Kees Hengeveld and J. Lachlan Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278107
- eISBN:
- 9780191707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter, the longest in the book, presents the Representational Level of FDG, which is a layered structure indicating the part-whole relations among semantic categories. After a discussion of ...
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This chapter, the longest in the book, presents the Representational Level of FDG, which is a layered structure indicating the part-whole relations among semantic categories. After a discussion of the hierarchically related categories, the chapter progresses to those that enter into equipollent relations, and finally to reflexive language.Less
This chapter, the longest in the book, presents the Representational Level of FDG, which is a layered structure indicating the part-whole relations among semantic categories. After a discussion of the hierarchically related categories, the chapter progresses to those that enter into equipollent relations, and finally to reflexive language.
Don Rose and Cam Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625263
- eISBN:
- 9781469625287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625263.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Universities are a rich source of scientific innovations. Translating these innovations into high-impact products and services involves commercialization of the innovation. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 ...
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Universities are a rich source of scientific innovations. Translating these innovations into high-impact products and services involves commercialization of the innovation. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 gave universities control over the commercialization process. As such, technology transfer offices (TTO) have been established at most universities. Their role is to both protect the innovation through patents and copyrights and license the innovation to an entity for commercialization. Heretofore, most of TTO’s have focused on licensing to large, established companies. Only in recent years have they turned to licensing to startups, many of which are founded by the inventor-faculty. Furthermore, many universities are going beyond licensing to develop programs supporting these faculty-founded startups, with the hope of achieving return on their investment, retaining and recruiting talented faculty, creating jobs, and fulfilling their mission by helping to solve significant problems such as un-met medical needs.Less
Universities are a rich source of scientific innovations. Translating these innovations into high-impact products and services involves commercialization of the innovation. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 gave universities control over the commercialization process. As such, technology transfer offices (TTO) have been established at most universities. Their role is to both protect the innovation through patents and copyrights and license the innovation to an entity for commercialization. Heretofore, most of TTO’s have focused on licensing to large, established companies. Only in recent years have they turned to licensing to startups, many of which are founded by the inventor-faculty. Furthermore, many universities are going beyond licensing to develop programs supporting these faculty-founded startups, with the hope of achieving return on their investment, retaining and recruiting talented faculty, creating jobs, and fulfilling their mission by helping to solve significant problems such as un-met medical needs.
Don Rose and Cam Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625263
- eISBN:
- 9781469625287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625263.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Spinning a company out of the university, based on university scientific research involves a number of key steps: Recognizing the Opportunity Disclosure to the University Filing for IP Protection ...
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Spinning a company out of the university, based on university scientific research involves a number of key steps: Recognizing the Opportunity Disclosure to the University Filing for IP Protection Recruiting Advisors and Mentors Developing the Business Case Forming the Company Building the Management Team Licensing the Intellectual Property Gathering Market Information Defining and Refining the Business Model Early-Stage Marketing Writing The Business Plan Raising Initial Capital Finding Space Raising Growth Capital Developing the Product Engaging the Customer: Marketing, Sales, and Business Development Establishing Manufacturing The Exit Each step is considered in detail with practical recommendations based on the authors’ experience.Less
Spinning a company out of the university, based on university scientific research involves a number of key steps: Recognizing the Opportunity Disclosure to the University Filing for IP Protection Recruiting Advisors and Mentors Developing the Business Case Forming the Company Building the Management Team Licensing the Intellectual Property Gathering Market Information Defining and Refining the Business Model Early-Stage Marketing Writing The Business Plan Raising Initial Capital Finding Space Raising Growth Capital Developing the Product Engaging the Customer: Marketing, Sales, and Business Development Establishing Manufacturing The Exit Each step is considered in detail with practical recommendations based on the authors’ experience.
Steve Awodey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568612
- eISBN:
- 9780191717567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568612.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Algebra
This chapter focuses on abstract characterizations. It is shown that one of the basic ways of giving abstract characterization is via a Universal Mapping Property (UMP). Epis and monos, initial and ...
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This chapter focuses on abstract characterizations. It is shown that one of the basic ways of giving abstract characterization is via a Universal Mapping Property (UMP). Epis and monos, initial and terminal objects, generalized elements, sections and retractions, products, categories with products, and hom-sets are discussed. Exercises are provided in the last part of the chapter.Less
This chapter focuses on abstract characterizations. It is shown that one of the basic ways of giving abstract characterization is via a Universal Mapping Property (UMP). Epis and monos, initial and terminal objects, generalized elements, sections and retractions, products, categories with products, and hom-sets are discussed. Exercises are provided in the last part of the chapter.
