Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195325461
- eISBN:
- 9780199869275
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325461.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people annually. This book shows why this environmental epidemic continues. Campaign contributors, lobbyists, and special interests often control information ...
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Pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people annually. This book shows why this environmental epidemic continues. Campaign contributors, lobbyists, and special interests often control information by capturing media and even science itself. Yet this book puts the blame — and the solution — on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. Calling for a new “democratic revolution” and arguing that justice requires us each to become the change we seek, this book offers many concrete proposals for reform — many based on American Public Health Association recommendations.Less
Pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people annually. This book shows why this environmental epidemic continues. Campaign contributors, lobbyists, and special interests often control information by capturing media and even science itself. Yet this book puts the blame — and the solution — on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. Calling for a new “democratic revolution” and arguing that justice requires us each to become the change we seek, this book offers many concrete proposals for reform — many based on American Public Health Association recommendations.
Sylvie Stachenko, Barbara Legowski, and Robert Geneau
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199236626
- eISBN:
- 9780191724053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236626.003.006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter highlights the historical context and current challenges of public health in Canada. It describes recent key institutional developments involving the new Public Health Agency of Canada ...
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This chapter highlights the historical context and current challenges of public health in Canada. It describes recent key institutional developments involving the new Public Health Agency of Canada and its contributions to leadership and to new investments that address domestic and global public health challenges.Less
This chapter highlights the historical context and current challenges of public health in Canada. It describes recent key institutional developments involving the new Public Health Agency of Canada and its contributions to leadership and to new investments that address domestic and global public health challenges.
Robyn Muncy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691122731
- eISBN:
- 9781400852413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691122731.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1935 to 1939. Despite her many other roles, Roche's primary obligation in the New Deal government was oversight of health policy. She ...
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This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1935 to 1939. Despite her many other roles, Roche's primary obligation in the New Deal government was oversight of health policy. She fulfilled that obligation in two ways. Within the Treasury Department, she took charge of the Public Health Service at a moment of explosive growth, championing a vastly expanded mandate for the agency and building a more effective public health infrastructure in the states. Outside the Treasury, she spearheaded a campaign to elevate health care to the status of a “basic American right.” In the course of that campaign, Roche patched together a national health plan, which she used to generate a nationwide conversation about the role of the federal government in health care.Less
This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1935 to 1939. Despite her many other roles, Roche's primary obligation in the New Deal government was oversight of health policy. She fulfilled that obligation in two ways. Within the Treasury Department, she took charge of the Public Health Service at a moment of explosive growth, championing a vastly expanded mandate for the agency and building a more effective public health infrastructure in the states. Outside the Treasury, she spearheaded a campaign to elevate health care to the status of a “basic American right.” In the course of that campaign, Roche patched together a national health plan, which she used to generate a nationwide conversation about the role of the federal government in health care.
David J. Hunter and Linda Marks
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198703358
- eISBN:
- 9780191772603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703358.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter assesses the relationship between different ways of understanding a ‘public health system’ and action on health inequalities. After briefly reviewing the historical evolution of the UK’s ...
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This chapter assesses the relationship between different ways of understanding a ‘public health system’ and action on health inequalities. After briefly reviewing the historical evolution of the UK’s public health system, the chapter considers the growing diversity in the context of political devolution. It then provides an overview of public health reforms arising from the 2012 Health and Social Care Act in England, where a new national body, Public Health England, has been created and responsibilities at the local level have been transferred from NHS bodies to local government. The authors highlight some of the opportunities created by these recent changes, whilst also cautioning that, despite the reforms being widely welcomed by local authorities, the new public health system continues to face significant risks. These include a pessimistic public spending outlook and a policy context in which choice, markets, and privatization continue to be heavily promoted.Less
This chapter assesses the relationship between different ways of understanding a ‘public health system’ and action on health inequalities. After briefly reviewing the historical evolution of the UK’s public health system, the chapter considers the growing diversity in the context of political devolution. It then provides an overview of public health reforms arising from the 2012 Health and Social Care Act in England, where a new national body, Public Health England, has been created and responsibilities at the local level have been transferred from NHS bodies to local government. The authors highlight some of the opportunities created by these recent changes, whilst also cautioning that, despite the reforms being widely welcomed by local authorities, the new public health system continues to face significant risks. These include a pessimistic public spending outlook and a policy context in which choice, markets, and privatization continue to be heavily promoted.
