Martin Maguire
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077401
- eISBN:
- 9781781702611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077401.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter explores the constitutional path that was laid down for the process by which the Provisional Government constructed the civil service of the Irish Free State. It is stressed that ‘it ...
More
This chapter explores the constitutional path that was laid down for the process by which the Provisional Government constructed the civil service of the Irish Free State. It is stressed that ‘it [was] of the highest importance for the Provisional Government to get in touch with and take the fullest advantage of the experience of the Irish civil service generally’. The split in the republican movement profoundly affected the Dáil Éireann civil service. Under the terms of the 1920 Act, there were three categories of applicant to the Wylie committee: those discharged by the Irish government, those seeking permission to retire and those opting to retire under the statutory conditions provided by the Act. The Provisional Government squandered the goodwill of its civil service, ans as 1923 dawned and the Irish Free State came into office, the attitude of the civil service was one of suspicion and defensiveness.Less
This chapter explores the constitutional path that was laid down for the process by which the Provisional Government constructed the civil service of the Irish Free State. It is stressed that ‘it [was] of the highest importance for the Provisional Government to get in touch with and take the fullest advantage of the experience of the Irish civil service generally’. The split in the republican movement profoundly affected the Dáil Éireann civil service. Under the terms of the 1920 Act, there were three categories of applicant to the Wylie committee: those discharged by the Irish government, those seeking permission to retire and those opting to retire under the statutory conditions provided by the Act. The Provisional Government squandered the goodwill of its civil service, ans as 1923 dawned and the Irish Free State came into office, the attitude of the civil service was one of suspicion and defensiveness.
Matthew Rendle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236251
- eISBN:
- 9780191717154
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236251.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Russian Revolution of 1917 has long been seen in terms of the political manoeuvrings of revolutionary politicians and the actions of lower social groups. This book argues that elite groups, ...
More
The Russian Revolution of 1917 has long been seen in terms of the political manoeuvrings of revolutionary politicians and the actions of lower social groups. This book argues that elite groups, especially nobles, landowners, and officers, also played an important role. The alienation of tsarist elites from the Tsar during the First World War and their support for the new Provisional Government in February 1917 secured the initial success of the revolution. The book describes how elites engaged with revolutionary politics, serving in the government, and forming unions to promote their interests and gather wider support. These activities fostered fears of counter‐revolution among a population who saw 1917 as being for the lower social classes. These fears helped radicalize the popular mood, paving the way for Bolshevism. The book argues that, although increasingly disillusioned with events, elites were not solely counter‐revolutionary and far from united. The divisions among them that are visible prior to 1917 were exacerbated by the revolution. A poorly‐supported military revolt in August 1917 demonstrated different aspirations for the future, whilst as many served the Bolshevik regime after October 1917 as opposed it. This undermined the Whites armies' opposition to Bolshevism during Russia's civil war. Nevertheless, Bolshevik fears of ‘class enemies' were endemic, and their actions to remove them laid the foundations of the repressive soviet regime. By focusing on elites, this book helps provide a more comprehensive picture of the Russian Revolution.Less
The Russian Revolution of 1917 has long been seen in terms of the political manoeuvrings of revolutionary politicians and the actions of lower social groups. This book argues that elite groups, especially nobles, landowners, and officers, also played an important role. The alienation of tsarist elites from the Tsar during the First World War and their support for the new Provisional Government in February 1917 secured the initial success of the revolution. The book describes how elites engaged with revolutionary politics, serving in the government, and forming unions to promote their interests and gather wider support. These activities fostered fears of counter‐revolution among a population who saw 1917 as being for the lower social classes. These fears helped radicalize the popular mood, paving the way for Bolshevism. The book argues that, although increasingly disillusioned with events, elites were not solely counter‐revolutionary and far from united. The divisions among them that are visible prior to 1917 were exacerbated by the revolution. A poorly‐supported military revolt in August 1917 demonstrated different aspirations for the future, whilst as many served the Bolshevik regime after October 1917 as opposed it. This undermined the Whites armies' opposition to Bolshevism during Russia's civil war. Nevertheless, Bolshevik fears of ‘class enemies' were endemic, and their actions to remove them laid the foundations of the repressive soviet regime. By focusing on elites, this book helps provide a more comprehensive picture of the Russian Revolution.