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
In the 1990s, the fight between North and South over intellectual property (IP) reached new heights. The result was the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) deeply contested agreement on Trade‐Related ...
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In the 1990s, the fight between North and South over intellectual property (IP) reached new heights. The result was the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) deeply contested agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Widely resented by developing countries, TRIPS nonetheless permits them some hard‐won flexibility. Puzzling, however, is why some developing countries have used that flexibility and others have not. Even more curious is that despite securing some extra concessions, many of the poorest countries have made least use of them. For scholars of international political economy and law, this book is the first detailed exploration of the links between global IP politics and the implementation of IP reforms. It exposes how power politics occur not just within global trade talks but afterwards when countries implement agreements. For developing countries, TRIPS did not end the IP offensive. At the urging of lobbyists from large multinational companies, powerful countries backtracked on the flexibilities in TRIPS and pursued even stronger global IP rules. To prevent precedents for weaker IP standards in poorer countries, they issued threats to market access, aid, investment, and political alliances. Further, they used new trade deals and, more subtly, ‘capacity‐building’ (assisted by the World Intellectual Property Organization, among others) to leverage faster compliance and higher standards than TRIPS requires. Meanwhile, ‘pro‐development’ advocates from civil society, other UN agencies, and developing countries worked to counter ‘compliance‐plus’ pressures and defend the use of TRIPS flexibilities, sometimes with success. Within developing countries, most governments had little experience of IP law. They often deferred TRIPS implementation to IP offices cut‐off from trade politics and national policymaking, making them more vulnerable to the TRIPS‐plus agenda. In francophone Africa, regional IP arrangements magnified this effect.Less
In the 1990s, the fight between North and South over intellectual property (IP) reached new heights. The result was the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) deeply contested agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Widely resented by developing countries, TRIPS nonetheless permits them some hard‐won flexibility. Puzzling, however, is why some developing countries have used that flexibility and others have not. Even more curious is that despite securing some extra concessions, many of the poorest countries have made least use of them. For scholars of international political economy and law, this book is the first detailed exploration of the links between global IP politics and the implementation of IP reforms. It exposes how power politics occur not just within global trade talks but afterwards when countries implement agreements. For developing countries, TRIPS did not end the IP offensive. At the urging of lobbyists from large multinational companies, powerful countries backtracked on the flexibilities in TRIPS and pursued even stronger global IP rules. To prevent precedents for weaker IP standards in poorer countries, they issued threats to market access, aid, investment, and political alliances. Further, they used new trade deals and, more subtly, ‘capacity‐building’ (assisted by the World Intellectual Property Organization, among others) to leverage faster compliance and higher standards than TRIPS requires. Meanwhile, ‘pro‐development’ advocates from civil society, other UN agencies, and developing countries worked to counter ‘compliance‐plus’ pressures and defend the use of TRIPS flexibilities, sometimes with success. Within developing countries, most governments had little experience of IP law. They often deferred TRIPS implementation to IP offices cut‐off from trade politics and national policymaking, making them more vulnerable to the TRIPS‐plus agenda. In francophone Africa, regional IP arrangements magnified this effect.
Stuart Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258826
- eISBN:
- 9780191705168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258826.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter focuses on lawyers' law reform: the Real Property Commissioners, their vision and, indirectly, their description of what real property meant and encompassed. Topics discussed include ...
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This chapter focuses on lawyers' law reform: the Real Property Commissioners, their vision and, indirectly, their description of what real property meant and encompassed. Topics discussed include Competing Visions of Real Property Reform in the 1820s, the methods and objectives of the Real Property Commission, and the registration of deeds.Less
This chapter focuses on lawyers' law reform: the Real Property Commissioners, their vision and, indirectly, their description of what real property meant and encompassed. Topics discussed include Competing Visions of Real Property Reform in the 1820s, the methods and objectives of the Real Property Commission, and the registration of deeds.
Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294313
- eISBN:
- 9780191596445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829431X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
An account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT ...