Jenny Wright, Fiona Sim, and Katie Ferguson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447300335
- eISBN:
- 9781447311690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300335.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter sets out the changes following New Labour government policy to create non-medical specialists in public health with equivalent status to consultants in public health including ...
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This chapter sets out the changes following New Labour government policy to create non-medical specialists in public health with equivalent status to consultants in public health including non-medical Directors of Public Health. Key changes described include a second vote within the Faculty of Public Health Medicine to permit non-medics to sit Part II of the Faculty examinations in 2001 as well as the development of job descriptions, processes within the Faculty to ‘piggy-back’ non-medical appointments within the existing statutory medical appointments advisory committee structures. From 2003 the Faculty agreed to drop ‘Medicine’ from its title. The chapter also charts the development across England of support mechanisms for aspiring specialists. Other key changes are outlined including national agreement across key organisations on the ten key areas of public health, establishing the three domains of public health, categorising the whole of the public health workforce and setting up networks and an annual conference to share and harness expertise. The Health Protection Agency was established during this period.Less
This chapter sets out the changes following New Labour government policy to create non-medical specialists in public health with equivalent status to consultants in public health including non-medical Directors of Public Health. Key changes described include a second vote within the Faculty of Public Health Medicine to permit non-medics to sit Part II of the Faculty examinations in 2001 as well as the development of job descriptions, processes within the Faculty to ‘piggy-back’ non-medical appointments within the existing statutory medical appointments advisory committee structures. From 2003 the Faculty agreed to drop ‘Medicine’ from its title. The chapter also charts the development across England of support mechanisms for aspiring specialists. Other key changes are outlined including national agreement across key organisations on the ten key areas of public health, establishing the three domains of public health, categorising the whole of the public health workforce and setting up networks and an annual conference to share and harness expertise. The Health Protection Agency was established during this period.
Shawn Michelle Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816648221
- eISBN:
- 9781452945958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816648221.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter explores visual representations of public health nurses who belonged to the National Organization for Public Health Nursing (NOPHN) in the 1930s, with particular emphasis on how the work ...
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This chapter explores visual representations of public health nurses who belonged to the National Organization for Public Health Nursing (NOPHN) in the 1930s, with particular emphasis on how the work of these women was quite literally “envisioned.” It first considers the NOPHN’s interest in visual culture and education during the period before discussing how new nursing uniforms worked symbolically to signal the nurse’s modernity. It then examines two of the most often-reproduced iconic images of public health nurses—the visiting nurse arriving at someone’s home, and the nurse within the home tending to a newborn—and suggests that these oft-repeated scenes depicted the public health nurse as a link, or mediator, between public and private institutions. Thus, the public health nurse emerged as a new kind of modern, mobile, independent young woman charged with securing the health of the nation.Less
This chapter explores visual representations of public health nurses who belonged to the National Organization for Public Health Nursing (NOPHN) in the 1930s, with particular emphasis on how the work of these women was quite literally “envisioned.” It first considers the NOPHN’s interest in visual culture and education during the period before discussing how new nursing uniforms worked symbolically to signal the nurse’s modernity. It then examines two of the most often-reproduced iconic images of public health nurses—the visiting nurse arriving at someone’s home, and the nurse within the home tending to a newborn—and suggests that these oft-repeated scenes depicted the public health nurse as a link, or mediator, between public and private institutions. Thus, the public health nurse emerged as a new kind of modern, mobile, independent young woman charged with securing the health of the nation.