Young Ick Lew
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831684
- eISBN:
- 9780824871000
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831684.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter details events in Syngman Rhee’s life during and after his stint as president of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG). Topics covered include the four men who opposed Rhee in Beijing ...
More
This chapter details events in Syngman Rhee’s life during and after his stint as president of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG). Topics covered include the four men who opposed Rhee in Beijing and Shanghai, as well as his perception of each of them; setbacks in Rhee’s diplomatic efforts with the United States at the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921–1922; his impeachment by the Shanghai Provisional Government in March 1925; his decision to reshape the principles and direction of the Comrade Society of Great Korea to suit his needs, shifting its focus away from the importance of the Shanghai Provisional Government and placed instead on Rhee’s legitimacy as the sole leader of the Korean independence movement; and Rhee’s business ventures.Less
This chapter details events in Syngman Rhee’s life during and after his stint as president of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG). Topics covered include the four men who opposed Rhee in Beijing and Shanghai, as well as his perception of each of them; setbacks in Rhee’s diplomatic efforts with the United States at the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921–1922; his impeachment by the Shanghai Provisional Government in March 1925; his decision to reshape the principles and direction of the Comrade Society of Great Korea to suit his needs, shifting its focus away from the importance of the Shanghai Provisional Government and placed instead on Rhee’s legitimacy as the sole leader of the Korean independence movement; and Rhee’s business ventures.
Matthew Rendle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236251
- eISBN:
- 9780191717154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236251.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the Russian nobility from February to late summer 1917. Initially, the nobility played a prominent role in national and local government, and this was something that its main ...
More
This chapter examines the Russian nobility from February to late summer 1917. Initially, the nobility played a prominent role in national and local government, and this was something that its main body, the United Nobility, sought to promote. Increasingly, however, the popular movement forced nobles out of local government as the former privileged classes, whilst their prominence in the Provisional Government declined. The increasing social conflict and attacks on former elites forced the United Nobility to focus on preserving the nobility. Yet nobles seemed unconvinced that this class‐based body was effective, and instead favoured new, professional unions that represented particular interest groups within the elites, such as the Union of Homeowners. An attempt to transform the United Nobility into such a group, the Society of Nobles, to safeguard its property was a hesitant process.Less
This chapter examines the Russian nobility from February to late summer 1917. Initially, the nobility played a prominent role in national and local government, and this was something that its main body, the United Nobility, sought to promote. Increasingly, however, the popular movement forced nobles out of local government as the former privileged classes, whilst their prominence in the Provisional Government declined. The increasing social conflict and attacks on former elites forced the United Nobility to focus on preserving the nobility. Yet nobles seemed unconvinced that this class‐based body was effective, and instead favoured new, professional unions that represented particular interest groups within the elites, such as the Union of Homeowners. An attempt to transform the United Nobility into such a group, the Society of Nobles, to safeguard its property was a hesitant process.
Richard S. Kim
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195369991
- eISBN:
- 9780199918263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369991.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, Asian History
This chapter narrates the systematic efforts of nationalist leaders in the diaspora to establish a national Korean state in the aftermath of the large-scale 1919 March First uprising. Japan’s brutal ...
More
This chapter narrates the systematic efforts of nationalist leaders in the diaspora to establish a national Korean state in the aftermath of the large-scale 1919 March First uprising. Japan’s brutal suppression of the national uprising in Korea made it necessary for national liberation activities to be carried out from abroad, ushering in a new phase in the nationalist movement as the locus of political activities occurred largely outside the Korean peninsula. These activities resulted in the formation of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) in Shanghai, which developed out of multiple ideological and strategic strands within the diaspora. The globalization of American power following World War I empowered the U.S. component of the Korean diaspora to play significant roles, ideologically and organizationally, in defining the vision of a new Korean nation-state that was embodied in the KPG. For the next several years, the activities of the KPG would remain at the center of the national liberation movement.Less
This chapter narrates the systematic efforts of nationalist leaders in the diaspora to establish a national Korean state in the aftermath of the large-scale 1919 March First uprising. Japan’s brutal suppression of the national uprising in Korea made it necessary for national liberation activities to be carried out from abroad, ushering in a new phase in the nationalist movement as the locus of political activities occurred largely outside the Korean peninsula. These activities resulted in the formation of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) in Shanghai, which developed out of multiple ideological and strategic strands within the diaspora. The globalization of American power following World War I empowered the U.S. component of the Korean diaspora to play significant roles, ideologically and organizationally, in defining the vision of a new Korean nation-state that was embodied in the KPG. For the next several years, the activities of the KPG would remain at the center of the national liberation movement.
