Gloria L. Schaab
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195329124
- eISBN:
- 9780199785711
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329124.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The global reality of suffering and death has demanded an authentic theological response in every era and has impelled debate concerning God's relationship to suffering and the conceivability of the ...
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The global reality of suffering and death has demanded an authentic theological response in every era and has impelled debate concerning God's relationship to suffering and the conceivability of the suffering of God. In a former age, theology proposed an omnipotent and impassible deus ex machina in answer to this question. However, contemporary theologies have proposed alternatives to this understanding of God in relation to the world. With such theologies, this book proposes that a truly viable response to cosmic suffering is the recognition that God participates in the cruciform existence of the cosmos and its creatures. Informed by the understandings of evolutionary science, grounded within a panentheistic paradigm of the God‐world relationship, and rooted within the Christian theological tradition, this book develops a systematic understanding of the Triune God's intimate involvement with the suffering of the cosmos and its creatures in dialogue with the insights of scientist‐theologian Arthur R. Peacocke. Recognizing that its proposals must demonstrate practical value in response to cosmic and human suffering, the book sets forth a female procreative model of the creative suffering of the Triune God, an ecological ethics based on the midwife model of care, and a pastoral model of threefold suffering in God as steps toward Christian praxis in response to the pain, suffering, and death endemic in cosmic existence and human experience.Less
The global reality of suffering and death has demanded an authentic theological response in every era and has impelled debate concerning God's relationship to suffering and the conceivability of the suffering of God. In a former age, theology proposed an omnipotent and impassible deus ex machina in answer to this question. However, contemporary theologies have proposed alternatives to this understanding of God in relation to the world. With such theologies, this book proposes that a truly viable response to cosmic suffering is the recognition that God participates in the cruciform existence of the cosmos and its creatures. Informed by the understandings of evolutionary science, grounded within a panentheistic paradigm of the God‐world relationship, and rooted within the Christian theological tradition, this book develops a systematic understanding of the Triune God's intimate involvement with the suffering of the cosmos and its creatures in dialogue with the insights of scientist‐theologian Arthur R. Peacocke. Recognizing that its proposals must demonstrate practical value in response to cosmic and human suffering, the book sets forth a female procreative model of the creative suffering of the Triune God, an ecological ethics based on the midwife model of care, and a pastoral model of threefold suffering in God as steps toward Christian praxis in response to the pain, suffering, and death endemic in cosmic existence and human experience.
Graham Davies
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264874
- eISBN:
- 9780191754067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264874.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The first Schweich Lectures were given by Professor S. R. Driver of Oxford University in 1908 and the British Academy celebrated the centenary of the lectures with a single lecture in 2008. This book ...
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The first Schweich Lectures were given by Professor S. R. Driver of Oxford University in 1908 and the British Academy celebrated the centenary of the lectures with a single lecture in 2008. This book is an amplified version of that lecture, with each of its three chapters developing a theme relevant to the occasion. The lectures, on aspects of the study of antiquity in its relationship to the Bible, were established by a gift from Constance Schweich (later Mrs Goetze) in memory of her late father, Leopold Schweich. The first chapter of this book brings together biographical information (including some previously unpublished documents) about the Schweichs, who were originally a German Jewish family with close connections to the distinguished chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. The donation was the first major benefaction received by the British Academy, which had been founded in 1901 but initially had no government funding. The second chapter uses archival and published sources to reconstruct the circumstances and the history of the lectureship. An Appendix lists the names of all the lecturers, their subjects, and details of the publication of their lectures. The final chapter, ‘Archaeology and the Bible — A Broken Link?’, examines broader questions about ‘biblical archaeology’, which arose in the later twentieth century in the light of developments in archaeological theory and biblical scholarship, and considers whether there is still a future for collaboration between the two disciplines. The book provides a glimpse into Jewish philanthropy in England in the Edwardian era.Less
The first Schweich Lectures were given by Professor S. R. Driver of Oxford University in 1908 and the British Academy celebrated the centenary of the lectures with a single lecture in 2008. This book is an amplified version of that lecture, with each of its three chapters developing a theme relevant to the occasion. The lectures, on aspects of the study of antiquity in its relationship to the Bible, were established by a gift from Constance Schweich (later Mrs Goetze) in memory of her late father, Leopold Schweich. The first chapter of this book brings together biographical information (including some previously unpublished documents) about the Schweichs, who were originally a German Jewish family with close connections to the distinguished chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. The donation was the first major benefaction received by the British Academy, which had been founded in 1901 but initially had no government funding. The second chapter uses archival and published sources to reconstruct the circumstances and the history of the lectureship. An Appendix lists the names of all the lecturers, their subjects, and details of the publication of their lectures. The final chapter, ‘Archaeology and the Bible — A Broken Link?’, examines broader questions about ‘biblical archaeology’, which arose in the later twentieth century in the light of developments in archaeological theory and biblical scholarship, and considers whether there is still a future for collaboration between the two disciplines. The book provides a glimpse into Jewish philanthropy in England in the Edwardian era.
