt constructed new alignments of citizen philanthropy with national projects, represented by the March of Dimes against polio and the widespread equation of donating with patriotic citizenship during the Second World War. Following Roosevelt's death and the end of the war, both his allies and opposition competed to reinforce or replace this presidentially-centered regime of civic philanthropy with other configurations that varied in their degree of inclusion (particularly of organized labor) and local rather than national orientation. Within a decade, the result was a much more fragmented system of civic benevolence, oriented to particular causes rather than national crises and patriotic solidarity.
Nicholas Morris*
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the ...
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Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.Less
Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.
Jenny Edkins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450297
- eISBN:
- 9780801462795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450297.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the official and unofficial tracing services that were set up in Europe in the aftermath of World War II as well as the tensions and disagreements that the demand to trace the ...
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This chapter examines the official and unofficial tracing services that were set up in Europe in the aftermath of World War II as well as the tensions and disagreements that the demand to trace the missing produced in the various military, civilian, and voluntary agencies. It considers the attempts of senior women in the British Red Cross and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to bring a particular sort of order to the chaos that was Europe. It shows that the authorities prioritized the control of populations on the move rather than the business of tracing missing persons. It also highlights the conflict between the politics of who should be helped and the concern of voluntary agencies to help everyone, even former enemies.Less
This chapter examines the official and unofficial tracing services that were set up in Europe in the aftermath of World War II as well as the tensions and disagreements that the demand to trace the missing produced in the various military, civilian, and voluntary agencies. It considers the attempts of senior women in the British Red Cross and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to bring a particular sort of order to the chaos that was Europe. It shows that the authorities prioritized the control of populations on the move rather than the business of tracing missing persons. It also highlights the conflict between the politics of who should be helped and the concern of voluntary agencies to help everyone, even former enemies.
Elisabeth S. Clemens
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226559360
- eISBN:
- 9780226670973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226670973.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Over the first decades of the twentieth century, this model of urban governance was harnessed to unprecedented crises, both local and international. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake inspired a ...
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Over the first decades of the twentieth century, this model of urban governance was harnessed to unprecedented crises, both local and international. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake inspired a national response to the disaster that extended the capacities of a still new organization, the American Red Cross. Closely linked to the presidency, the Red Cross came to function as a voluntary infrastructure for the extension of national efforts, an arrangement that would be solidified in the mobilization for the First World War. During that conflict, “voluntary” giving to a national cause was established as a model of good citizenship and institutionalized through the charitable deduction to the individual income tax.Less
Over the first decades of the twentieth century, this model of urban governance was harnessed to unprecedented crises, both local and international. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake inspired a national response to the disaster that extended the capacities of a still new organization, the American Red Cross. Closely linked to the presidency, the Red Cross came to function as a voluntary infrastructure for the extension of national efforts, an arrangement that would be solidified in the mobilization for the First World War. During that conflict, “voluntary” giving to a national cause was established as a model of good citizenship and institutionalized through the charitable deduction to the individual income tax.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the law of armed conflict or the doctrine of ‘belligerent equality’ which applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict, whether or not the international community ...
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This chapter discusses the law of armed conflict or the doctrine of ‘belligerent equality’ which applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict, whether or not the international community regards any participant as the ‘aggressor’ or ‘victim’. It explains that the individual victims of conflict, notably civilians, POWs, the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, and all military members of nations involved are the beneficiaries of much of the law of armed conflict. It notes that the immediate humanitarian advantages of this doctrine are nowhere more evident than in the value which the ICRC places on it. It further notes that the fundamental principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent — humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence — rely upon it. It emphasizes that humanity is the ark of the movement's covenant: the Red Cross's calling and duty to succour, assist, and protect war's victims and sufferers.Less
This chapter discusses the law of armed conflict or the doctrine of ‘belligerent equality’ which applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict, whether or not the international community regards any participant as the ‘aggressor’ or ‘victim’. It explains that the individual victims of conflict, notably civilians, POWs, the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, and all military members of nations involved are the beneficiaries of much of the law of armed conflict. It notes that the immediate humanitarian advantages of this doctrine are nowhere more evident than in the value which the ICRC places on it. It further notes that the fundamental principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent — humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence — rely upon it. It emphasizes that humanity is the ark of the movement's covenant: the Red Cross's calling and duty to succour, assist, and protect war's victims and sufferers.