Geoffrey Ellis
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199249978
- eISBN:
- 9780191697852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249978.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The French revolution of 24–6 February 1848 was not the first of the many uprisings in Europe during that year. Those troubles had started in the Italian peninsula, when a revolt in Palermo on 12 ...
More
The French revolution of 24–6 February 1848 was not the first of the many uprisings in Europe during that year. Those troubles had started in the Italian peninsula, when a revolt in Palermo on 12 January had quickly spread to the Neapolitan mainland of the kingdom of Two Sicilies, forcing Ferdinand II to grant a constitution on the 29th of that month. The political cataclysm in France has provided the crux of the great contrasting ideological reconstructions of 1848. The immediate trigger of the revolution of 24–6 February was Guizot's decision on the 21st to ban a mass reform banquet planned for the following day during the twelfth arrondissement of Paris. The year which had begun with the overthrow of the monarchy ended with a Republic headed by a populist president, another Bonaparte. None of the members of the former Provisional Government were allowed to serve in this new administration.Less
The French revolution of 24–6 February 1848 was not the first of the many uprisings in Europe during that year. Those troubles had started in the Italian peninsula, when a revolt in Palermo on 12 January had quickly spread to the Neapolitan mainland of the kingdom of Two Sicilies, forcing Ferdinand II to grant a constitution on the 29th of that month. The political cataclysm in France has provided the crux of the great contrasting ideological reconstructions of 1848. The immediate trigger of the revolution of 24–6 February was Guizot's decision on the 21st to ban a mass reform banquet planned for the following day during the twelfth arrondissement of Paris. The year which had begun with the overthrow of the monarchy ended with a Republic headed by a populist president, another Bonaparte. None of the members of the former Provisional Government were allowed to serve in this new administration.
Matthew Rendle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236251
- eISBN:
- 9780191717154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236251.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter argues that sections of the tsarist elite played an important role during the February Revolution of 1917 as popular unrest broke out in Petrograd. Duma leaders saw an opportunity to ...
More
This chapter argues that sections of the tsarist elite played an important role during the February Revolution of 1917 as popular unrest broke out in Petrograd. Duma leaders saw an opportunity to enact the political change that they had desired for years. Military leaders, whose support was crucial to the Tsar, came out in support of the Duma, believing that political change offered the best chance of victory in the war. The Provisional Government was formed before the majority of elites had a chance to react, but its liberal ideals and their fear of further unrest persuaded them to support it. Elites felt that they had participated in the revolution alongside other social groups, but the extent of the political change had been further than most had initially desired, whilst popular demands for social reform threatened their future position.Less
This chapter argues that sections of the tsarist elite played an important role during the February Revolution of 1917 as popular unrest broke out in Petrograd. Duma leaders saw an opportunity to enact the political change that they had desired for years. Military leaders, whose support was crucial to the Tsar, came out in support of the Duma, believing that political change offered the best chance of victory in the war. The Provisional Government was formed before the majority of elites had a chance to react, but its liberal ideals and their fear of further unrest persuaded them to support it. Elites felt that they had participated in the revolution alongside other social groups, but the extent of the political change had been further than most had initially desired, whilst popular demands for social reform threatened their future position.
Jonathan M. House
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479881154
- eISBN:
- 9781479836635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479881154.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the rise of paramilitary forces in Paris in 1848. The collapse of the July Monarchy was followed by the emergence of leaders of different political persuasions both inside and ...