Haruzo Hida
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198571025
- eISBN:
- 9780191718946
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198571025.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Algebra
The 1995 work by Wiles and Taylor-Wiles opened up a whole new technique in algebraic number theory and, a decade on, the waves caused by this incredibly important work are still being felt. This book ...
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The 1995 work by Wiles and Taylor-Wiles opened up a whole new technique in algebraic number theory and, a decade on, the waves caused by this incredibly important work are still being felt. This book describes a generalization of their techniques to Hilbert modular forms (towards the proof of the celebrated ‘R=T’ theorem) and applications of the theorem that have been found. Applications include a proof of the torsion of the adjoint Selmer group (over a totally real field F and over the Iwasawa tower of F) and an explicit formula of the L-invariant of the arithmetic p-adic adjoint L-functions. This implies the torsion of the classical anticyclotomic Iwasawa module of a CM field over the Iwasawa algebra. When specialized to an elliptic Tate curve over F by the L-invariant formula, the invariant of the adjoint square of the curve has exactly the same expression as the one in the conjecture of Mazur-Tate-Teitelbaum (which is for the standard L-function of the elliptic curve and is now a theorem of Greenberg-Stevens).Less
The 1995 work by Wiles and Taylor-Wiles opened up a whole new technique in algebraic number theory and, a decade on, the waves caused by this incredibly important work are still being felt. This book describes a generalization of their techniques to Hilbert modular forms (towards the proof of the celebrated ‘R=T’ theorem) and applications of the theorem that have been found. Applications include a proof of the torsion of the adjoint Selmer group (over a totally real field F and over the Iwasawa tower of F) and an explicit formula of the L-invariant of the arithmetic p-adic adjoint L-functions. This implies the torsion of the classical anticyclotomic Iwasawa module of a CM field over the Iwasawa algebra. When specialized to an elliptic Tate curve over F by the L-invariant formula, the invariant of the adjoint square of the curve has exactly the same expression as the one in the conjecture of Mazur-Tate-Teitelbaum (which is for the standard L-function of the elliptic curve and is now a theorem of Greenberg-Stevens).
B.W. Young
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199256228
- eISBN:
- 9780191719660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256228.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The Victorians were preoccupied by the 18th century. It was central to many 19th-century debates, particularly those concerning the place of history and religion in national life. This book explores ...
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The Victorians were preoccupied by the 18th century. It was central to many 19th-century debates, particularly those concerning the place of history and religion in national life. This book explores the diverse responses of key Victorian writers and thinkers — Thomas Carlyle, John Henry Newman, Leslie Stephen, Vernon Lee, and M. R. James — to a period which commanded their interest throughout the Victorian era, from the accession of Queen Victoria to the opening decades of the 20th century. They were, on the one hand, appalled by the apparent frivolity of the 18th century, which was denounced by Carlyle as a dispiriting successor to the culture of Puritan England, and, on the other they were concerned to continue its secularizing influence on English culture, as is seen in the pioneering work of Leslie Stephen, who was passionately keen to transform the legacy of 18th-century scepticism into Victorian agnosticism. The Victorian interest in the 18th century was never a purely insular matter, and the history of 18th-century France, Germany, and Italy played a dominant role in the 19th-century historical understanding. A debate between generations was enacted, in which Romanticism melded into Victorianism. The Victorians were haunted by the 18th century, both metaphorically and literally, and the book closes with consideration of the culturally resonant 18th-century ghosts encountered in the fiction of Vernon Lee and M. R. James.Less
The Victorians were preoccupied by the 18th century. It was central to many 19th-century debates, particularly those concerning the place of history and religion in national life. This book explores the diverse responses of key Victorian writers and thinkers — Thomas Carlyle, John Henry Newman, Leslie Stephen, Vernon Lee, and M. R. James — to a period which commanded their interest throughout the Victorian era, from the accession of Queen Victoria to the opening decades of the 20th century. They were, on the one hand, appalled by the apparent frivolity of the 18th century, which was denounced by Carlyle as a dispiriting successor to the culture of Puritan England, and, on the other they were concerned to continue its secularizing influence on English culture, as is seen in the pioneering work of Leslie Stephen, who was passionately keen to transform the legacy of 18th-century scepticism into Victorian agnosticism. The Victorian interest in the 18th century was never a purely insular matter, and the history of 18th-century France, Germany, and Italy played a dominant role in the 19th-century historical understanding. A debate between generations was enacted, in which Romanticism melded into Victorianism. The Victorians were haunted by the 18th century, both metaphorically and literally, and the book closes with consideration of the culturally resonant 18th-century ghosts encountered in the fiction of Vernon Lee and M. R. James.
Penny Fielding
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198121800
- eISBN:
- 9780191671319
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198121800.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book explores the concepts of nationality and culture in the context of 19th-century Scottish fiction, through the writing of Walter Scott, James Hogg, R. L. Stevenson, and Margaret Oliphant. It ...
