Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident ...
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Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.Less
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.
Margaret A. Chesney and Thomas J. Coates
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195324273
- eISBN:
- 9780199893966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324273.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses an interdisciplinary research program: The Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS) in San Francisco. CAPS was founded in 1986 with a principal emphasis on primary prevention. ...
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This chapter discusses an interdisciplinary research program: The Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS) in San Francisco. CAPS was founded in 1986 with a principal emphasis on primary prevention. One of the first findings reported by researchers was that after a diagnosis of HIV seropositive, men either in nonmonogamous relationships or not in a relationship reported substantial reductions in high-risk but not low-risk sexual behaviors. Another early finding was that the use of recreational drugs during sex, the number of drugs used, and the frequency of combining sex and drugs were all positively associated with risky sexual activity.Less
This chapter discusses an interdisciplinary research program: The Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS) in San Francisco. CAPS was founded in 1986 with a principal emphasis on primary prevention. One of the first findings reported by researchers was that after a diagnosis of HIV seropositive, men either in nonmonogamous relationships or not in a relationship reported substantial reductions in high-risk but not low-risk sexual behaviors. Another early finding was that the use of recreational drugs during sex, the number of drugs used, and the frequency of combining sex and drugs were all positively associated with risky sexual activity.
Juan Carlos Areán and Lonna Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195309034
- eISBN:
- 9780199863877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309034.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter describes the Family Violence Prevention Fund's efforts in Boston, Massachusetts, to develop tools for providing fatherhood content in traditional batterer intervention groups. It ...
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This chapter describes the Family Violence Prevention Fund's efforts in Boston, Massachusetts, to develop tools for providing fatherhood content in traditional batterer intervention groups. It focuses on the Fathering After Violence (FAV) initiative, a project focused on both improving the parenting abilities of abusive fathers and using fatherhood as an engagement strategy to help men stop their violence.Less
This chapter describes the Family Violence Prevention Fund's efforts in Boston, Massachusetts, to develop tools for providing fatherhood content in traditional batterer intervention groups. It focuses on the Fathering After Violence (FAV) initiative, a project focused on both improving the parenting abilities of abusive fathers and using fatherhood as an engagement strategy to help men stop their violence.
T.N. Srinivasan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076384
- eISBN:
- 9780199080854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076384.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter draws a distinction between the intrinsic and instrumental values of India's development. It argues that since long before independence, there was a consensus on the intrinsic ...
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This chapter draws a distinction between the intrinsic and instrumental values of India's development. It argues that since long before independence, there was a consensus on the intrinsic overarching objective of development of India among the polity and society — the eradication of mass poverty within a reasonable time horizon. The chapter identifies accelerating growth, ensuring its appropriate distribution and sustainability, and reforms as instruments for achieving this intrinsic objective. It focuses on the period of the ‘Hindu Rate of Growth’ from 1950–1 to 1979–80, when the infamous License-Permit-Raj was in full sway. It covers the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and the 1970s when many draconian laws, such as the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA) and its amendment, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), and Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act (COFEPOSA) were enacted. It also discusses the severe macroeconomic and balance of payments crisis of 1966 and economic liberalization of 1966–8.Less
This chapter draws a distinction between the intrinsic and instrumental values of India's development. It argues that since long before independence, there was a consensus on the intrinsic overarching objective of development of India among the polity and society — the eradication of mass poverty within a reasonable time horizon. The chapter identifies accelerating growth, ensuring its appropriate distribution and sustainability, and reforms as instruments for achieving this intrinsic objective. It focuses on the period of the ‘Hindu Rate of Growth’ from 1950–1 to 1979–80, when the infamous License-Permit-Raj was in full sway. It covers the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and the 1970s when many draconian laws, such as the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA) and its amendment, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), and Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act (COFEPOSA) were enacted. It also discusses the severe macroeconomic and balance of payments crisis of 1966 and economic liberalization of 1966–8.
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678291
- eISBN:
- 9780199080588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0044
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it ...