More
This chapter examines the rise of paramilitary forces in Paris in 1848. The collapse of the July Monarchy was followed by the emergence of leaders of different political persuasions both inside and outside the Provisional Government. Private armies were soon formed to support or oppose that government. Before discussing the political and military events of that uncertain period, this chapter considers both the composition of the Provisional Government and the various paramilitary organizations that developed in revolutionary Paris. These include the normal or Sedentary National Guard, the Republican Guard, the Garde du Peuple or Montagnards, the Lyonnais, and Vésuviennes.Less
This chapter examines the rise of paramilitary forces in Paris in 1848. The collapse of the July Monarchy was followed by the emergence of leaders of different political persuasions both inside and outside the Provisional Government. Private armies were soon formed to support or oppose that government. Before discussing the political and military events of that uncertain period, this chapter considers both the composition of the Provisional Government and the various paramilitary organizations that developed in revolutionary Paris. These include the normal or Sedentary National Guard, the Republican Guard, the Garde du Peuple or Montagnards, the Lyonnais, and Vésuviennes.
Matthew Rendle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236251
- eISBN:
- 9780191717154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236251.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the emergence of a ‘landed movement’ during 1917. The agrarian policies of the Provisional Government were broadly acceptable, but landowners reacted to the steady increase in ...
More
This chapter describes the emergence of a ‘landed movement’ during 1917. The agrarian policies of the Provisional Government were broadly acceptable, but landowners reacted to the steady increase in the peasant movement by forming their own local unions to defend the right to own land. In May, the nationwide Union of Landowners, which had existed since 1916, was revived to unite the numerous local bodies. The union's new, liberally‐inclined leadership targeted peasant landowners to broaden their support, and these landowners quickly formed the vast majority of members. However, as rural unrest gathered pace, the union faced several problems. The sheer scale of the unrest overwhelmed its own size, whilst it struggled to prevent the government from introducing policies that undermined landownership. It also faced growing opposition from socialist parties, and its peasant members proved susceptible to socialist propaganda. All of this led to increasing disillusionment by August 1917.Less
This chapter describes the emergence of a ‘landed movement’ during 1917. The agrarian policies of the Provisional Government were broadly acceptable, but landowners reacted to the steady increase in the peasant movement by forming their own local unions to defend the right to own land. In May, the nationwide Union of Landowners, which had existed since 1916, was revived to unite the numerous local bodies. The union's new, liberally‐inclined leadership targeted peasant landowners to broaden their support, and these landowners quickly formed the vast majority of members. However, as rural unrest gathered pace, the union faced several problems. The sheer scale of the unrest overwhelmed its own size, whilst it struggled to prevent the government from introducing policies that undermined landownership. It also faced growing opposition from socialist parties, and its peasant members proved susceptible to socialist propaganda. All of this led to increasing disillusionment by August 1917.
Young Ick Lew
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831684
- eISBN:
- 9780824871000
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831684.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter details events in Syngman Rhee’s life in the 1940s. Topics covered include his diplomatic efforts in Washington, D.C.; lobbying of the State Department by the Korean–American Council; ...
More
This chapter details events in Syngman Rhee’s life in the 1940s. Topics covered include his diplomatic efforts in Washington, D.C.; lobbying of the State Department by the Korean–American Council; lobbying of the U.S. Congress by the Christian Friends of Korea; collaboration with the Office of Strategic Services; and diplomatic and propaganda efforts at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco. During the Pacific War, Rhee failed to obtain recognition of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) from the United States government despite the tireless diplomatic and propaganda campaign he carried out in collaboration with the Korean–American Council and the Christian Friends of Korea—with the full backing of the KPG and the Comrade Society. He attributed the cause of his failure to the deeply ingrained pro-Japanese and anti-Korean bias of the officials in the State Department.Less
This chapter details events in Syngman Rhee’s life in the 1940s. Topics covered include his diplomatic efforts in Washington, D.C.; lobbying of the State Department by the Korean–American Council; lobbying of the U.S. Congress by the Christian Friends of Korea; collaboration with the Office of Strategic Services; and diplomatic and propaganda efforts at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco. During the Pacific War, Rhee failed to obtain recognition of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) from the United States government despite the tireless diplomatic and propaganda campaign he carried out in collaboration with the Korean–American Council and the Christian Friends of Korea—with the full backing of the KPG and the Comrade Society. He attributed the cause of his failure to the deeply ingrained pro-Japanese and anti-Korean bias of the officials in the State Department.