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An account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), its sister bodies on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Scope, functions and structure of the WTO; Decision‐making; Transparency: notification and surveillance; Accession; The WTO and other international organizations; Nongovernmental actors and the WTO; and Conclusion.Less
An account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), its sister bodies on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Scope, functions and structure of the WTO; Decision‐making; Transparency: notification and surveillance; Accession; The WTO and other international organizations; Nongovernmental actors and the WTO; and Conclusion.
Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294313
- eISBN:
- 9780191596445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829431X.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
An overview is provided of the economic rationales for protection of IPRs (intellectual property rights) and the reasons behind moves to adopt multilateral rules in this area. Some of the major ...
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An overview is provided of the economic rationales for protection of IPRs (intellectual property rights) and the reasons behind moves to adopt multilateral rules in this area. Some of the major conflicts of interest that shaped the TRIPs (Trade‐Related Intellectual Property Rights) agreement on this are summarized, as are the basic elements of the substantive disciplines imposed. The agreement is unique in the WTO (World Trade Organization) context in that it imposes obligations upon governments to adopt a set of substantive rules in an area that traditionally has been regarded as the purview of domestic regulation. It is an example of what Tinbergen (1954) has called ‘positive integration’; this is in contrast with the ‘negative’ integration found in the GATT, which involves agreements not to use certain policies that directly affect (distort) trade flows––such as export subsidies or quotas––or if used, imposes constraints on when and how trade policies may be applied. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of implementation‐related questions, focusing in particular on the options that exist to reduce the potential negative aspects of stronger IPRs on national welfare. The different sections are as follows: Intellectual property and international trade; International conventions and GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) history; The Uruguay Round negotiations; WTO rules on intellectual property rights; Implementation concerns and challenges; and Conclusion.Less
An overview is provided of the economic rationales for protection of IPRs (intellectual property rights) and the reasons behind moves to adopt multilateral rules in this area. Some of the major conflicts of interest that shaped the TRIPs (Trade‐Related Intellectual Property Rights) agreement on this are summarized, as are the basic elements of the substantive disciplines imposed. The agreement is unique in the WTO (World Trade Organization) context in that it imposes obligations upon governments to adopt a set of substantive rules in an area that traditionally has been regarded as the purview of domestic regulation. It is an example of what Tinbergen (1954) has called ‘positive integration’; this is in contrast with the ‘negative’ integration found in the GATT, which involves agreements not to use certain policies that directly affect (distort) trade flows––such as export subsidies or quotas––or if used, imposes constraints on when and how trade policies may be applied. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of implementation‐related questions, focusing in particular on the options that exist to reduce the potential negative aspects of stronger IPRs on national welfare. The different sections are as follows: Intellectual property and international trade; International conventions and GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) history; The Uruguay Round negotiations; WTO rules on intellectual property rights; Implementation concerns and challenges; and Conclusion.
Lord Denning
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780406176080
- eISBN:
- 9780191705113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780406176080.003.0030
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the most controversial example of the judicial role in Law Reform, namely, the invention of the deserted wife's equity. Here, the author was well supported for twelve years by ...
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This chapter discusses the most controversial example of the judicial role in Law Reform, namely, the invention of the deserted wife's equity. Here, the author was well supported for twelve years by his colleagues, but scorned by commentators. As he was unable to obtain protection for a deserted wife, he proceeded himself on the very words of section 17 of the Married Women's Property Act 1882. In case of any question between husband and wife as to the title to or possession of property, that section authorised any judge of the High Court to ‘make such order with respect to the property in dispute as he thinks fit’. It was only in 1978 that the Law Commission made their Report on the Matrimonial Home.Less
This chapter discusses the most controversial example of the judicial role in Law Reform, namely, the invention of the deserted wife's equity. Here, the author was well supported for twelve years by his colleagues, but scorned by commentators. As he was unable to obtain protection for a deserted wife, he proceeded himself on the very words of section 17 of the Married Women's Property Act 1882. In case of any question between husband and wife as to the title to or possession of property, that section authorised any judge of the High Court to ‘make such order with respect to the property in dispute as he thinks fit’. It was only in 1978 that the Law Commission made their Report on the Matrimonial Home.
Lord Denning
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780406176080
- eISBN:
- 9780191705113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780406176080.003.0037
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Before the Act of 1970, there might have been much debate as to whether the wife had made financial contributions of sufficient substance to entitle her to a share in the house. The author feels sure ...