Shai M. Dromi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226680101
- eISBN:
- 9780226680385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226680385.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The international Red Cross movement emerged at a period of rising nationalism in politics and culture, and yet the movement spread across borders with considerable ease. This chapter examines how ...
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The international Red Cross movement emerged at a period of rising nationalism in politics and culture, and yet the movement spread across borders with considerable ease. This chapter examines how the cultural structures and the organizational logics of the Red Cross to the international disseminated between the 1860s to the 1890s. It shows that processes of cultural production and of translation of meanings across national contexts mediated the transition from social movement to a broad social field. In particular, the first large-scale achievement of the movement - the Geneva Convention - afforded numerous parties in different nations with the language to problematize and criticize belligerents’ conduct, to classify specific populations as neutral or vulnerable, and to formalize the role of volunteer humanitarians. The chapter demonstrates that the growth of the transnational humanitarian field was facilitated by the resonance of its meaning structures with patriotic sentiments that were prevalent across late-nineteenth-century Europe and beyond.Less
The international Red Cross movement emerged at a period of rising nationalism in politics and culture, and yet the movement spread across borders with considerable ease. This chapter examines how the cultural structures and the organizational logics of the Red Cross to the international disseminated between the 1860s to the 1890s. It shows that processes of cultural production and of translation of meanings across national contexts mediated the transition from social movement to a broad social field. In particular, the first large-scale achievement of the movement - the Geneva Convention - afforded numerous parties in different nations with the language to problematize and criticize belligerents’ conduct, to classify specific populations as neutral or vulnerable, and to formalize the role of volunteer humanitarians. The chapter demonstrates that the growth of the transnational humanitarian field was facilitated by the resonance of its meaning structures with patriotic sentiments that were prevalent across late-nineteenth-century Europe and beyond.
Julia F. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199766406
- eISBN:
- 9780190254469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199766406.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) phenomenal growth between 1917 and 1918. It shows how the ARC's leaders sold the organization to the U.S. public and worked to define foreign ...
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This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) phenomenal growth between 1917 and 1918. It shows how the ARC's leaders sold the organization to the U.S. public and worked to define foreign assistance as a new obligation, a patriotic duty, during World War I. It also examines the extent to which individual Americans consented to this new set of international humanitarian responsibilities, along with the varied meanings that they attributed to this concept of foreign aid. The chapter explains how the support and confidence of the public at large enabled the ARC to become the nation's preferred instrument for overseas civilian relief. Finally, it considers ARC's international humanitarianism as a major departure in U.S. foreign affairs.Less
This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) phenomenal growth between 1917 and 1918. It shows how the ARC's leaders sold the organization to the U.S. public and worked to define foreign assistance as a new obligation, a patriotic duty, during World War I. It also examines the extent to which individual Americans consented to this new set of international humanitarian responsibilities, along with the varied meanings that they attributed to this concept of foreign aid. The chapter explains how the support and confidence of the public at large enabled the ARC to become the nation's preferred instrument for overseas civilian relief. Finally, it considers ARC's international humanitarianism as a major departure in U.S. foreign affairs.
Kathryn Walls
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719090370
- eISBN:
- 9781781706510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090370.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Once the independent trajectories of Una and Red Cross have coincided, Una is reflected in her companions. Arthur, too, epitomizes and signifies the invisible Church. As such, he becomes instrumental ...