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This book explores the concepts of nationality and culture in the context of 19th-century Scottish fiction, through the writing of Walter Scott, James Hogg, R. L. Stevenson, and Margaret Oliphant. It describes the relationship between speech writing as a foundation of the literary construction of a particular national identity, exploring how orality and literacy are figured in 19th-century preoccupations with the definition of ‘culture’. It further examines the importance of romance revival in the ascendancy of the novel and the development of that genre across a century which saw the novel stripped of its female associations and accorded a masculine authority, touching on the sexualization of language in the discourse between women's narrative (oral) and men's narrative (written). The book's importance for literary studies lies in the investigation of some of the consequences of deconstruction. It explores how the speech/writing opposition is open to the influence of social and material forces. Focusing on the writing of Scott, Hogg, Stevenson, and Oliphant, it looks at the conflicts in narratological experiments in Scottish writing, constructions of class and gender, the effects of popular literacy, and the material condition of books as artefacts and commodities. This book offers a broad picture of the interaction of Scottish fiction and modern theoretical thinking, taking its roots from a combination of deconstruction, narrative theory, the history of orality, linguistics, and psychoanalysis.Less
This book explores the concepts of nationality and culture in the context of 19th-century Scottish fiction, through the writing of Walter Scott, James Hogg, R. L. Stevenson, and Margaret Oliphant. It describes the relationship between speech writing as a foundation of the literary construction of a particular national identity, exploring how orality and literacy are figured in 19th-century preoccupations with the definition of ‘culture’. It further examines the importance of romance revival in the ascendancy of the novel and the development of that genre across a century which saw the novel stripped of its female associations and accorded a masculine authority, touching on the sexualization of language in the discourse between women's narrative (oral) and men's narrative (written). The book's importance for literary studies lies in the investigation of some of the consequences of deconstruction. It explores how the speech/writing opposition is open to the influence of social and material forces. Focusing on the writing of Scott, Hogg, Stevenson, and Oliphant, it looks at the conflicts in narratological experiments in Scottish writing, constructions of class and gender, the effects of popular literacy, and the material condition of books as artefacts and commodities. This book offers a broad picture of the interaction of Scottish fiction and modern theoretical thinking, taking its roots from a combination of deconstruction, narrative theory, the history of orality, linguistics, and psychoanalysis.
Howard Felperin
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128960
- eISBN:
- 9780191671746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128960.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
The past two decades have seen swift and radical change in the way literature is perceived and taught in this country and abroad, as numerous new schools of theory have blossomed, particularly at ...
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The past two decades have seen swift and radical change in the way literature is perceived and taught in this country and abroad, as numerous new schools of theory have blossomed, particularly at Yale, Johns Hopkins, and Cambridge. Intended as an introduction to these new theories, the book offers a balanced and lively overview that steers clear of technicalities as it explains, explores, and occasionally takes issue with the large movements that have followed the so-called ‘practical’ criticism of F. R. Leavis and others. It focuses on the major schools and figures of structuralism, Marxism, and deconstruction, giving a focus on the ideological and methodological issues involved.Less
The past two decades have seen swift and radical change in the way literature is perceived and taught in this country and abroad, as numerous new schools of theory have blossomed, particularly at Yale, Johns Hopkins, and Cambridge. Intended as an introduction to these new theories, the book offers a balanced and lively overview that steers clear of technicalities as it explains, explores, and occasionally takes issue with the large movements that have followed the so-called ‘practical’ criticism of F. R. Leavis and others. It focuses on the major schools and figures of structuralism, Marxism, and deconstruction, giving a focus on the ideological and methodological issues involved.
David C. Mowery
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter discusses the case of USA, in which economic catch‐up with such European countries as Britain and Germany occurred during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Throughout this ...
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This chapter discusses the case of USA, in which economic catch‐up with such European countries as Britain and Germany occurred during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Throughout this catch‐up process, its growth trajectory changed from the one that relied on expanding capital and labor inputs to a more knowledge‐intensive one. It acquired knowledge needed for this transition from outside as well as from within. The patent law was enacted in 1790, soon after its independence, and influenced the development of corporate structure and strategy. The chapter discusses the technology transfer and intellectual property protection in the textile industry that occurred mainly in 1810–60, the “Golden Age” of the independent inventor, such as Edison, in 1860–1900, the patent regime and economic catch‐up in organic chemicals in 1900–30, and the relationship between patent policy, antitrust policy, and the structure of industrial R&D.Less
This chapter discusses the case of USA, in which economic catch‐up with such European countries as Britain and Germany occurred during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Throughout this catch‐up process, its growth trajectory changed from the one that relied on expanding capital and labor inputs to a more knowledge‐intensive one. It acquired knowledge needed for this transition from outside as well as from within. The patent law was enacted in 1790, soon after its independence, and influenced the development of corporate structure and strategy. The chapter discusses the technology transfer and intellectual property protection in the textile industry that occurred mainly in 1810–60, the “Golden Age” of the independent inventor, such as Edison, in 1860–1900, the patent regime and economic catch‐up in organic chemicals in 1900–30, and the relationship between patent policy, antitrust policy, and the structure of industrial R&D.
Keun Lee and Yee Kyoung Kim
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift ...