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This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it is not an offence to bribe an MLA or MP. This was not so even under Prevention of Corruption Act 1947. These acts were enacted to penalize the offer to and receipt or demand of a bribe by a minister, a civil servant, or a voter as these were considered public servants. However, a Constitution bench of five judges to the Supreme Court ruled in 1984 that MLA is not a public servant and not covered by anti-corruption law. In addition, the Salmon Commission held that an MLA does not perform a public duty and that membership of parliament does not constitute public office for the purposes of the common law.Less
This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it is not an offence to bribe an MLA or MP. This was not so even under Prevention of Corruption Act 1947. These acts were enacted to penalize the offer to and receipt or demand of a bribe by a minister, a civil servant, or a voter as these were considered public servants. However, a Constitution bench of five judges to the Supreme Court ruled in 1984 that MLA is not a public servant and not covered by anti-corruption law. In addition, the Salmon Commission held that an MLA does not perform a public duty and that membership of parliament does not constitute public office for the purposes of the common law.
Kenneth McK Norrie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861193
- eISBN:
- 9781474406246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861193.003.0023
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
Discusses the approach to child protection contained in the Protection of Children and Prevention of Sexual Offences (Scotland) Bill, which became an Act in 2005. This is the Act that outlawed the ...
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Discusses the approach to child protection contained in the Protection of Children and Prevention of Sexual Offences (Scotland) Bill, which became an Act in 2005. This is the Act that outlawed the “grooming” of children for sexual exploitation.Less
Discusses the approach to child protection contained in the Protection of Children and Prevention of Sexual Offences (Scotland) Bill, which became an Act in 2005. This is the Act that outlawed the “grooming” of children for sexual exploitation.
Deirdre McCann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199218790
- eISBN:
- 9780191711787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218790.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter is devoted to part-time work and in particular to its role in advancing gender equality and reconciling work and family life. It first addresses the role of the sex discrimination regime ...
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This chapter is devoted to part-time work and in particular to its role in advancing gender equality and reconciling work and family life. It first addresses the role of the sex discrimination regime with respect to both improving the terms and conditions of part-time workers and expanding opportunities to work on a part-time basis. It then examines the twin statutory measures that have been introduced to directly regulate part-time work: the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 and the ‘flexible working’ regime, through which workers can request to work on a part-time basis. It is argued that both these measures are constrained by their procedural facets, which limit the ability of workers to claim the rights they embody.Less
This chapter is devoted to part-time work and in particular to its role in advancing gender equality and reconciling work and family life. It first addresses the role of the sex discrimination regime with respect to both improving the terms and conditions of part-time workers and expanding opportunities to work on a part-time basis. It then examines the twin statutory measures that have been introduced to directly regulate part-time work: the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 and the ‘flexible working’ regime, through which workers can request to work on a part-time basis. It is argued that both these measures are constrained by their procedural facets, which limit the ability of workers to claim the rights they embody.
Deirdre McCann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199218790
- eISBN:
- 9780191711787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218790.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter explores the exclusion of temporary workers from the UK employment protection legislation and their position under the antidiscrimination regime. In doing so, it outlines a prominent ...
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This chapter explores the exclusion of temporary workers from the UK employment protection legislation and their position under the antidiscrimination regime. In doing so, it outlines a prominent theme of the regulation of temporary work: the degree of confusion about how to conceptualize and regulate working relationships in which successive fixed-term contracts are used to engage a worker in a long-term job. It then examines the Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002, focusing on their right to equal treatment for fixed-term workers and limits on the renewal of fixed-term contracts. The heterogeneity of non-standard working arrangements is highlighted and the treatment of fragmented forms of temporary work, and casual work in particular, are examined in detail.Less
This chapter explores the exclusion of temporary workers from the UK employment protection legislation and their position under the antidiscrimination regime. In doing so, it outlines a prominent theme of the regulation of temporary work: the degree of confusion about how to conceptualize and regulate working relationships in which successive fixed-term contracts are used to engage a worker in a long-term job. It then examines the Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002, focusing on their right to equal treatment for fixed-term workers and limits on the renewal of fixed-term contracts. The heterogeneity of non-standard working arrangements is highlighted and the treatment of fragmented forms of temporary work, and casual work in particular, are examined in detail.
John E. B. Myers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195169355
- eISBN:
- 9780199893348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169355.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter describes the formation of the modern child protection system. The most critical date in the process was 1962, when pediatrician Henry Kempe and his colleagues published their seminal ...