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Once the independent trajectories of Una and Red Cross have coincided, Una is reflected in her companions. Arthur, too, epitomizes and signifies the invisible Church. As such, he becomes instrumental in the salvation of Red Cross. “Called to election” in canto viii, Red Cross (whose prior and formal baptism is intimated by the cross he has borne from the beginning) experiences the spiritual baptism of repentance in the House of Holiness, and also during his fight with the dragon. That Red Cross has become, as it were, another Una is implied by their quasi-marriage in canto xii, in a ceremony suggestive of the Sacrament of Communion.Less
Once the independent trajectories of Una and Red Cross have coincided, Una is reflected in her companions. Arthur, too, epitomizes and signifies the invisible Church. As such, he becomes instrumental in the salvation of Red Cross. “Called to election” in canto viii, Red Cross (whose prior and formal baptism is intimated by the cross he has borne from the beginning) experiences the spiritual baptism of repentance in the House of Holiness, and also during his fight with the dragon. That Red Cross has become, as it were, another Una is implied by their quasi-marriage in canto xii, in a ceremony suggestive of the Sacrament of Communion.
Arieh J. Kochavi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807829400
- eISBN:
- 9781469603636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807876404_kochavi.6
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter focuses on the living conditions in German camps where British prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive during World War II, the way the POWs were treated by the Germans, and the ...
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This chapter focuses on the living conditions in German camps where British prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive during World War II, the way the POWs were treated by the Germans, and the measures taken by the British government to ensure their general welfare. In the aftermath of Dunkirk, Britain devoted all its energy on the struggle for survival at home and paid little attention to the fate of British troops captured by Nazi Germany. The chapter examines the health conditions of British POWs in German prison camps and the medical attention given to them, along with food and other services. It also looks at the creation of the Directorate of Prisoners of War within the British War Office and concludes by discussing the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Britain regarding British POWs in Germany.Less
This chapter focuses on the living conditions in German camps where British prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive during World War II, the way the POWs were treated by the Germans, and the measures taken by the British government to ensure their general welfare. In the aftermath of Dunkirk, Britain devoted all its energy on the struggle for survival at home and paid little attention to the fate of British troops captured by Nazi Germany. The chapter examines the health conditions of British POWs in German prison camps and the medical attention given to them, along with food and other services. It also looks at the creation of the Directorate of Prisoners of War within the British War Office and concludes by discussing the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Britain regarding British POWs in Germany.
Elisabeth S. Clemens
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226559360
- eISBN:
- 9780226670973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226670973.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The mobilization for the First World War had been organized through a powerful configuration of voluntary associations and national agencies. After the war, what use could be made of these ...
More
The mobilization for the First World War had been organized through a powerful configuration of voluntary associations and national agencies. After the war, what use could be made of these arrangements? National organizations such as the American Red Cross struggled to define a new mission suited to domestic efforts during peacetime. Local organizations, notably the Community Chests, were increasingly influential as a civic alternative to municipal government. But with the Mississippi River flood of 1927 and the onset of the drought and unemployment that would become the Great Depression, these models were deployed to meet new and difficult crises. Prior to the New Deal, the limits of voluntary responses to the Great Depression created the context in which a substantial expansion of federal aid could be contemplated.Less
The mobilization for the First World War had been organized through a powerful configuration of voluntary associations and national agencies. After the war, what use could be made of these arrangements? National organizations such as the American Red Cross struggled to define a new mission suited to domestic efforts during peacetime. Local organizations, notably the Community Chests, were increasingly influential as a civic alternative to municipal government. But with the Mississippi River flood of 1927 and the onset of the drought and unemployment that would become the Great Depression, these models were deployed to meet new and difficult crises. Prior to the New Deal, the limits of voluntary responses to the Great Depression created the context in which a substantial expansion of federal aid could be contemplated.
Elisabeth S. Clemens
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226559360
- eISBN:
- 9780226670973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226670973.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The mobilization for World War Two activated many of the public-private configurations that had been so important in the First World War. Yet there were questions of the actual contribution of all ...
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The mobilization for World War Two activated many of the public-private configurations that had been so important in the First World War. Yet there were questions of the actual contribution of all these efforts. Voluntary fund-raising hit new peaks, but these were dwarfed by the receipts from a greatly expanded federal income tax introduced in the early years of the war. Volunteers were called to serve, yet the actual contributions of these efforts were unclear given the technological advances in war-making. Instead voluntarism became increasingly recognized as a means to strengthen patriotic solidarity, particularly after the death of President Roosevelt.Less
The mobilization for World War Two activated many of the public-private configurations that had been so important in the First World War. Yet there were questions of the actual contribution of all these efforts. Voluntary fund-raising hit new peaks, but these were dwarfed by the receipts from a greatly expanded federal income tax introduced in the early years of the war. Volunteers were called to serve, yet the actual contributions of these efforts were unclear given the technological advances in war-making. Instead voluntarism became increasingly recognized as a means to strengthen patriotic solidarity, particularly after the death of President Roosevelt.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the three world wars (counting that of 1792–1815 as the first) and the extraordinary political circumstances that have accompanied them. It notes that this chapter is to some ...