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Before the Act of 1970, there might have been much debate as to whether the wife had made financial contributions of sufficient substance to entitle her to a share in the house. The author feels sure that registrars and judges have been acting on this view because previously there were several cases in the list each term under section 17 of the Married Women's Property Act 1882: but later, there were hardly any. Apart from these property matters, there is growing apace the move for equality, such as the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. They were passed so as to fulfil the obligations under the Treaty of Rome. Whenever a woman does work of equal value to a man, she is entitled to pay equal to his. Apart from these property matters, there is growing apace the move for equality.Less
Before the Act of 1970, there might have been much debate as to whether the wife had made financial contributions of sufficient substance to entitle her to a share in the house. The author feels sure that registrars and judges have been acting on this view because previously there were several cases in the list each term under section 17 of the Married Women's Property Act 1882: but later, there were hardly any. Apart from these property matters, there is growing apace the move for equality, such as the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. They were passed so as to fulfil the obligations under the Treaty of Rome. Whenever a woman does work of equal value to a man, she is entitled to pay equal to his. Apart from these property matters, there is growing apace the move for equality.
Srividhya Ragavan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199840670
- eISBN:
- 9780199949786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199840670.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter explores the global trade regime, which viewed substantive equality as the first step towards true equality. It defines the terms substantive equality and barriers-to-trade, and then ...
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This chapter explores the global trade regime, which viewed substantive equality as the first step towards true equality. It defines the terms substantive equality and barriers-to-trade, and then studies the WTO as a tool to discourage protectionist policies of member states to achieve the goal of reducing barriers to international trade. It looks at IP rights and protection, which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and even summarizes the Trade-Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. This chapter concludes with a discussion on the Doha Declaration and its consequences for poorer nations.Less
This chapter explores the global trade regime, which viewed substantive equality as the first step towards true equality. It defines the terms substantive equality and barriers-to-trade, and then studies the WTO as a tool to discourage protectionist policies of member states to achieve the goal of reducing barriers to international trade. It looks at IP rights and protection, which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and even summarizes the Trade-Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. This chapter concludes with a discussion on the Doha Declaration and its consequences for poorer nations.
Sharada Balachandran Orihuela
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469640921
- eISBN:
- 9781469640945
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640921.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
In this book, Sharada Balachandran Orihuela examines property ownership and its connections to citizenship, race and slavery, and piracy as seen through the lens of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century ...
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In this book, Sharada Balachandran Orihuela examines property ownership and its connections to citizenship, race and slavery, and piracy as seen through the lens of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American literature. Balachandran Orihuela defines piracy expansively, from the familiar concept of nautical pirates and robbery in international waters to postrevolutionary counterfeiting, transnational slave escape, and the illegal trade of cotton across the Americas during the Civil War. Weaving together close readings of American, Chicano, and African American literature with political theory, the author shows that piracy, when represented through literature, has imagined more inclusive and democratic communities than were then possible in reality. The author shows that these subjects are not taking part in unlawful acts only for economic gain. Rather, Balachandran Orihuela argues that piracy might, surprisingly, have served as a public good, representing a form of transnational belonging that transcends membership in any one nation-state while also functioning as a surrogate to citizenship through the ownership of property. These transnational and transactional forms of social and economic life allow for a better understanding of the foundational importance of property ownership and its role in the creation of citizenship.Less
In this book, Sharada Balachandran Orihuela examines property ownership and its connections to citizenship, race and slavery, and piracy as seen through the lens of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American literature. Balachandran Orihuela defines piracy expansively, from the familiar concept of nautical pirates and robbery in international waters to postrevolutionary counterfeiting, transnational slave escape, and the illegal trade of cotton across the Americas during the Civil War. Weaving together close readings of American, Chicano, and African American literature with political theory, the author shows that piracy, when represented through literature, has imagined more inclusive and democratic communities than were then possible in reality. The author shows that these subjects are not taking part in unlawful acts only for economic gain. Rather, Balachandran Orihuela argues that piracy might, surprisingly, have served as a public good, representing a form of transnational belonging that transcends membership in any one nation-state while also functioning as a surrogate to citizenship through the ownership of property. These transnational and transactional forms of social and economic life allow for a better understanding of the foundational importance of property ownership and its role in the creation of citizenship.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390625
- eISBN:
- 9789888390373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0027
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting ...