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This chapter describes the formation of the modern child protection system. The most critical date in the process was 1962, when pediatrician Henry Kempe and his colleagues published their seminal article describing “The Battered Child Syndrome.” Kempe agitated for a more robust response to child abuse, and became an effective spokesperson for the renaissance of interest in child abuse and neglect in the 1960s and 1970s. The law of every state requires professionals to report suspicions of child abuse to authorities, and this chapter describes the creation of reporting laws in the 1960s. Prior to the 1970s, the federal government played a useful but minor role in child welfare and protection. In 1974, Congress assumed a leadership role with passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). CAPTA was followed by additional federal laws, especially the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, the Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994, and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. By the 1980s, the government-funded and -operated child protection familiar to us today was in place.Less
This chapter describes the formation of the modern child protection system. The most critical date in the process was 1962, when pediatrician Henry Kempe and his colleagues published their seminal article describing “The Battered Child Syndrome.” Kempe agitated for a more robust response to child abuse, and became an effective spokesperson for the renaissance of interest in child abuse and neglect in the 1960s and 1970s. The law of every state requires professionals to report suspicions of child abuse to authorities, and this chapter describes the creation of reporting laws in the 1960s. Prior to the 1970s, the federal government played a useful but minor role in child welfare and protection. In 1974, Congress assumed a leadership role with passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). CAPTA was followed by additional federal laws, especially the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, the Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994, and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. By the 1980s, the government-funded and -operated child protection familiar to us today was in place.
Brian C. Etheridge
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166407
- eISBN:
- 9780813166636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166407.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter shows how coalitions formed around different understandings of Germany in the early postwar period. Once decided upon a policy of rehabilitation toward Germany, the American government ...
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This chapter shows how coalitions formed around different understandings of Germany in the early postwar period. Once decided upon a policy of rehabilitation toward Germany, the American government promoted a Cold War narrative of Germany that legitimized America's struggle against the Soviet Union. With the prestige and stature that the U.S. government enjoyed after victory in World War II, the dawning of a new ideological struggle with the Soviet Union, and a widespread fear of communist subversion, an era of consensus settled in that discouraged dissent. While some actors, such as the Federal Republic of Germany and the American Council on Germany, promoted the Cold War narrative based on their respective self-interests, major Jewish groups like the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League offered their support, or at least refused to dissent, out of fear of being labeled anti-American or sympathetic to Bolshevism. The only organization that remained faithful to the world war narrative and resolved to stand against the power of the state was the Society for the Prevention of World War III. It was marginalized in the larger society and abandoned by its erstwhile allies.Less
This chapter shows how coalitions formed around different understandings of Germany in the early postwar period. Once decided upon a policy of rehabilitation toward Germany, the American government promoted a Cold War narrative of Germany that legitimized America's struggle against the Soviet Union. With the prestige and stature that the U.S. government enjoyed after victory in World War II, the dawning of a new ideological struggle with the Soviet Union, and a widespread fear of communist subversion, an era of consensus settled in that discouraged dissent. While some actors, such as the Federal Republic of Germany and the American Council on Germany, promoted the Cold War narrative based on their respective self-interests, major Jewish groups like the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League offered their support, or at least refused to dissent, out of fear of being labeled anti-American or sympathetic to Bolshevism. The only organization that remained faithful to the world war narrative and resolved to stand against the power of the state was the Society for the Prevention of World War III. It was marginalized in the larger society and abandoned by its erstwhile allies.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The 2011 Japanese quake affected many companies and illustrates the growing problem with deep-tier supply chain disruptions in which the suppliers of suppliers are affected. Chapter 3 examines GM’s ...
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The 2011 Japanese quake affected many companies and illustrates the growing problem with deep-tier supply chain disruptions in which the suppliers of suppliers are affected. Chapter 3 examines GM’s handling of the Japan crisis and the management of what GM calls “white-space”—the gap in parts supply left between pre-disruption inventories in the supply chain and the post-recovery refilling of the chain. The white-space conceptual framework allows companies to estimate a value-at-risk from various types of disruptions and to prioritize prevention and preparation initiatives.Less
The 2011 Japanese quake affected many companies and illustrates the growing problem with deep-tier supply chain disruptions in which the suppliers of suppliers are affected. Chapter 3 examines GM’s handling of the Japan crisis and the management of what GM calls “white-space”—the gap in parts supply left between pre-disruption inventories in the supply chain and the post-recovery refilling of the chain. The white-space conceptual framework allows companies to estimate a value-at-risk from various types of disruptions and to prioritize prevention and preparation initiatives.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter takes a step back from specific risk management and response tactics to the problem bedeviling every risk, resilience, and business continuity manager. How can one justify investments in ...