Andrew Dannenberg and Aaron Wernham
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199656011
- eISBN:
- 9780191748028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656011.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the development of health impact assessment (HIA) in the USA. The use of HIA in the USA began in approximately 1999. Early HIAs by the San Francisco Department of Public Health ...
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This chapter discusses the development of health impact assessment (HIA) in the USA. The use of HIA in the USA began in approximately 1999. Early HIAs by the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, Los Angeles examined the impacts on health of proposed living wage ordinances. Subsequently, a number of efforts led to increasing interest in HIA as a tool to inform decision making related to the built environment, such as urban planning, redevelopment proposals, and transportation projects, and related to policies outside the health sector that affect health. To date, most HIAs in the USA have been carried out without a specific legislative mandate or regulatory requirement. They have been led by public health officials in local, state, or tribal health departments; by academic public health professionals; by community-based organizations seeking to promote the consideration of health; and by professionals in allied disciplines such as urban planning.Less
This chapter discusses the development of health impact assessment (HIA) in the USA. The use of HIA in the USA began in approximately 1999. Early HIAs by the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, Los Angeles examined the impacts on health of proposed living wage ordinances. Subsequently, a number of efforts led to increasing interest in HIA as a tool to inform decision making related to the built environment, such as urban planning, redevelopment proposals, and transportation projects, and related to policies outside the health sector that affect health. To date, most HIAs in the USA have been carried out without a specific legislative mandate or regulatory requirement. They have been led by public health officials in local, state, or tribal health departments; by academic public health professionals; by community-based organizations seeking to promote the consideration of health; and by professionals in allied disciplines such as urban planning.
John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the implementation of the Public Health Act of 1848 in Whippingham and West Cowes in the Isle of Wight. Ranger, an inspector sent by the General Board, recommended that the ...
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This chapter discusses the implementation of the Public Health Act of 1848 in Whippingham and West Cowes in the Isle of Wight. Ranger, an inspector sent by the General Board, recommended that the Public Health Act should be applied to Whippingham since it needed both a better supply of water and an improved system of drainage. In West Cowes, the 1848 Act opened up new opportunities for the active ratepayers and started a new round of improvements in the town.Less
This chapter discusses the implementation of the Public Health Act of 1848 in Whippingham and West Cowes in the Isle of Wight. Ranger, an inspector sent by the General Board, recommended that the Public Health Act should be applied to Whippingham since it needed both a better supply of water and an improved system of drainage. In West Cowes, the 1848 Act opened up new opportunities for the active ratepayers and started a new round of improvements in the town.
Jenny Wright, Fiona Sim, and Katie Ferguson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447300335
- eISBN:
- 9781447311690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300335.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter charts the start of the quest for recognition of public health practitioners from backgrounds other than medicine. It sets out national processes leading to the establishment of the ...
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This chapter charts the start of the quest for recognition of public health practitioners from backgrounds other than medicine. It sets out national processes leading to the establishment of the Tripartite Group and the progress made by lobbying groups such as the Multidisciplinary Public Health Forum in the context of changing government policies which started to favour a move to multidisciplinary public health at senior levels. It includes the initial reaction of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine including creating honorary membership for non-medics, but voting not to admit non-medics as full members through to the 1998 vote for first stage admittance of non-medics via sitting Part I of Faculty examinations. The 1990s also saw the formal start of development opportunities for senior practitioners working in non-medical public health such as opening up Masters in Public Health courses.Less
This chapter charts the start of the quest for recognition of public health practitioners from backgrounds other than medicine. It sets out national processes leading to the establishment of the Tripartite Group and the progress made by lobbying groups such as the Multidisciplinary Public Health Forum in the context of changing government policies which started to favour a move to multidisciplinary public health at senior levels. It includes the initial reaction of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine including creating honorary membership for non-medics, but voting not to admit non-medics as full members through to the 1998 vote for first stage admittance of non-medics via sitting Part I of Faculty examinations. The 1990s also saw the formal start of development opportunities for senior practitioners working in non-medical public health such as opening up Masters in Public Health courses.