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This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift from petty (utility) patents to regular (invention) patents, shift from individual inventors to corporate inventors, and shift of share among patent applications from domestic applicants (when foreigners had little interest in Korean IPRs) to foreign applicants and, in the 1990s, again to domestic applicants. These shifts suggest that Korean firms had accumulated high‐tech capabilities and became sensitive to IPRs by the mid‐1980s. Korean firms, particularly in electronics, invested heavily in R&D to accumulate their own technologies and, having learnt the importance of IPR through a number of patent‐related legal disputes with American and Japanese firms, started to utilize their own IPRs to achieve competitive advantages.Less
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift from petty (utility) patents to regular (invention) patents, shift from individual inventors to corporate inventors, and shift of share among patent applications from domestic applicants (when foreigners had little interest in Korean IPRs) to foreign applicants and, in the 1990s, again to domestic applicants. These shifts suggest that Korean firms had accumulated high‐tech capabilities and became sensitive to IPRs by the mid‐1980s. Korean firms, particularly in electronics, invested heavily in R&D to accumulate their own technologies and, having learnt the importance of IPR through a number of patent‐related legal disputes with American and Japanese firms, started to utilize their own IPRs to achieve competitive advantages.
Paul Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572489
- eISBN:
- 9780191722257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572489.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter takes a macro economic view and attempts to provide some feel for the extent of such innovation in the economy as a whole and the economic activities built upon it. At the macro level, ...
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This chapter takes a macro economic view and attempts to provide some feel for the extent of such innovation in the economy as a whole and the economic activities built upon it. At the macro level, indicators of soft innovation include the numbers of creative employees in different sectors, the extent of design activity, and head counts of copyrights and registered trademarks. The difference between the latter and indicators of R&D spending is considered as potentially the most useful on account of both concept and data availability. It is shown that that the extent of soft innovation in the creative and other industries is extensive, probably greater that that indicated by measures of formal R&D activity, and also growing faster than TPP activity. Across industries, the apparent balance in innovative effort between sectors after taking account of soft innovation is also shown to be much more even than reliance upon measures of TPP innovation alone would suggest.Less
This chapter takes a macro economic view and attempts to provide some feel for the extent of such innovation in the economy as a whole and the economic activities built upon it. At the macro level, indicators of soft innovation include the numbers of creative employees in different sectors, the extent of design activity, and head counts of copyrights and registered trademarks. The difference between the latter and indicators of R&D spending is considered as potentially the most useful on account of both concept and data availability. It is shown that that the extent of soft innovation in the creative and other industries is extensive, probably greater that that indicated by measures of formal R&D activity, and also growing faster than TPP activity. Across industries, the apparent balance in innovative effort between sectors after taking account of soft innovation is also shown to be much more even than reliance upon measures of TPP innovation alone would suggest.
Paul Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572489
- eISBN:
- 9780191722257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572489.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter explores the extent to which soft innovation can usefully be modelled as an economic process driven by economic incentives and subject to economic rationality, and also the extent to ...
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This chapter explores the extent to which soft innovation can usefully be modelled as an economic process driven by economic incentives and subject to economic rationality, and also the extent to which the use of tools and techniques commonly employed in the standard economic analysis of innovation is still relevant in this context. Although useful in many ways, the standard literature upon the determinants of technological innovation is found to be not completely suited to the analysis of soft innovation. This is primarily due to: (i) the fact that soft innovation is mainly concerned with the introduction of new product variants, and thus models with differentiated products are most appropriate; and (ii) partly to do with difficulties in conceptualising, in the context of soft innovation, a basic component of standard models that relates expenditure on R&D to the extent of any advance.Less
This chapter explores the extent to which soft innovation can usefully be modelled as an economic process driven by economic incentives and subject to economic rationality, and also the extent to which the use of tools and techniques commonly employed in the standard economic analysis of innovation is still relevant in this context. Although useful in many ways, the standard literature upon the determinants of technological innovation is found to be not completely suited to the analysis of soft innovation. This is primarily due to: (i) the fact that soft innovation is mainly concerned with the introduction of new product variants, and thus models with differentiated products are most appropriate; and (ii) partly to do with difficulties in conceptualising, in the context of soft innovation, a basic component of standard models that relates expenditure on R&D to the extent of any advance.
Paul Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572489
- eISBN:
- 9780191722257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572489.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter considers alternative models of the supply of soft innovations relying heavily on models of product differentiation. Existing models of product differentiated markets are adapted to ...
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This chapter considers alternative models of the supply of soft innovations relying heavily on models of product differentiation. Existing models of product differentiated markets are adapted to allow for a number of different scenarios that reflect some of the characteristics of products that may embody soft innovation. These include issues such as whether production and innovation coincide, whether the product is durable or not, whether the service flow requires hardware and software, and whether there are standards and compatibility issues. Of particular interest (because it fits the examples of books, recorded music and video games) is the consideration of models where product variants are usually only bought once and continuation of the market requires continual launching of new product variants.Less
This chapter considers alternative models of the supply of soft innovations relying heavily on models of product differentiation. Existing models of product differentiated markets are adapted to allow for a number of different scenarios that reflect some of the characteristics of products that may embody soft innovation. These include issues such as whether production and innovation coincide, whether the product is durable or not, whether the service flow requires hardware and software, and whether there are standards and compatibility issues. Of particular interest (because it fits the examples of books, recorded music and video games) is the consideration of models where product variants are usually only bought once and continuation of the market requires continual launching of new product variants.