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This chapter discusses the three world wars (counting that of 1792–1815 as the first) and the extraordinary political circumstances that have accompanied them. It notes that this chapter is to some extent a revision, and at the same time a distillation, of the earlier book which the author of this book wrote fourteen years ago in 1980, titled Humanity in Warfare. It describes how the law of war, as a development within European history and Atlantic civilization from the later seventeenth century to the turn of the twentieth century, has every appearance of a success story. It further explains that war remains a respected and necessary element of international relations, but its risks are increasingly well realized and attempts to avoid it often succeeds. It explains that civilian populations seem to suffer proportionately less than previously and political science recognizes the International Committee of the Red Cross as the grandest of the pioneer NGOs.Less
This chapter discusses the three world wars (counting that of 1792–1815 as the first) and the extraordinary political circumstances that have accompanied them. It notes that this chapter is to some extent a revision, and at the same time a distillation, of the earlier book which the author of this book wrote fourteen years ago in 1980, titled Humanity in Warfare. It describes how the law of war, as a development within European history and Atlantic civilization from the later seventeenth century to the turn of the twentieth century, has every appearance of a success story. It further explains that war remains a respected and necessary element of international relations, but its risks are increasingly well realized and attempts to avoid it often succeeds. It explains that civilian populations seem to suffer proportionately less than previously and political science recognizes the International Committee of the Red Cross as the grandest of the pioneer NGOs.
Shai M. Dromi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226680101
- eISBN:
- 9780226680385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226680385.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The nascent transnational humanitarian field relied in many ways on actors in other fields who affirmed its importance and independence, such as legal scholars, nursing professionals, and ...
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The nascent transnational humanitarian field relied in many ways on actors in other fields who affirmed its importance and independence, such as legal scholars, nursing professionals, and journalists. This chapter traces the relationships between the humanitarian field and the fields of nursing, journalism, religion, and international law in the late nineteenth century. It examines the symbiotic relationship that emerged between the transnational humanitarian field and each of these other fields. As the chapter shows, the affiliation with humanitarian actors helped these other fields reimagine their own undertakings as aligning with the common good. The Red Cross in particular provided the language to confer distinction and prestige on their undertakings.Less
The nascent transnational humanitarian field relied in many ways on actors in other fields who affirmed its importance and independence, such as legal scholars, nursing professionals, and journalists. This chapter traces the relationships between the humanitarian field and the fields of nursing, journalism, religion, and international law in the late nineteenth century. It examines the symbiotic relationship that emerged between the transnational humanitarian field and each of these other fields. As the chapter shows, the affiliation with humanitarian actors helped these other fields reimagine their own undertakings as aligning with the common good. The Red Cross in particular provided the language to confer distinction and prestige on their undertakings.
Randall Curren and Charles Dorn
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226552255
- eISBN:
- 9780226552422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226552422.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, Philosophy and Theory of Education
Chapter 3 investigates the history of militarizing schooling and the mobilization of public education in response to war. U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and WWI led to the establishment ...