Jenny Wright, Fiona Sim, and Katie Ferguson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447300335
- eISBN:
- 9781447311690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300335.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the complex new public health system in place in England from April 2013, the rationale behind it, interrelationships between different sectors and tiers. It outlines the ...
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This chapter describes the complex new public health system in place in England from April 2013, the rationale behind it, interrelationships between different sectors and tiers. It outlines the implications for the public health workforce and where they sit and, whilst the new system is bedding down, raises some issues and challenges and poses some questions about the future. The chapter concludes with a description of the new professional public health system in the context of the 2013 Strategy for the public health workforce, including workforce development issues the strategy aims to address.Less
This chapter describes the complex new public health system in place in England from April 2013, the rationale behind it, interrelationships between different sectors and tiers. It outlines the implications for the public health workforce and where they sit and, whilst the new system is bedding down, raises some issues and challenges and poses some questions about the future. The chapter concludes with a description of the new professional public health system in the context of the 2013 Strategy for the public health workforce, including workforce development issues the strategy aims to address.
Allan M. Brandt
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.21
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This ...
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The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This chapter traces the clinical and epidemiological progress in knowledge about smoking and health harm, and the institutional history of the Report. In establishing cigarette smoking as the preeminent public health issue of the second half of the 20th century, the federal government established new responsibilities and authority for science and health in the consumer culture. Surgeons General since have used the authority of their office to shape the policy context of subsequent tobacco regulation.Less
The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This chapter traces the clinical and epidemiological progress in knowledge about smoking and health harm, and the institutional history of the Report. In establishing cigarette smoking as the preeminent public health issue of the second half of the 20th century, the federal government established new responsibilities and authority for science and health in the consumer culture. Surgeons General since have used the authority of their office to shape the policy context of subsequent tobacco regulation.
John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the passage of the Local Government Act of 1858, which abolished the General Board of Health. The drafting of a Bill to amend the Public Health Act of 1848 in such a way as to ...
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This chapter focuses on the passage of the Local Government Act of 1858, which abolished the General Board of Health. The drafting of a Bill to amend the Public Health Act of 1848 in such a way as to make it possible to abolish the General Board was begun in 1857 by Palmerston's stepson, W. F. Cowper, who had succeeded Sir Benjamin Hall as President of the Board of Health. The new Act, which came into force in September 1858, was known as the Local Government Act. The Act enabled the localities to continue to take advantage of the powers contained in the Public Health Act of 1848 in the new circumstances which would exist when the General Board was finally abolished.Less
This chapter focuses on the passage of the Local Government Act of 1858, which abolished the General Board of Health. The drafting of a Bill to amend the Public Health Act of 1848 in such a way as to make it possible to abolish the General Board was begun in 1857 by Palmerston's stepson, W. F. Cowper, who had succeeded Sir Benjamin Hall as President of the Board of Health. The new Act, which came into force in September 1858, was known as the Local Government Act. The Act enabled the localities to continue to take advantage of the powers contained in the Public Health Act of 1848 in the new circumstances which would exist when the General Board was finally abolished.
John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the adoption of the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Local Government Act of 1858 in Ryde. In 1847, when parliament was getting to grips with the problem of town improvement ...