A. H. Halsey
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266609
- eISBN:
- 9780191601019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266603.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
There was a dramatic expansion of numbers but was there a parallel multiplication of theory and methods of research in the twentieth century? An answer is attempted here based on content analysis of ...
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There was a dramatic expansion of numbers but was there a parallel multiplication of theory and methods of research in the twentieth century? An answer is attempted here based on content analysis of the three main British journals of sociology from 1910 to 2000. The limitations of content analysis are stressed (see also Claire Donovan, Appendix 3 below). A multiplication of sub‐disciplines as well as new disciplines (e.g. social policy) emerged in the second half of the century together with temporary fashions. Of the 38 fields or areas of study into which sociology may be divided, 8 were prominent in the mainstream journals – stratification, social theory, social policy, religion, education, political sociology, economic organization, occupations, and gender. The fortunes of these sub‐disciplines fluctuated during the century. Some authors believe that the old orthodoxy is now being replaced by social and cultural theory; others vigorously deny this thesis. Fragmentation is a notable feature of journal production in the twentieth century. As to method, quantification and qualification have contended throughout the century, both with increasing sophistication.Social policy became a separate discipline, Marxism and Feminism became strong, the former in the sixties, the latter after the seventies.Less
There was a dramatic expansion of numbers but was there a parallel multiplication of theory and methods of research in the twentieth century? An answer is attempted here based on content analysis of the three main British journals of sociology from 1910 to 2000. The limitations of content analysis are stressed (see also Claire Donovan, Appendix 3 below). A multiplication of sub‐disciplines as well as new disciplines (e.g. social policy) emerged in the second half of the century together with temporary fashions. Of the 38 fields or areas of study into which sociology may be divided, 8 were prominent in the mainstream journals – stratification, social theory, social policy, religion, education, political sociology, economic organization, occupations, and gender. The fortunes of these sub‐disciplines fluctuated during the century. Some authors believe that the old orthodoxy is now being replaced by social and cultural theory; others vigorously deny this thesis. Fragmentation is a notable feature of journal production in the twentieth century. As to method, quantification and qualification have contended throughout the century, both with increasing sophistication.
Social policy became a separate discipline, Marxism and Feminism became strong, the former in the sixties, the latter after the seventies.
Susan E. Schreiner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195313420
- eISBN:
- 9780199897292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313420.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Theology
This concluding chapter addresses those voices that questioned the value and access to the various 16th-century claims to certainty. The focus is on only those protests that argued for the ...
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This concluding chapter addresses those voices that questioned the value and access to the various 16th-century claims to certainty. The focus is on only those protests that argued for the impossibility and dangers of certitude as well as the salutary effects of doubt. However, the thesis that skepticism led to toleration has been seriously challenged by historians such as Geoffrey Elton and R. Tuck. The field of toleration studies is a growing one and beyond the scope of this study. The discussion does not claim that 16th-century skepticism was a part of some triumphant march toward the victory of toleration. In fact, any such claim overestimates the effects of all pleas for toleration. Rather, it demonstrates that there were significant voices in the 16th century that saw the dangers involved in certainty. Such voices called for toleration because of the limitations of human knowledge. The “skepticism” of this age functioned as a corrective and a warning, but not as a “doctrine” for toleration. Such warnings were not ultimately successful. They were, however, eloquent voices that once again brought the problem of certitude to the fore.Less
This concluding chapter addresses those voices that questioned the value and access to the various 16th-century claims to certainty. The focus is on only those protests that argued for the impossibility and dangers of certitude as well as the salutary effects of doubt. However, the thesis that skepticism led to toleration has been seriously challenged by historians such as Geoffrey Elton and R. Tuck. The field of toleration studies is a growing one and beyond the scope of this study. The discussion does not claim that 16th-century skepticism was a part of some triumphant march toward the victory of toleration. In fact, any such claim overestimates the effects of all pleas for toleration. Rather, it demonstrates that there were significant voices in the 16th century that saw the dangers involved in certainty. Such voices called for toleration because of the limitations of human knowledge. The “skepticism” of this age functioned as a corrective and a warning, but not as a “doctrine” for toleration. Such warnings were not ultimately successful. They were, however, eloquent voices that once again brought the problem of certitude to the fore.
Kenneth Husted and Snejina Michailova
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235926
- eISBN:
- 9780191717093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235926.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Companies involved in R&D collaboration face a serious challenge: they want to achieve the intended benefits from the collaboration without risking unintended knowledge sharing. This chapter argues ...