Matthew Rendle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236251
- eISBN:
- 9780191717154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236251.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The conclusion argues that elites in Russia were far from obsolete by 1917 and that a move from a class‐based identity to one focused on professional concerns provided a basis for them to exist in ...
More
The conclusion argues that elites in Russia were far from obsolete by 1917 and that a move from a class‐based identity to one focused on professional concerns provided a basis for them to exist in the absence of Tsarism. The Russian Revolution facilitated this move, with elites responding to the mass movement by establishing new organizations. Elites engaged with the revolution and were far from an inert, counter‐revolutionary force. This demonstrates that revolutionary democracy enabled groups to participate, irrespective of popular support. Changing identities, however, fuelled the divisions that led to the failure of Kornilov's revolt and undermined the White armies in the civil war. The conclusion examines the weaknesses of White ideology. Finally, it argues that elites influenced the revolutionary process, fostering popular fears of counter‐revolution and encouraging Russians to see Bolshevism as preferable to the Provisional Government, offering real change and defending the revolution.Less
The conclusion argues that elites in Russia were far from obsolete by 1917 and that a move from a class‐based identity to one focused on professional concerns provided a basis for them to exist in the absence of Tsarism. The Russian Revolution facilitated this move, with elites responding to the mass movement by establishing new organizations. Elites engaged with the revolution and were far from an inert, counter‐revolutionary force. This demonstrates that revolutionary democracy enabled groups to participate, irrespective of popular support. Changing identities, however, fuelled the divisions that led to the failure of Kornilov's revolt and undermined the White armies in the civil war. The conclusion examines the weaknesses of White ideology. Finally, it argues that elites influenced the revolutionary process, fostering popular fears of counter‐revolution and encouraging Russians to see Bolshevism as preferable to the Provisional Government, offering real change and defending the revolution.
Robert Daniels
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106497
- eISBN:
- 9780300134933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106497.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The so-called insurrection in October and November 1917 catapulted the Bolsheviks to power in Russia. The Russian Revolution, which began with the fall of the tsar in February 1917, led to a ...
More
The so-called insurrection in October and November 1917 catapulted the Bolsheviks to power in Russia. The Russian Revolution, which began with the fall of the tsar in February 1917, led to a political crisis. Power was initially divided between the Provisional Government and the soviets, but Bolshevik extremists soon secured a dominant place in the latter. They were aided by Vladimir Lenin, who identified himself with the strongest forces of dissatisfaction. Despite this obvious political success, it remains perplexing why the Bolsheviks would launch an armed uprising that looked like a gamble. Lenin wanted a violent uprising to get a chance for an independent Bolshevik Party takeover and realize the personal dictatorship to which he aspired. It appears that overthrowing the Provisional Government through the Russian Revolution was not planned or expected.Less
The so-called insurrection in October and November 1917 catapulted the Bolsheviks to power in Russia. The Russian Revolution, which began with the fall of the tsar in February 1917, led to a political crisis. Power was initially divided between the Provisional Government and the soviets, but Bolshevik extremists soon secured a dominant place in the latter. They were aided by Vladimir Lenin, who identified himself with the strongest forces of dissatisfaction. Despite this obvious political success, it remains perplexing why the Bolsheviks would launch an armed uprising that looked like a gamble. Lenin wanted a violent uprising to get a chance for an independent Bolshevik Party takeover and realize the personal dictatorship to which he aspired. It appears that overthrowing the Provisional Government through the Russian Revolution was not planned or expected.
Adeeb Khalid
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801454097
- eISBN:
- 9781501701351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801454097.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter narrates the events that happened after the fall of the Tsarist Autocracy in February 1917. The abdication of the tsar was universally acclaimed as the dawn of liberty—the beginning of a ...