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This chapter discusses the adoption of the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Local Government Act of 1858 in Ryde. In 1847, when parliament was getting to grips with the problem of town improvement and public health, the Ryde Commissioners were obliged to obtain a second Act, which released them from the obligation to pay off one-twentieth of all the money they had borrowed every year. But the Act did nothing to change the composition of the Commissioners. In Ryde, there was a strong feeling that the nonrepresentative system ought to be changed to allow the smaller ratepayers and occupiers a voice in the government of their own. The passage of the Public Health Act of 1848 allowed this feeling an expression. The public health party came to terms with the Commissioners that the local Act would incorporate all the important clauses of the Public Health Act of 1848, including the election of Commissioners. In October 1859, the Ryde Commissioners also adopted the Local Government Act of 1858 to increase their powers of borrowing.Less
This chapter discusses the adoption of the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Local Government Act of 1858 in Ryde. In 1847, when parliament was getting to grips with the problem of town improvement and public health, the Ryde Commissioners were obliged to obtain a second Act, which released them from the obligation to pay off one-twentieth of all the money they had borrowed every year. But the Act did nothing to change the composition of the Commissioners. In Ryde, there was a strong feeling that the nonrepresentative system ought to be changed to allow the smaller ratepayers and occupiers a voice in the government of their own. The passage of the Public Health Act of 1848 allowed this feeling an expression. The public health party came to terms with the Commissioners that the local Act would incorporate all the important clauses of the Public Health Act of 1848, including the election of Commissioners. In October 1859, the Ryde Commissioners also adopted the Local Government Act of 1858 to increase their powers of borrowing.
Jenny Wright, Fiona Sim, and Katie Ferguson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447300335
- eISBN:
- 9781447311690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300335.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter widens the history from consideration of specialists to outline key changes from 2005 for public health practitioners from all backgrounds, as well as the attention given to others in ...
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This chapter widens the history from consideration of specialists to outline key changes from 2005 for public health practitioners from all backgrounds, as well as the attention given to others in the workforce who could benefit the public's health and ways, such as via specific networks, their development needs could be met. As part of this response to continuing public health challenges as outlined in the 2005 Choosing Health White Paper, the mid-2000s saw the development of national agreement on the core competencies for anyone working in public health as well as those skills needed for specific areas of practice, leading to development of a competency framework applicable to the whole public health workforce. The UKPHR from 2008 opened for registration of public health practitioners in addition to specialists.Less
This chapter widens the history from consideration of specialists to outline key changes from 2005 for public health practitioners from all backgrounds, as well as the attention given to others in the workforce who could benefit the public's health and ways, such as via specific networks, their development needs could be met. As part of this response to continuing public health challenges as outlined in the 2005 Choosing Health White Paper, the mid-2000s saw the development of national agreement on the core competencies for anyone working in public health as well as those skills needed for specific areas of practice, leading to development of a competency framework applicable to the whole public health workforce. The UKPHR from 2008 opened for registration of public health practitioners in addition to specialists.
John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the adoption of the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Local Government Act of 1858 in Moldgreen. Moldgreen is a suburb of Huddersfield and lay mainly in the township of Dalton. ...
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This chapter discusses the adoption of the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Local Government Act of 1858 in Moldgreen. Moldgreen is a suburb of Huddersfield and lay mainly in the township of Dalton. By the late 1850s it was said to have a population of between 4,000 and 5,000, and people were pouring into Moldgreen and Dalton, where they could dwell in cellars and where the lodging-houses were uncontrolled. This, in turn, meant that Moldgreen was beginning to have a public health problem, and in 1857, a group of residents resolved to invoke the Public Health Act of 1848. However, the principle reason why the petitioners wanted to bring Moldgreen within the operation of the Public Health Act was that they believed that this would help them to obtain a regular supply of fresh water. The public health party also petitioned for the adoption of the Local Government Act of 1858. After over two years of vigorous politicking Moldgreen finally became a locality in its own right, and the reformers found themselves in a position of responsibility.Less
This chapter discusses the adoption of the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Local Government Act of 1858 in Moldgreen. Moldgreen is a suburb of Huddersfield and lay mainly in the township of Dalton. By the late 1850s it was said to have a population of between 4,000 and 5,000, and people were pouring into Moldgreen and Dalton, where they could dwell in cellars and where the lodging-houses were uncontrolled. This, in turn, meant that Moldgreen was beginning to have a public health problem, and in 1857, a group of residents resolved to invoke the Public Health Act of 1848. However, the principle reason why the petitioners wanted to bring Moldgreen within the operation of the Public Health Act was that they believed that this would help them to obtain a regular supply of fresh water. The public health party also petitioned for the adoption of the Local Government Act of 1858. After over two years of vigorous politicking Moldgreen finally became a locality in its own right, and the reformers found themselves in a position of responsibility.