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Companies involved in R&D collaboration face a serious challenge: they want to achieve the intended benefits from the collaboration without risking unintended knowledge sharing. This chapter argues that socialization tactics are a highly efficient and relatively low-cost mechanism for governing individual knowledge-sharing behaviour and can substitute more resource-demanding mechanisms. Socialization tactics can be utilized to influence R&D workers' dual allegiance (i.e., their loyalty to their own organization and to the collaboration). The chapter develops a classification of four distinct types of R&D individual collaborators' dual allegiance: Lonely Wolfs, Gone Native, Company Soldiers, and Gatekeepers. These types differ on several dimensions and hence, require different governance, e.g., predispose the employment of different context, content, and social aspects of socialization.Less
Companies involved in R&D collaboration face a serious challenge: they want to achieve the intended benefits from the collaboration without risking unintended knowledge sharing. This chapter argues that socialization tactics are a highly efficient and relatively low-cost mechanism for governing individual knowledge-sharing behaviour and can substitute more resource-demanding mechanisms. Socialization tactics can be utilized to influence R&D workers' dual allegiance (i.e., their loyalty to their own organization and to the collaboration). The chapter develops a classification of four distinct types of R&D individual collaborators' dual allegiance: Lonely Wolfs, Gone Native, Company Soldiers, and Gatekeepers. These types differ on several dimensions and hence, require different governance, e.g., predispose the employment of different context, content, and social aspects of socialization.
P. M. S Hacker
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245697
- eISBN:
- 9780191602245
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924569X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Consists of 13 thematically linked essays on different aspects of the philosophy of Wittgenstein, by one of the leading commentators on his work. After an opening overview of Wittgenstein’s ...
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Consists of 13 thematically linked essays on different aspects of the philosophy of Wittgenstein, by one of the leading commentators on his work. After an opening overview of Wittgenstein’s philosophy, the following essays fall into two classes: those that investigate connections between the philosophy of Wittgenstein and other philosophers and philosophical trends, and those which enter into some of the controversies that, over the last two decades, have raged over the interpretation of one aspect or another of Wittgenstein’s writings. The connections that are explored include the relationship between Wittgenstein's philosophy and the humanistic and hermeneutic traditions in European philosophy, Wittgenstein’s response to Frazer’s Golden Bough and the interpretation of ritual actions, his attitude towards and criticisms of Frege (both in the Tractatus and in the later philosophy), the relationship between his ideas and those of members of the Vienna Circle on the matter of ostensive definition, and a comparison of Carnap’s conception of the elimination of metaphysics and of Strawson’s rehabilitation of metaphysics with Wittgenstein's later criticisms of metaphysics. The controversies into which Hacker enters include the Diamond–Conant interpretation of the Tractatus (which is shown to be inconsistent with the text of the Tractatus and with Wittgenstein’s explanations of and comments on his book), Winch's interpretation of the Tractatus conception of names, Kripke’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s discussion of following a rule (which is demonstrated to be remote from Wittgenstein’s intentions), and Malcolm’s defence of the idea that Wittgenstein claimed that mastery of a language logically requires that the language be shared with other speakers. These far-ranging essays, several of them difficult to find or not published elsewhere, shed much light on different aspects of Wittgenstein’s thought, and on the controversies that it has stimulated.Less
Consists of 13 thematically linked essays on different aspects of the philosophy of Wittgenstein, by one of the leading commentators on his work. After an opening overview of Wittgenstein’s philosophy, the following essays fall into two classes: those that investigate connections between the philosophy of Wittgenstein and other philosophers and philosophical trends, and those which enter into some of the controversies that, over the last two decades, have raged over the interpretation of one aspect or another of Wittgenstein’s writings. The connections that are explored include the relationship between Wittgenstein's philosophy and the humanistic and hermeneutic traditions in European philosophy, Wittgenstein’s response to Frazer’s Golden Bough and the interpretation of ritual actions, his attitude towards and criticisms of Frege (both in the Tractatus and in the later philosophy), the relationship between his ideas and those of members of the Vienna Circle on the matter of ostensive definition, and a comparison of Carnap’s conception of the elimination of metaphysics and of Strawson’s rehabilitation of metaphysics with Wittgenstein's later criticisms of metaphysics. The controversies into which Hacker enters include the Diamond–Conant interpretation of the Tractatus (which is shown to be inconsistent with the text of the Tractatus and with Wittgenstein’s explanations of and comments on his book), Winch's interpretation of the Tractatus conception of names, Kripke’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s discussion of following a rule (which is demonstrated to be remote from Wittgenstein’s intentions), and Malcolm’s defence of the idea that Wittgenstein claimed that mastery of a language logically requires that the language be shared with other speakers. These far-ranging essays, several of them difficult to find or not published elsewhere, shed much light on different aspects of Wittgenstein’s thought, and on the controversies that it has stimulated.
Barry Stroud
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198247616
- eISBN:
- 9780191598494
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198247613.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The thesis of scepticism is a thesis about the human condition: the view that we can know nothing, or that nothing is certain, or that everything is open to doubt. This book examines the sceptical ...