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Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting public pressure angrily demanding that something be done. Punitive demand management measures sends the wrong messages by focusing attention on property prices rather than supply shortages. The public becomes frustrated when property prices are not successfully curbed, except in the short run.Less
Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting public pressure angrily demanding that something be done. Punitive demand management measures sends the wrong messages by focusing attention on property prices rather than supply shortages. The public becomes frustrated when property prices are not successfully curbed, except in the short run.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390625
- eISBN:
- 9789888390373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0035
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Both Greece and Hong Kong have unified exchange rate regimes. Greece, as a member of the Eurozone, uses the euro as its local monetary unit. Hong Kong, under the linked exchange rate regime, uses a ...
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Both Greece and Hong Kong have unified exchange rate regimes. Greece, as a member of the Eurozone, uses the euro as its local monetary unit. Hong Kong, under the linked exchange rate regime, uses a local monetary unit with its currency fully backed by the US dollar at a fixed rate. As a consequence, both economies have surrendered monetary independence to an external monetary authority. Both have committed to not using currency devaluation or revaluation as a policy tool for stabilizing their economies when they are struck by financial and economic shocks. The only way they could regain monetary independence would be, in Greece’s case, exiting the Eurozone and reissuing the drachma, and in Hong Kong’s case, breaking the linked exchange rate and putting in place an alternative monetary arrangement for issuing the Hong Kong dollar. An economy that has joined a unified exchange rate regime will face situations from time to time when the requirements of global economic integration will be in conflict with the requirements of a political democracy.Less
Both Greece and Hong Kong have unified exchange rate regimes. Greece, as a member of the Eurozone, uses the euro as its local monetary unit. Hong Kong, under the linked exchange rate regime, uses a local monetary unit with its currency fully backed by the US dollar at a fixed rate. As a consequence, both economies have surrendered monetary independence to an external monetary authority. Both have committed to not using currency devaluation or revaluation as a policy tool for stabilizing their economies when they are struck by financial and economic shocks. The only way they could regain monetary independence would be, in Greece’s case, exiting the Eurozone and reissuing the drachma, and in Hong Kong’s case, breaking the linked exchange rate and putting in place an alternative monetary arrangement for issuing the Hong Kong dollar. An economy that has joined a unified exchange rate regime will face situations from time to time when the requirements of global economic integration will be in conflict with the requirements of a political democracy.
Nadya Hajj
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231180627
- eISBN:
- 9780231542920
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231180627.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership ...
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The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.Less
The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.
Andreas Rahmatian
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748676736
- eISBN:
- 9781474412315
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748676736.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
Lord Kames (Henry Home, 1696–1782) is one of the best known figures of the Scottish Enlightenment by name, and one of the least known in relation to his actual writings. He was a Scottish judge, ...
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Lord Kames (Henry Home, 1696–1782) is one of the best known figures of the Scottish Enlightenment by name, and one of the least known in relation to his actual writings. He was a Scottish judge, jurist, philosopher of legal history, moral philosopher, reformer. He was the example of an erudite Enlightenment man and uomo universale. The purpose of this book is to further the understanding of Lord Kames's thought, his thought processes, his lines of argument, and, most importantly, his conceptual connections of the areas of aesthetics, moral philosophy, social theory (including political philosophy and anthropology), and law. The book seeks to extract the lines of thought between aesthetics, moral philosophy, legal history and law, disciplines which Kames regards as being placed on one underlying conceptual framework. Previous monographs about Kames appeared over forty years ago and were mostly biographies. The rather few specialist studies which have dealt with Kames in detail have essentially interpreted his works in isolation and within one discipline. The present book tries to do justice to the universalist and multi-disciplinary approach of the polymath Lord Kames. It shows Kames's own influences and his underlying framework of moral philosophy which connects aesthetics, political philosophy and ideas of commerce, anthropology, legal history, property, equity and criminal law.Less
Lord Kames (Henry Home, 1696–1782) is one of the best known figures of the Scottish Enlightenment by name, and one of the least known in relation to his actual writings. He was a Scottish judge, jurist, philosopher of legal history, moral philosopher, reformer. He was the example of an erudite Enlightenment man and uomo universale. The purpose of this book is to further the understanding of Lord Kames's thought, his thought processes, his lines of argument, and, most importantly, his conceptual connections of the areas of aesthetics, moral philosophy, social theory (including political philosophy and anthropology), and law. The book seeks to extract the lines of thought between aesthetics, moral philosophy, legal history and law, disciplines which Kames regards as being placed on one underlying conceptual framework. Previous monographs about Kames appeared over forty years ago and were mostly biographies. The rather few specialist studies which have dealt with Kames in detail have essentially interpreted his works in isolation and within one discipline. The present book tries to do justice to the universalist and multi-disciplinary approach of the polymath Lord Kames. It shows Kames's own influences and his underlying framework of moral philosophy which connects aesthetics, political philosophy and ideas of commerce, anthropology, legal history, property, equity and criminal law.
