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This chapter discusses what happened to Dick and Tally Simpson and some of their family members after the American Civil War. Two weeks after Tally's death at the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia he was brought home to South Carolina and was buried in the old Simpson homestead on what is now Clemson University's Simpson Agricultural Experiment Station. Dick, was who honorably discharged because of poor health, went into farming for several years and then went on to become a successful lawyer. He was elected to the state legislature in 1874 and again in 1876 and he became involved in the fight to break the bonds of Reconstruction and put control of state government back in the hands of South Carolinians.

This chapter argues that the Civil War began with one set of purposes, and ended with another. The original motive for resisting Southern secession was preserving the Union, but the final goal was to abolish slavery and reinvent the United States on the basis of a new set of principles – at the heart of which lay the Reconstruction Amendments. The principles of this new legal regime are so radically different from our original constitution that they deserve to be recognized as a second American constitution. Where the first constitution was based on principles of nationhood as a voluntary association, individual freedom, and republican elitism, the guiding premises of the second constitution are organic nationhood, equality of all persons, and popular democracy – all themes signaled in Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address.

This chapter confronts the problem of conferring meaning on the violence of armed conflict – is it crime, or is it war? – and addresses the questions of treason and loyalty that arose during the Reconstruction as the U.S. reached for reconciliation between North and South. These oppositions are illuminated in discussions of the treatment of John Brown following his raid on Harper's Ferry; the fate of Jefferson Davis; and the problem of the Prize Cases, in which the Supreme Court determined the legality of the Southern blockade.

This chapter addresses the problems arising from the clash of old and new ideologies during Reconstruction. Questions of federalism and states’ rights, and of equal protection and citizenship in light of abolition – illustrated in the landmark Slaughterhouse Case, and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 – were ultimately referred to the Supreme Court. The author asserts that the Court's interpretation of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in these cases served to undermine the cause of the new “secret” constitution.

This chapter looks at Du Bois's efforts to correct distorted understandings of Reconstruction, by focusing on African Americans' role in abolition and by redefining the post-war era as the nation's only genuine experiment in democracy. It is argued that examining the connections Du Bois draws between historical consciousness and the disappointments of the post-Reconstruction period enlarges our understanding of the disappointments that followed the civil rights era or “second reconstruction.” Although Du Bois does not expressly advocate reparations for the former slaves and their descendants, the chapter turns to The Souls of Black Folk and Black Reconstruction to suggest the possibilities opened up by a shift from a political language of formal equality, which is premised on the erasure of the past, to a language that affirms and refigures the past as a vehicle for social change. It asks how reparations might constitute such a language.

This chapter focuses on a turbulent period in the late nineteenth century, as Texas was in the midst of one of the most important and hotly contested elections in its history. In compliance with an act of the U.S. Congress and by proclamation of President Ulysses S. Grant, the election ran from November 30 through December 3, 1869. It was held to determine whether the state would ratify a new constitution that complied with the Reconstruction laws of Congress and thus be reincorporated into the United States as a state in good standing. The situation was complicated by the murder of a well-respected businessman named B. W. Loveland. A witness claimed to have seen a black man in the vicinity of the store with what appeared to be bloodstains on his pants. Other witnesses claimed they had heard and seen nothing. Religion's place would be well illustrated both in the election itself and in the outcome of the Loveland murder investigation. Two members of the clergy in particular, one a white Methodist preacher and the other a black Baptist pastor, would quietly show the complex results that could occur when race and religion mingled with politics.

This chapter examines the role of religion during the turbulent years of the Reconstruction. The election held in 1869 resulted in Texas approving a new constitution and being reincorporated into the United States in good standing. However, the outcome left many Texans unhappy, and a more enduring constitution was not approved until 1876. Religion was expected to play an important supportive role in nearly all efforts at rebuilding, especially in encouraging morality, and yet this role was never quite as prominent or straightforward as might later be assumed. On the one hand, the seeds of what would later be called fundamentalism were certainly evident in the kind of revival preaching that left listeners scared for the mortal destiny of their souls. Such preaching was widely practiced in the prevailing Baptist and Methodist congregations. On the other hand, the kind of skepticism that earlier resulted in preachers being run out of town now found quieter expression in arguments favoring reticence in favor of dogmatism.

The process of inferring the set of proteins that was likely encoded in the genome of an extinct organism is called Ancestral Proteome Reconstruction. This process usually involves the comparison of proteomes of extant species and the reconstruction of their ancestors by using different methods that range from parsimonius reconstruction over a species-phylogeny to the reconstruction and analysis of complete phylomes. Although still in its infancy, Ancestral Proteome Reconstruction has proven to be a very useful tool to test hypotheses on extant organisms and past evolutionary events. This chapter provides an overview of the methodology involved and surveys recent studies that deal with the origin and evolution of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), and eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and peroxisomes.

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the institutional transformation of the American South after the U.S. Civil War. Although the emancipation of former slaves and political upheavals of Radical Reconstruction are perhaps the most evident features of this institutional transformation, it touched upon almost every aspect of Southern society, ranging from urban life to class structure to the organizations that populated the region's agriculture and industry. The New South that resulted after Radical Reconstruction evidenced a more capitalist and market-driven society than its antebellum counterpart. Enduring uncertainty was a defining feature of this transition between precapitalist and capitalist institutions. The chapter then formulates a general theory regarding the evolution of uncertainty over the course of institutional transformation, and discusses the specific transitions toward capitalism that occurred in the economy of the U.S. South during the postbellum era.

This concluding chapter summarizes the evidence gathered for the postbellum South and compares it with other postemancipation projects in the Americas. The common pattern of gradual emancipation seen in former colonial possessions in the Caribbean and South America has considerable similarity with early efforts to manage uncertainty in the era of Radical Reconstruction. As in the case of the American South, those postemancipation projects soon fell victim to competing claims and mobilization among landowners, workers, and other parties, leading to profound and durable uncertainty in the economies of former slave societies. Even in the twenty-first century, some of this durable uncertainty remains as the United States struggle with the legacies of slavery and emancipation.

This chapter traces the story of the reconstruction of the concerto by Tibor Serly after firstly exploring any role that Zoltán Kodály may have had in this process. Serly's role is analyzed by reprinting his extended interview with Dr David Dalton in 1969, with annotated footnotes to provide a critical commentary. This is followed by Serly's own “Belated Account...” article of the actual reconstruction process he followed, and his “Measure by Measure Exposition of the Reconstruction of Béla Bartó's Viola Concerto”. This account is also accompanied by a critical commentary by Maurice. This commentary assesses the processes followed by Serly and identifies the successes and shortcomings of the decisions he made.

The chapter discusses the state of the South in the 1880s just after the depression and the end of the Reconstruction era. Publications talk about a “New South”. The most prevalent occupation was working on the railroads but it was considered extraordinarily dangerous. The rail system can also be credited for the division of the country in to four time zones with the purpose of operating the system uniformly, efficiently, and safely. The chapter also discusses the economic condition of the freedpeople in the post-Reconstruction South. Cotton production was the prevalent occupation. This chapter also touches on the beginnings of segregation citing that the railroads became the scenes of the first statewide segregation laws throughout the South.