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The thesis of scepticism is a thesis about the human condition: the view that we can know nothing, or that nothing is certain, or that everything is open to doubt. This book examines the sceptical thesis that we can know nothing about the physical world around us. The author argues that the sceptical thesis is motivated by a persistent philosophical problem that calls the very possibility of knowledge about the external world into question, and that the sceptical thesis is the only acceptable answer to this problem as traditionally posed.On the basis of a detailed analysis of the sceptical argument advanced by Descartes, Stroud discusses and criticizes responses to scepticism by a wide range of writers, including J. L. Austin, G. E. Moore, Kant, R. Carnap, and W. V. Quine. In this discussion, Stroud is concerned with the significance of philosophical scepticism in three different respects.Firstly, he shows philosophical scepticism to be significant as opposed to insignificant or unimportant: the philosophical study of knowledge is not an idle exercise, and the comforting popular belief that we already understand quite well how and why philosophical scepticism goes wrong is simply not true.Secondly, Stroud argues for the significance of philosophical scepticism by defending it against the charge that it is meaningless or incoherent or unintelligible, and in doing so aims to articulate as clearly as possible what exactly it does mean.Thirdly, and most importantly, Stroud argues that philosophical scepticism is significant in virtue of what it signifies, or indicates, or shows: even if the sceptical thesis turned out to be false, meant nothing, or not what it seemed to mean, the study of scepticism about the the world around us would still reveal something deep and important about human knowledge and human nature and the urge to understand them philosophically. One aim of the book is to investigate how and why this is so. Engaging in a philosophical reflection about our knowledge of the external world in this way, Stroud argues, can also reveal something about the nature of philosophical problems generally and about philosophy itself; studying the sources of the philosophical problem of scepticism can yield some degree of philosophical understanding or illumination even if we never arrive at something we can regard as a solution to that problem.Less
The thesis of scepticism is a thesis about the human condition: the view that we can know nothing, or that nothing is certain, or that everything is open to doubt. This book examines the sceptical thesis that we can know nothing about the physical world around us. The author argues that the sceptical thesis is motivated by a persistent philosophical problem that calls the very possibility of knowledge about the external world into question, and that the sceptical thesis is the only acceptable answer to this problem as traditionally posed.
On the basis of a detailed analysis of the sceptical argument advanced by Descartes, Stroud discusses and criticizes responses to scepticism by a wide range of writers, including J. L. Austin, G. E. Moore, Kant, R. Carnap, and W. V. Quine. In this discussion, Stroud is concerned with the significance of philosophical scepticism in three different respects.
Firstly, he shows philosophical scepticism to be significant as opposed to insignificant or unimportant: the philosophical study of knowledge is not an idle exercise, and the comforting popular belief that we already understand quite well how and why philosophical scepticism goes wrong is simply not true.
Secondly, Stroud argues for the significance of philosophical scepticism by defending it against the charge that it is meaningless or incoherent or unintelligible, and in doing so aims to articulate as clearly as possible what exactly it does mean.
Thirdly, and most importantly, Stroud argues that philosophical scepticism is significant in virtue of what it signifies, or indicates, or shows: even if the sceptical thesis turned out to be false, meant nothing, or not what it seemed to mean, the study of scepticism about the the world around us would still reveal something deep and important about human knowledge and human nature and the urge to understand them philosophically. One aim of the book is to investigate how and why this is so. Engaging in a philosophical reflection about our knowledge of the external world in this way, Stroud argues, can also reveal something about the nature of philosophical problems generally and about philosophy itself; studying the sources of the philosophical problem of scepticism can yield some degree of philosophical understanding or illumination even if we never arrive at something we can regard as a solution to that problem.
Dray William H.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198238812
- eISBN:
- 9780191679780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198238812.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This epilogue summarises what has emerged with regard to both R. G. Collingwood's view of the nature of historical understanding as re-enactment, and the place which that doctrine should occupy in a ...
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This epilogue summarises what has emerged with regard to both R. G. Collingwood's view of the nature of historical understanding as re-enactment, and the place which that doctrine should occupy in a broader Collingwoodian theory of historical understanding. The nature of Collingwood's theory of re-enactment has been explored, along with its limits and its relation to some other ideas which play, or are thought to play, a legitimate role in historical thinking. Collingwood's idea of re-enactive understanding has been discussed, and the idea that re-enactive explanation might simply be an incomplete form of scientific explanation has been noted and rejected. Two other Collingwoodian ideas which have been treated at some length are the idea of an a priori historical imagination and Collingwood's doctrine of the ideality of the past.Less
This epilogue summarises what has emerged with regard to both R. G. Collingwood's view of the nature of historical understanding as re-enactment, and the place which that doctrine should occupy in a broader Collingwoodian theory of historical understanding. The nature of Collingwood's theory of re-enactment has been explored, along with its limits and its relation to some other ideas which play, or are thought to play, a legitimate role in historical thinking. Collingwood's idea of re-enactive understanding has been discussed, and the idea that re-enactive explanation might simply be an incomplete form of scientific explanation has been noted and rejected. Two other Collingwoodian ideas which have been treated at some length are the idea of an a priori historical imagination and Collingwood's doctrine of the ideality of the past.