Darren Hudson Hick
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226460109
- eISBN:
- 9780226460383
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226460383.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Artistic License aims at analyzing the right of copyright, given its essential underlying principles in the law, and its relation to contemporary artistic practice. As several legal theorists argue, ...
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Artistic License aims at analyzing the right of copyright, given its essential underlying principles in the law, and its relation to contemporary artistic practice. As several legal theorists argue, though the role of copying in artistic practice has evolved, copyright law has failed to keep step, producing an imbalance that puts the law at odds with the domain it is meant to protect. Centrally, Hick works to reconcile growing practices of artistic appropriation and related attitudes about artistic "taking" with developed views of artists’ rights, both legal and moral. Hick examines the philosophical challenges presented by the role of intellectual property in the art world and vice versa. Using real-life examples of artists who have incorporated copyrighted works into their art, he explores issues of artistic creation and the nature of infringement through aesthetic analysis and legal and critical theory. Ultimately, Artistic License provides a critical and systematic analysis of the key philosophical issues that underlie copyright policy, rethinking the relationship between artist, artwork, and the law.Less
Artistic License aims at analyzing the right of copyright, given its essential underlying principles in the law, and its relation to contemporary artistic practice. As several legal theorists argue, though the role of copying in artistic practice has evolved, copyright law has failed to keep step, producing an imbalance that puts the law at odds with the domain it is meant to protect. Centrally, Hick works to reconcile growing practices of artistic appropriation and related attitudes about artistic "taking" with developed views of artists’ rights, both legal and moral. Hick examines the philosophical challenges presented by the role of intellectual property in the art world and vice versa. Using real-life examples of artists who have incorporated copyrighted works into their art, he explores issues of artistic creation and the nature of infringement through aesthetic analysis and legal and critical theory. Ultimately, Artistic License provides a critical and systematic analysis of the key philosophical issues that underlie copyright policy, rethinking the relationship between artist, artwork, and the law.
Laura Brace
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474401142
- eISBN:
- 9781474445122
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474401142.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This book asks what it means to describe someone as a slave and explores the political dimensions of that question. It argues against the search for a transhistorical and timeless definition of ...
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This book asks what it means to describe someone as a slave and explores the political dimensions of that question. It argues against the search for a transhistorical and timeless definition of slavery, and offers a critical interrogation of the dominant liberal discourse on slavery from the Enlightenment to the present. It pays particular attention to the meanings of the slavery / freedom binary and to the connections between the past and the present in understanding ‘old’ and ‘new’ slavery. The book is about what it means to think about slavery as a historical process and as a political relation, both in the history of political thought and in present debates about trafficking and incarceration. It argues that we need to bring the concept of slavery back into our understandings of freedom, labour and belonging, and unravel the assumptions behind the meanings we ascribe to personhood, sub-personhood and humanity. From Aristotle and the idea of natural slavery, through Locke’s conception of civil society, Hegel’s master-slave dialectic and J.S. Mill’s analogy of slavery and marriage to the discourse of modern abolition and the idea of trafficking as slavery, the book interrogates what it means to think about the idea of freedom as the opposite of slavery, and draws attention to the significance of the tensions, ambiguities and silences that surround that conception.Less
This book asks what it means to describe someone as a slave and explores the political dimensions of that question. It argues against the search for a transhistorical and timeless definition of slavery, and offers a critical interrogation of the dominant liberal discourse on slavery from the Enlightenment to the present. It pays particular attention to the meanings of the slavery / freedom binary and to the connections between the past and the present in understanding ‘old’ and ‘new’ slavery. The book is about what it means to think about slavery as a historical process and as a political relation, both in the history of political thought and in present debates about trafficking and incarceration. It argues that we need to bring the concept of slavery back into our understandings of freedom, labour and belonging, and unravel the assumptions behind the meanings we ascribe to personhood, sub-personhood and humanity. From Aristotle and the idea of natural slavery, through Locke’s conception of civil society, Hegel’s master-slave dialectic and J.S. Mill’s analogy of slavery and marriage to the discourse of modern abolition and the idea of trafficking as slavery, the book interrogates what it means to think about the idea of freedom as the opposite of slavery, and draws attention to the significance of the tensions, ambiguities and silences that surround that conception.