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Chapter 3 investigates the history of militarizing schooling and the mobilization of public education in response to war. U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and WWI led to the establishment of programs such as the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) and the Cadet Corps. These programs emphasized honor, submission to authority, and physical fitness—all traits considered central to preparing boys for service in the armed forces. Girls participated in the Junior Red Cross, which involved them in service projects such as collecting clothing for war victims, promoting food conservation, and planting victory gardens. With America’s entrance into WWII, many high schools adopted the federal Victory Corps program, which supported the training of students for a range of homefront and military roles immediately following graduation. While overt school-based military training remained controversial throughout the war years, most communities supported engaging children in selling war stamps and bonds, collecting scrap metal, and harvesting crops. One of the most popular extracurricular organizations in the United States, the Future Farmers of America (FFA), also taught students to be patriotic Americans. Receiving a federal charter in 1950, the organization embraced several purposes, including developing character, training for useful citizenship, and fostering patriotism.Less
Chapter 3 investigates the history of militarizing schooling and the mobilization of public education in response to war. U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War and WWI led to the establishment of programs such as the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) and the Cadet Corps. These programs emphasized honor, submission to authority, and physical fitness—all traits considered central to preparing boys for service in the armed forces. Girls participated in the Junior Red Cross, which involved them in service projects such as collecting clothing for war victims, promoting food conservation, and planting victory gardens. With America’s entrance into WWII, many high schools adopted the federal Victory Corps program, which supported the training of students for a range of homefront and military roles immediately following graduation. While overt school-based military training remained controversial throughout the war years, most communities supported engaging children in selling war stamps and bonds, collecting scrap metal, and harvesting crops. One of the most popular extracurricular organizations in the United States, the Future Farmers of America (FFA), also taught students to be patriotic Americans. Receiving a federal charter in 1950, the organization embraced several purposes, including developing character, training for useful citizenship, and fostering patriotism.
Geoffrey Charles Emerson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098800
- eISBN:
- 9789882206977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098800.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter provides a summary description of the life and conditions experienced by internees in the Stanley camp. It notes that no one starved to death, and the fact remains that every day of ...
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This chapter provides a summary description of the life and conditions experienced by internees in the Stanley camp. It notes that no one starved to death, and the fact remains that every day of internment there was something to eat. It further observes that many skilled medical personnel were interned and so few people died during internment, a total of less than 120. It reports that the interviews of former internees revealed that the Red Cross had done as much as possible and was extremely hindered by lack of cooperation from the Japanese authorities. It further reports that although Japan had not been a signatory to the Geneva Convention, the Japanese government had announced that it would follow the rules of the Convention. It observes that the Geneva Convention failed to note the vast difference between an Oriental, rice-based diet and a European diet.Less
This chapter provides a summary description of the life and conditions experienced by internees in the Stanley camp. It notes that no one starved to death, and the fact remains that every day of internment there was something to eat. It further observes that many skilled medical personnel were interned and so few people died during internment, a total of less than 120. It reports that the interviews of former internees revealed that the Red Cross had done as much as possible and was extremely hindered by lack of cooperation from the Japanese authorities. It further reports that although Japan had not been a signatory to the Geneva Convention, the Japanese government had announced that it would follow the rules of the Convention. It observes that the Geneva Convention failed to note the vast difference between an Oriental, rice-based diet and a European diet.
Julia F. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199766406
- eISBN:
- 9780190254469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199766406.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) civilian relief efforts in Europe after the Great War. It considers how ARC leaders redirected the majority of their funds and personnel to ...
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This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) civilian relief efforts in Europe after the Great War. It considers how ARC leaders redirected the majority of their funds and personnel to Central and Eastern Europe and how ARC's ability to provide assistance was constrained by declining public enthusiasm for the organization and its foreign aid, and for U.S. international involvement more generally. It also explains how the ARC, in an attempt to adapt to the hostile postwar climate, refocused its efforts entirely on European children. The chapter highlights ARC's important role in American diplomacy and culture and the ways that individual Americans, both in Europe and back in the United States, perceived the ARC and its international humanitarianism.Less
This chapter focuses on the American Red Cross's (ARC) civilian relief efforts in Europe after the Great War. It considers how ARC leaders redirected the majority of their funds and personnel to Central and Eastern Europe and how ARC's ability to provide assistance was constrained by declining public enthusiasm for the organization and its foreign aid, and for U.S. international involvement more generally. It also explains how the ARC, in an attempt to adapt to the hostile postwar climate, refocused its efforts entirely on European children. The chapter highlights ARC's important role in American diplomacy and culture and the ways that individual Americans, both in Europe and back in the United States, perceived the ARC and its international humanitarianism.