Donnacha Seán Lucey
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719087578
- eISBN:
- 9781526104014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087578.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the reform of the poor law in the early years of the Irish Free State. It highlights that despite the closure of workhouses principles of deterrence still permeated official ...
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This chapter examines the reform of the poor law in the early years of the Irish Free State. It highlights that despite the closure of workhouses principles of deterrence still permeated official welfare policies towards the able-bodied. Central and local government authorities remained primarily concerned that unchecked poor relief was immoral; in turn the workhouse-test, which underpinned the former poor law, was replaced with work-tests as a method to determine the eligibility of poor relief. This chapter also explores localised relief polices in county Kerry and Cork city. Furthermore, it highlights how principles of deterrence were challenged during periods of economic depression leading to further welfare reforms.Less
This chapter examines the reform of the poor law in the early years of the Irish Free State. It highlights that despite the closure of workhouses principles of deterrence still permeated official welfare policies towards the able-bodied. Central and local government authorities remained primarily concerned that unchecked poor relief was immoral; in turn the workhouse-test, which underpinned the former poor law, was replaced with work-tests as a method to determine the eligibility of poor relief. This chapter also explores localised relief polices in county Kerry and Cork city. Furthermore, it highlights how principles of deterrence were challenged during periods of economic depression leading to further welfare reforms.
John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on how the Whig and Peelite governments addressed the problems of town improvement and public health between 1834 and 1846. Chadwick convinced the Select Committees that in the ...
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This chapter focuses on how the Whig and Peelite governments addressed the problems of town improvement and public health between 1834 and 1846. Chadwick convinced the Select Committees that in the case of town improvement and public health, the public interest lay in recognising that water and sewerage were natural monopolies. Competition within the field of service should cease and services should be placed in the hands of a single authority. In 1845, Lord Lincoln published a Public Health Bill, a consultative document which was to be followed by a revised Bill in 1846. The Health of Towns Act was the legislative hybrid fashioned by Lord Morpeth in 1847, and passed after he had become the Earl of Carlisle in 1848. The Act set up unitary authorities with responsibility for the construction and maintenance of sewers, for streets, and the provision of water.Less
This chapter focuses on how the Whig and Peelite governments addressed the problems of town improvement and public health between 1834 and 1846. Chadwick convinced the Select Committees that in the case of town improvement and public health, the public interest lay in recognising that water and sewerage were natural monopolies. Competition within the field of service should cease and services should be placed in the hands of a single authority. In 1845, Lord Lincoln published a Public Health Bill, a consultative document which was to be followed by a revised Bill in 1846. The Health of Towns Act was the legislative hybrid fashioned by Lord Morpeth in 1847, and passed after he had become the Earl of Carlisle in 1848. The Act set up unitary authorities with responsibility for the construction and maintenance of sewers, for streets, and the provision of water.
Mervyn Susser and Zena Stein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195300666
- eISBN:
- 9780199863754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300666.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the historical development of a national public health system. Under the 1848 Public Health Act, Edwin Chadwick succeeded in setting up under his own direction the first ...