More
This chapter narrates the events that happened after the fall of the Tsarist Autocracy in February 1917. The abdication of the tsar was universally acclaimed as the dawn of liberty—the beginning of a new era in the history of the various peoples inhabiting the empire. In a series of sweeping reforms, the Provisional Government abolished all legal distinctions between citizens on the basis of rank, religion, sex, or ethnicity, and granted every citizen over the age of twenty the right to vote. The government also guaranteed the absolute freedom of the press and of assembly. In general, the fall of the Tsarist Autocracy gave way to the cultural mobilization of Turkestan.Less
This chapter narrates the events that happened after the fall of the Tsarist Autocracy in February 1917. The abdication of the tsar was universally acclaimed as the dawn of liberty—the beginning of a new era in the history of the various peoples inhabiting the empire. In a series of sweeping reforms, the Provisional Government abolished all legal distinctions between citizens on the basis of rank, religion, sex, or ethnicity, and granted every citizen over the age of twenty the right to vote. The government also guaranteed the absolute freedom of the press and of assembly. In general, the fall of the Tsarist Autocracy gave way to the cultural mobilization of Turkestan.
Jonathan M. House
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479881154
- eISBN:
- 9781479836635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479881154.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the rise of the paramilitary organization Garde Nationale Mobile, or Mobile National Guard, as the most important armed force in Paris between February 24 and May 16, 1848. The ...
More
This chapter examines the rise of the paramilitary organization Garde Nationale Mobile, or Mobile National Guard, as the most important armed force in Paris between February 24 and May 16, 1848. The Mobile National Guard was created by the Provisional Government to operate as a full-time armed force that would supplement both police and army. The Mobile Guard was comprised of unemployed Parisian youths aged sixteen to thirty, many of whom had fought on the barricades in the February Revolution. This chapter first considers how the Mobile Guard was formed and its recruitment of young activists who took part in the February Revolution. It then discusses some of the problems of divided command suffered by the Mobile Guard, along with its use of regular army cadres to train volunteers. It also assesses the issue of discipline in the Mobile Guard and concludes with an analysis of the organizational, disciplinary, and supply problems of the Mobile Guard as well as the group's politics and motivations.Less
This chapter examines the rise of the paramilitary organization Garde Nationale Mobile, or Mobile National Guard, as the most important armed force in Paris between February 24 and May 16, 1848. The Mobile National Guard was created by the Provisional Government to operate as a full-time armed force that would supplement both police and army. The Mobile Guard was comprised of unemployed Parisian youths aged sixteen to thirty, many of whom had fought on the barricades in the February Revolution. This chapter first considers how the Mobile Guard was formed and its recruitment of young activists who took part in the February Revolution. It then discusses some of the problems of divided command suffered by the Mobile Guard, along with its use of regular army cadres to train volunteers. It also assesses the issue of discipline in the Mobile Guard and concludes with an analysis of the organizational, disciplinary, and supply problems of the Mobile Guard as well as the group's politics and motivations.
Jonathan D. Smele
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190233044
- eISBN:
- 9780190618551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190233044.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter seeks to establish that the “Russian” Civil Wars began with Central Asian Revolt of 1916, before going on to argue that subsequent events — the February Revolution, the travails of the ...
More
This chapter seeks to establish that the “Russian” Civil Wars began with Central Asian Revolt of 1916, before going on to argue that subsequent events — the February Revolution, the travails of the Russian Provisional Government of 1917, the Kornilov Affair, the October Revolution, and the closure by the Soviet government of the Constituent Assembly — should be viewed as essential elements of the civil wars, not precursors to them. It focuses too on the views on civil war of the Bolshevik leader, V.I. Lenin, the fighting that took place from Belorussia through the Urals to Siberia from 1917 to 1918 and examines early efforts to combat the Bolshevik seizure of power by General M.V. Alekseev and others. It explains also the diverse origins of the Allied intervention in Russia that began in early 1918.Less
This chapter seeks to establish that the “Russian” Civil Wars began with Central Asian Revolt of 1916, before going on to argue that subsequent events — the February Revolution, the travails of the Russian Provisional Government of 1917, the Kornilov Affair, the October Revolution, and the closure by the Soviet government of the Constituent Assembly — should be viewed as essential elements of the civil wars, not precursors to them. It focuses too on the views on civil war of the Bolshevik leader, V.I. Lenin, the fighting that took place from Belorussia through the Urals to Siberia from 1917 to 1918 and examines early efforts to combat the Bolshevik seizure of power by General M.V. Alekseev and others. It explains also the diverse origins of the Allied intervention in Russia that began in early 1918.
RUTH ROGASKI
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240018
- eISBN:
- 9780520930605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240018.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter describes the sudden changes that engulfed Tianjin during the Boxer Uprising of 1900, when an international force comprised of the troops of eight different imperial powers invaded and ...