Nagappa Gowda
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072065
- eISBN:
- 9780199080748
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072065.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
The Bhagavadgita has lent itself to several readings to defend or contest various views on life, morality, and metaphysics. It has played an important role in the formation of nationalist discourse ...
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The Bhagavadgita has lent itself to several readings to defend or contest various views on life, morality, and metaphysics. It has played an important role in the formation of nationalist discourse in India. The book examines the ways in which the Gita became the central terrain of nationalist contestation, and the diverse ethico-moral mappings of the Indian nation. It also discusses issues such as the relation between the nation and the masses, renunciation and engagement with the world, the ideas of equality, freedom, and common good, in the context of a nationalist discourse. It argues that the commentaries on this timeless text opened up several possible understandings without necessarily eliminating one another. The different applications of the Bhagavadgita in the nationalist discourse can be seen in the works of B.R. Ambedkar, Swami Vivekananda, and Mahatma Gandhi.Less
The Bhagavadgita has lent itself to several readings to defend or contest various views on life, morality, and metaphysics. It has played an important role in the formation of nationalist discourse in India. The book examines the ways in which the Gita became the central terrain of nationalist contestation, and the diverse ethico-moral mappings of the Indian nation. It also discusses issues such as the relation between the nation and the masses, renunciation and engagement with the world, the ideas of equality, freedom, and common good, in the context of a nationalist discourse. It argues that the commentaries on this timeless text opened up several possible understandings without necessarily eliminating one another. The different applications of the Bhagavadgita in the nationalist discourse can be seen in the works of B.R. Ambedkar, Swami Vivekananda, and Mahatma Gandhi.
Andrei A. Znamenski
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172317
- eISBN:
- 9780199785759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172317.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at the relationship between shamanism and psychedelic culture, focusing on the experience of investment banker R. Gordon Wasson and his Russian-born wife, Valentina, with ...
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This chapter looks at the relationship between shamanism and psychedelic culture, focusing on the experience of investment banker R. Gordon Wasson and his Russian-born wife, Valentina, with mushrooms. Valentina and Gordon eventually embarked on their lifelong quest to explore the role of mushrooms in the histories and folklore of different cultures. When Valentina died of cancer in 1958, Gordon continued this quest alone. Eventually, his explorations evolved into research on possible links between hallucinogenic mushrooms and early religion. What came out of this research was a small community of scholarship that brought together people who believed that plant hallucinogens gave rise to human spirituality in archaic times; essentially, Wasson and his colleagues added a new hallucinogenic dimension to shamanism studies. That “psychedelic scholarship,” which was closely linked to the counterculture of the 1960s, not only informed the debates about shamanism among academics but also aroused and fed public interest in shamanism.Less
This chapter looks at the relationship between shamanism and psychedelic culture, focusing on the experience of investment banker R. Gordon Wasson and his Russian-born wife, Valentina, with mushrooms. Valentina and Gordon eventually embarked on their lifelong quest to explore the role of mushrooms in the histories and folklore of different cultures. When Valentina died of cancer in 1958, Gordon continued this quest alone. Eventually, his explorations evolved into research on possible links between hallucinogenic mushrooms and early religion. What came out of this research was a small community of scholarship that brought together people who believed that plant hallucinogens gave rise to human spirituality in archaic times; essentially, Wasson and his colleagues added a new hallucinogenic dimension to shamanism studies. That “psychedelic scholarship,” which was closely linked to the counterculture of the 1960s, not only informed the debates about shamanism among academics but also aroused and fed public interest in shamanism.
Margarita López‐Maya
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Causa R offered an alternative to the established parties in Venezuela that achieved considerable success as a result of both the major decentralization reforms of 1988 and then economic crises, ...
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Causa R offered an alternative to the established parties in Venezuela that achieved considerable success as a result of both the major decentralization reforms of 1988 and then economic crises, neo‐liberal reforms, and the riots and coup attempts of 1989–92. The chapter traces the history of the party from the early 1970s when small groups of dissident Marxists sought new forms of political action. Its base was among dissident unions, new neighbourhood organizations, and students. Its first successes politically were the election of Causa R mayors and a provincial governor in the state of Bolivar. In the multiple crises at the end of the 1980s, its anti‐corruption, anti‐party organization image allowed it to win the mayoralty of Caracas and receive a 22% share of the Presidential vote in 1993.Less
Causa R offered an alternative to the established parties in Venezuela that achieved considerable success as a result of both the major decentralization reforms of 1988 and then economic crises, neo‐liberal reforms, and the riots and coup attempts of 1989–92. The chapter traces the history of the party from the early 1970s when small groups of dissident Marxists sought new forms of political action. Its base was among dissident unions, new neighbourhood organizations, and students. Its first successes politically were the election of Causa R mayors and a provincial governor in the state of Bolivar. In the multiple crises at the end of the 1980s, its anti‐corruption, anti‐party organization image allowed it to win the mayoralty of Caracas and receive a 22% share of the Presidential vote in 1993.
