Alan H. Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034876
- eISBN:
- 9780262335737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034876.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The effects of climate change on air quality are difficult to model due to the large number of unpredictable variables. Hotter temperatures favor ozone production. Higher atmospheric water content ...
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The effects of climate change on air quality are difficult to model due to the large number of unpredictable variables. Hotter temperatures favor ozone production. Higher atmospheric water content may blunt this effect in some regions. Higher levels of natural volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as terpenes from plants, are likely to act synergistically with anthropogenic VOCs to favor ozone production. Droughts increase wildfire risks that produce particulate pollution and carbon monoxide, a VOC involved in ozone production. Some models predict increased ozone concentrations in many urban settings. Future revisions of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, a process driven by politics and science, should consider these effects.Less
The effects of climate change on air quality are difficult to model due to the large number of unpredictable variables. Hotter temperatures favor ozone production. Higher atmospheric water content may blunt this effect in some regions. Higher levels of natural volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as terpenes from plants, are likely to act synergistically with anthropogenic VOCs to favor ozone production. Droughts increase wildfire risks that produce particulate pollution and carbon monoxide, a VOC involved in ozone production. Some models predict increased ozone concentrations in many urban settings. Future revisions of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, a process driven by politics and science, should consider these effects.
Amy A. Quark
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226050539
- eISBN:
- 9780226050706
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226050706.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Global Rivalries explores rule-making in an era of increasing geopolitical uncertainty. Western firms and states have long dictated the formal terms of trade in the global economy. But with a shift ...
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Global Rivalries explores rule-making in an era of increasing geopolitical uncertainty. Western firms and states have long dictated the formal terms of trade in the global economy. But with a shift to an Asia-centered economy, how do powerful Western actors construct governance institutions that are enforceable? Under what conditions are the emerging non-Western corporate elite and their state allies, as well as more marginalized firms and states, able to recast the rules to better serve their interests? In this book, Amy A. Quark addresses these questions through a study of negotiations over key institutions - quality standards and dispute settlement arrangements - that undergird the transnational cotton trade. The book traces the ascendance of China as a powerful player challenging the trade dominance of the U.S. state and transnational merchants. It analyses the strategies these rivals used in a struggle over who would set the rules of the game, as well as the implications for more marginalized actors in the cotton trade, such as small cotton producers in West Africa. Quark argues that hegemonic rivalries shape strategies to change institutions. In the cotton trade, actors’ positions within broader conflicts over the organization of the global capitalist system shaped preferences, bargaining power, and thus strategies in institutional struggles. This conflict-driven process created institutional change that was incremental as the path dependencies of existing rules posed significant obstacles to the Chinese state’s bid for institutional power. Nonetheless, the resulting institutions were hybrid in nature as the perceived threat of Chinese power compelled dominant Western actors to retool governance institutions.Less
Global Rivalries explores rule-making in an era of increasing geopolitical uncertainty. Western firms and states have long dictated the formal terms of trade in the global economy. But with a shift to an Asia-centered economy, how do powerful Western actors construct governance institutions that are enforceable? Under what conditions are the emerging non-Western corporate elite and their state allies, as well as more marginalized firms and states, able to recast the rules to better serve their interests? In this book, Amy A. Quark addresses these questions through a study of negotiations over key institutions - quality standards and dispute settlement arrangements - that undergird the transnational cotton trade. The book traces the ascendance of China as a powerful player challenging the trade dominance of the U.S. state and transnational merchants. It analyses the strategies these rivals used in a struggle over who would set the rules of the game, as well as the implications for more marginalized actors in the cotton trade, such as small cotton producers in West Africa. Quark argues that hegemonic rivalries shape strategies to change institutions. In the cotton trade, actors’ positions within broader conflicts over the organization of the global capitalist system shaped preferences, bargaining power, and thus strategies in institutional struggles. This conflict-driven process created institutional change that was incremental as the path dependencies of existing rules posed significant obstacles to the Chinese state’s bid for institutional power. Nonetheless, the resulting institutions were hybrid in nature as the perceived threat of Chinese power compelled dominant Western actors to retool governance institutions.
Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez, Isabelle Romieu, and Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190662677
- eISBN:
- 9780190662707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0018
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including ...
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This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.Less
This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.