More
This chapter describes the sudden changes that engulfed Tianjin during the Boxer Uprising of 1900, when an international force comprised of the troops of eight different imperial powers invaded and occupied the city. The foreign suppression of the Boxers, and the dramatic impact it had on subalterns and elites alike in Tianjin, highlights the role of violence in the Chinese experience of modern technologies under the curious regime that some have called semicolonialism. The Tianjin Provisional Government had been formed at a significant moment in the history of medicine. It also established a special “epidemic prevention police” who were empowered to enter homes to investigate suspected cholera cases. The establishment of a weisheng system was one of the most urgent, and most complex, aspects of the Qing's new autonomy. Weisheng as a discourse of deficiency allowed Chinese elites to distance themselves from the violence of the Boxer suppression.Less
This chapter describes the sudden changes that engulfed Tianjin during the Boxer Uprising of 1900, when an international force comprised of the troops of eight different imperial powers invaded and occupied the city. The foreign suppression of the Boxers, and the dramatic impact it had on subalterns and elites alike in Tianjin, highlights the role of violence in the Chinese experience of modern technologies under the curious regime that some have called semicolonialism. The Tianjin Provisional Government had been formed at a significant moment in the history of medicine. It also established a special “epidemic prevention police” who were empowered to enter homes to investigate suspected cholera cases. The establishment of a weisheng system was one of the most urgent, and most complex, aspects of the Qing's new autonomy. Weisheng as a discourse of deficiency allowed Chinese elites to distance themselves from the violence of the Boxer suppression.
Young Ick Lew
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831684
- eISBN:
- 9780824871000
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831684.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The only full-scale history of Syngman Rhee’s (1875–1965) early career in English was published nearly six decades ago. Now, this book uncovers little-known aspects of Rhee’s leadership roles prior ...
More
The only full-scale history of Syngman Rhee’s (1875–1965) early career in English was published nearly six decades ago. Now, this book uncovers little-known aspects of Rhee’s leadership roles prior to 1948, when he became the Republic of Korea’s first president. It delves into Rhee’s background, investigates his abortive diplomatic missions, and explains how and why he was impeached as the head of the Korean Provisional Government in 1925. The book analyzes the numerous personal conflicts between Rhee and other prominent Korean leaders, including some close friends and supporters who eventually denounced him as an autocrat. Rhee is portrayed as a fallible yet charismatic leader who spent his life fighting in the diplomatic and propaganda arena for the independence of his beleaguered nation—a struggle that would have consumed and defeated lesser men. The book lays out the key developments of Rhee’s pre-presidential career, including his early schooling in Korea, involvement in the reform movement against the Taehan (“Great Korean”) Empire, and his six-year incarceration in Seoul Prison for a coup attempt on Emperor Kojong. Rhee’s life in the United States is also examined in detail. The book concludes that, despite the manifold shortcomings in Rhee’s authoritarian leadership, he was undoubtedly best prepared to assume the presidency of South Korea after the onset of the Cold War in the Korean Peninsula.Less
The only full-scale history of Syngman Rhee’s (1875–1965) early career in English was published nearly six decades ago. Now, this book uncovers little-known aspects of Rhee’s leadership roles prior to 1948, when he became the Republic of Korea’s first president. It delves into Rhee’s background, investigates his abortive diplomatic missions, and explains how and why he was impeached as the head of the Korean Provisional Government in 1925. The book analyzes the numerous personal conflicts between Rhee and other prominent Korean leaders, including some close friends and supporters who eventually denounced him as an autocrat. Rhee is portrayed as a fallible yet charismatic leader who spent his life fighting in the diplomatic and propaganda arena for the independence of his beleaguered nation—a struggle that would have consumed and defeated lesser men. The book lays out the key developments of Rhee’s pre-presidential career, including his early schooling in Korea, involvement in the reform movement against the Taehan (“Great Korean”) Empire, and his six-year incarceration in Seoul Prison for a coup attempt on Emperor Kojong. Rhee’s life in the United States is also examined in detail. The book concludes that, despite the manifold shortcomings in Rhee’s authoritarian leadership, he was undoubtedly best prepared to assume the presidency of South Korea after the onset of the Cold War in the Korean Peninsula.