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This chapter discusses the historical development of a national public health system. Under the 1848 Public Health Act, Edwin Chadwick succeeded in setting up under his own direction the first General Board of Health. In the early 19th century, the sustained contempt for medicine he manifested was not difficult to justify; he looked instead to engineering for technical support. Medical practice was then entirely unregulated, excepting the mild self-regulation of their members by academic bodies, the Royal College of Physicians and, later, the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and of Obstetrics and Gynecology. It was near mid-century before professional organizations had formed and assumed the power to set standards for themselves, and later still before John Simon himself established training for public health professionals.Less
This chapter discusses the historical development of a national public health system. Under the 1848 Public Health Act, Edwin Chadwick succeeded in setting up under his own direction the first General Board of Health. In the early 19th century, the sustained contempt for medicine he manifested was not difficult to justify; he looked instead to engineering for technical support. Medical practice was then entirely unregulated, excepting the mild self-regulation of their members by academic bodies, the Royal College of Physicians and, later, the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and of Obstetrics and Gynecology. It was near mid-century before professional organizations had formed and assumed the power to set standards for themselves, and later still before John Simon himself established training for public health professionals.
Gerard N. Burrow
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092073
- eISBN:
- 9780300132885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092073.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter describes how the establishment of Yale's Department of Public Health resulted from the creation of the Anna R. Lauder Chair of Public Health with a gift of $500,000 from the Lauder ...
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This chapter describes how the establishment of Yale's Department of Public Health resulted from the creation of the Anna R. Lauder Chair of Public Health with a gift of $500,000 from the Lauder bequest in 1915. George Blumer had chaired a university committee soon after his arrival in 1906 to consider establishing a department or school to provide education in working with public-health bureaus and philanthropic or charitable organizations. Much of the impetus for the committee had come from Irving Fisher, a political economist at Yale, who was interested in the economic impact of disease on society. He felt that Yale was well positioned to serve the public-health movement, given the combined interests of the medical school, the Sheffield Scientific School, and the Department of Economics.Less
This chapter describes how the establishment of Yale's Department of Public Health resulted from the creation of the Anna R. Lauder Chair of Public Health with a gift of $500,000 from the Lauder bequest in 1915. George Blumer had chaired a university committee soon after his arrival in 1906 to consider establishing a department or school to provide education in working with public-health bureaus and philanthropic or charitable organizations. Much of the impetus for the committee had come from Irving Fisher, a political economist at Yale, who was interested in the economic impact of disease on society. He felt that Yale was well positioned to serve the public-health movement, given the combined interests of the medical school, the Sheffield Scientific School, and the Department of Economics.
Nancy Tomes
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622774
- eISBN:
- 9781469622798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622774.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines how the ideal of “doctor knows best” came under attack from multiple directions during the years between 1965 and 1975, leading one doctor to say that “the patient must ...
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This chapter examines how the ideal of “doctor knows best” came under attack from multiple directions during the years between 1965 and 1975, leading one doctor to say that “the patient must prescribe for the physician.” It begins with an overview of health care legislation associated with the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, including the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment. It then considers the rise of movements that sought to return “medical power to the people,” including student radicals associated with the New Left, radical feminists, and environmentalists. It also looks at advocacy groups within the broader consumerist movement, with particular emphasis on Public Citizen's Health Research Group, founded by Ralph Nader and Sidney Wolfe in 1971, and how its approach to protecting what Nader termed “body rights” helped to bring medical consumerism into the mainstream of American politics. Finally, it discusses the 1970 Patients' Bill of Rights and its provisions on informed consent, along with the emergence of a more domesticated version of medical consumerism.Less
This chapter examines how the ideal of “doctor knows best” came under attack from multiple directions during the years between 1965 and 1975, leading one doctor to say that “the patient must prescribe for the physician.” It begins with an overview of health care legislation associated with the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, including the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment. It then considers the rise of movements that sought to return “medical power to the people,” including student radicals associated with the New Left, radical feminists, and environmentalists. It also looks at advocacy groups within the broader consumerist movement, with particular emphasis on Public Citizen's Health Research Group, founded by Ralph Nader and Sidney Wolfe in 1971, and how its approach to protecting what Nader termed “body rights” helped to bring medical consumerism into the mainstream of American politics. Finally, it discusses the 1970 Patients' Bill of Rights and its provisions on informed consent, along with the emergence of a more domesticated version of medical consumerism.