Karl Widerquist and Grant S. McCall
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748678662
- eISBN:
- 9781474430968
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748678662.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book shows how—despite significant equivocation—the most influential justifications of government and of private property rely on the seldom-questioned empirical premise that this book calls, ...
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This book shows how—despite significant equivocation—the most influential justifications of government and of private property rely on the seldom-questioned empirical premise that this book calls, “the Hobbesian Hypothesis.” That is, everyone in a society with a government and/or a private property rights system is better off than anyone could be in a society without those institutions. In other words, the “Lockean Proviso” is fulfilled—whether by the state or by the property rights system or both. This book traces the path of this claim through the history of political thought from Hobbes and Locke to the present showing how it has become embedded in many influential contractarian justifications of the state and natural rights justifications of property rights. Contemporary social contract and property rights theorists continue to repeat the hypothesis as if it were obviously true—ignoring critics and producing little or no evidence to support it. The book presents evidence that neither the state nor the property rights system have benefited the least advantaged people in contemporary capitalist states. The very poor, socially isolated people, and the victims of modern diseases are worse off than they could reasonably expect to be if they were allowed to live in a stateless society with common land and resources.Less
This book shows how—despite significant equivocation—the most influential justifications of government and of private property rely on the seldom-questioned empirical premise that this book calls, “the Hobbesian Hypothesis.” That is, everyone in a society with a government and/or a private property rights system is better off than anyone could be in a society without those institutions. In other words, the “Lockean Proviso” is fulfilled—whether by the state or by the property rights system or both. This book traces the path of this claim through the history of political thought from Hobbes and Locke to the present showing how it has become embedded in many influential contractarian justifications of the state and natural rights justifications of property rights. Contemporary social contract and property rights theorists continue to repeat the hypothesis as if it were obviously true—ignoring critics and producing little or no evidence to support it. The book presents evidence that neither the state nor the property rights system have benefited the least advantaged people in contemporary capitalist states. The very poor, socially isolated people, and the victims of modern diseases are worse off than they could reasonably expect to be if they were allowed to live in a stateless society with common land and resources.
George Anastaplo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125336
- eISBN:
- 9780813135243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125336.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter shows that an awareness of human mortality is evident throughout the Constitution of 1787 and in its Amendments. It notes that such an awareness is implicit in the traditional civic ...
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This chapter shows that an awareness of human mortality is evident throughout the Constitution of 1787 and in its Amendments. It notes that such an awareness is implicit in the traditional civic trinity of “Life, Liberty, and Property.” It observes that the conversion of “Property” into “Pursuit of Happiness,” as in the Declaration of Independence, may acknowledge further the transitory aspects of human existence. It further observes that the Preamble, in expressing the concern of the Framers to “secure the Blessings of Liberty to [them]selves and [their] Posterity,” attempts to build upon the stable elements in our ever-changing lives. It notes that “posterity” suggests that although one may not personally endure forever, at least on Earth, one may have descendants, just as one has had ancestors.Less
This chapter shows that an awareness of human mortality is evident throughout the Constitution of 1787 and in its Amendments. It notes that such an awareness is implicit in the traditional civic trinity of “Life, Liberty, and Property.” It observes that the conversion of “Property” into “Pursuit of Happiness,” as in the Declaration of Independence, may acknowledge further the transitory aspects of human existence. It further observes that the Preamble, in expressing the concern of the Framers to “secure the Blessings of Liberty to [them]selves and [their] Posterity,” attempts to build upon the stable elements in our ever-changing lives. It notes that “posterity” suggests that although one may not personally endure forever, at least on Earth, one may have descendants, just as one has had ancestors.