Gerard Keown
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198745129
- eISBN:
- 9780191806063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198745129.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
The Anglo Irish Treaty of December 1921 established the Irish Free State as a dominion within the British Commonwealth at a time when the dominions did not have their own foreign policy or diplomats ...
More
The Anglo Irish Treaty of December 1921 established the Irish Free State as a dominion within the British Commonwealth at a time when the dominions did not have their own foreign policy or diplomats abroad. The Free State did not legally exist until December 1922. In the interim, a Provisional Government managed the transition from British rule while the revolutionary Dáil government continued to exist in parallel. Chapter 4 looks at the awkward cohabitation between the two, the split in the foreign service established by Dáil Éireann as Ireland slid towards civil war over the terms of the Treaty, and the consequences for the efforts of George Gavan Duffy and Michael Collins to craft a foreign policy for the new state.Less
The Anglo Irish Treaty of December 1921 established the Irish Free State as a dominion within the British Commonwealth at a time when the dominions did not have their own foreign policy or diplomats abroad. The Free State did not legally exist until December 1922. In the interim, a Provisional Government managed the transition from British rule while the revolutionary Dáil government continued to exist in parallel. Chapter 4 looks at the awkward cohabitation between the two, the split in the foreign service established by Dáil Éireann as Ireland slid towards civil war over the terms of the Treaty, and the consequences for the efforts of George Gavan Duffy and Michael Collins to craft a foreign policy for the new state.
Eric Jabbari
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289639
- eISBN:
- 9780191730863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289639.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Laroque Plan was developed during the following months, and its substance reflected Laroque’s long standing acquaintance with the problems of social insurance as well as his views concerning the ...
More
The Laroque Plan was developed during the following months, and its substance reflected Laroque’s long standing acquaintance with the problems of social insurance as well as his views concerning the nature of social policy. While he sought to rationalise the structure of social insurance, this was but a prelude to the implementation of a universal system of social security. In his mind, its structure would provide for the participation of the insured in the management of its services, and this would promote a new climate of social solidarity which would transform the very nature of social relations in post-war France. In the meantime, his proposals provoked hostile reactions among the mutual aid societies and christian syndicalists, since they objected to the implementation of a caisse unique which did away with the administrative pluralism associated with the social insurance legislation of 1928-1930. This opposition proved unsuccessful at modifying the substance of these proposals, as was ultimately demonstrated by the drafting of the ordinances of October 1945.Less
The Laroque Plan was developed during the following months, and its substance reflected Laroque’s long standing acquaintance with the problems of social insurance as well as his views concerning the nature of social policy. While he sought to rationalise the structure of social insurance, this was but a prelude to the implementation of a universal system of social security. In his mind, its structure would provide for the participation of the insured in the management of its services, and this would promote a new climate of social solidarity which would transform the very nature of social relations in post-war France. In the meantime, his proposals provoked hostile reactions among the mutual aid societies and christian syndicalists, since they objected to the implementation of a caisse unique which did away with the administrative pluralism associated with the social insurance legislation of 1928-1930. This opposition proved unsuccessful at modifying the substance of these proposals, as was ultimately demonstrated by the drafting of the ordinances of October 1945.
David G. Marr
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520274150
- eISBN:
- 9780520954977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520274150.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explores the basis on which the formerly colonial state of Vietnam begins its development by establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. It introduces provisional president Hồ Chí ...
More
This chapter explores the basis on which the formerly colonial state of Vietnam begins its development by establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. It introduces provisional president Hồ Chí Minh as a vanguard of the formation and explores the establishment of a National People's Assembly. David Marr capitalizes on the formation and standardization of government by mapping out the many stratified councils, committees, and other assorted hierarchies that shaped the political landscape of Vietnam through to the present day.Less
This chapter explores the basis on which the formerly colonial state of Vietnam begins its development by establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. It introduces provisional president Hồ Chí Minh as a vanguard of the formation and explores the establishment of a National People's Assembly. David Marr capitalizes on the formation and standardization of government by mapping out the many stratified councils, committees, and other assorted hierarchies that shaped the political landscape of Vietnam through to the present day.