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This chapter takes a step back from specific risk management and response tactics to the problem bedeviling every risk, resilience, and business continuity manager. How can one justify investments in these initiatives when they seem like a waste of resources when nothing happens? The chapter argues that unlike insurance, which pays off only in a crisis, resilience drives everyday improvements in costs, operations, revenues, reputation, and agility. A company’s ability to confidently manage its risks implies that it can take strategic risks to create growth. That, in turn, implies that a resilient company can avoid the most insidious risk of all: the risk of stagnation and irrelevance in the dynamic global economy of the future.Less
This chapter takes a step back from specific risk management and response tactics to the problem bedeviling every risk, resilience, and business continuity manager. How can one justify investments in these initiatives when they seem like a waste of resources when nothing happens? The chapter argues that unlike insurance, which pays off only in a crisis, resilience drives everyday improvements in costs, operations, revenues, reputation, and agility. A company’s ability to confidently manage its risks implies that it can take strategic risks to create growth. That, in turn, implies that a resilient company can avoid the most insidious risk of all: the risk of stagnation and irrelevance in the dynamic global economy of the future.
Claire Renzetti, Diane Follingstad, and Ann Coker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447333050
- eISBN:
- 9781447333104
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447333050.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This book examines critical issues in prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) at the individual, community, and systems levels. The contributors present an overview of the extant evidence from ...
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This book examines critical issues in prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) at the individual, community, and systems levels. The contributors present an overview of the extant evidence from current evaluations of promising, innovative prevention programs, including those designed to meet the needs of underserved groups, in the United States and throughout the world, and ways that obstacles to prevention may be overcome. In addition, the contributors, who are researchers in a variety of disciplines along with practitioners in the field, discuss the meaning of "success" in relation to IPV prevention and how successful outcomes may be measured. The contributors present collaborative, interdisciplinary work to identify gaps in knowledge about IPV prevention, and to offer recommendations for future research on and prioritizing of prevention strategies.Less
This book examines critical issues in prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) at the individual, community, and systems levels. The contributors present an overview of the extant evidence from current evaluations of promising, innovative prevention programs, including those designed to meet the needs of underserved groups, in the United States and throughout the world, and ways that obstacles to prevention may be overcome. In addition, the contributors, who are researchers in a variety of disciplines along with practitioners in the field, discuss the meaning of "success" in relation to IPV prevention and how successful outcomes may be measured. The contributors present collaborative, interdisciplinary work to identify gaps in knowledge about IPV prevention, and to offer recommendations for future research on and prioritizing of prevention strategies.
Chaitanya Lakkimsetti
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479810024
- eISBN:
- 9781479845996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479810024.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
“Empowered Criminals” compares the mobilization of sex workers and MSM and gay groups around two separate legal campaigns: the campaign to decriminalize adult consensual same-sex sex (Section 377 ...
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“Empowered Criminals” compares the mobilization of sex workers and MSM and gay groups around two separate legal campaigns: the campaign to decriminalize adult consensual same-sex sex (Section 377 activism) and the campaign to stop new amendments to ITPA. Through advocacy and sustained campaigning, sex worker and MSM/kothi groups were able to not only mobilize against these laws but also use their roles in the HIV/AIDS prevention programs to argue that these laws undermined the state’s health mandate. Through protests and lobbying, they were able to gain the crucial support of HIV/AIDS groups as well as the federal Ministry of Health (which is primarily responsible for implementing HIV/AIDS policy). Furthermore, sex workers successfully stalled ITPA amendments in 2007, and LGBTKQHI groups had brief success with the reform of Section 377 in 2009. I argue that despite these successes, sex workers and LGBTKQHI groups still remained “empowered criminals.” They were empowered to make claims on the state based on their shared responsibility in preventing HIV/AIDS, and yet they were still classified as criminals because the laws that criminalize sex acts remain intact.Less
“Empowered Criminals” compares the mobilization of sex workers and MSM and gay groups around two separate legal campaigns: the campaign to decriminalize adult consensual same-sex sex (Section 377 activism) and the campaign to stop new amendments to ITPA. Through advocacy and sustained campaigning, sex worker and MSM/kothi groups were able to not only mobilize against these laws but also use their roles in the HIV/AIDS prevention programs to argue that these laws undermined the state’s health mandate. Through protests and lobbying, they were able to gain the crucial support of HIV/AIDS groups as well as the federal Ministry of Health (which is primarily responsible for implementing HIV/AIDS policy). Furthermore, sex workers successfully stalled ITPA amendments in 2007, and LGBTKQHI groups had brief success with the reform of Section 377 in 2009. I argue that despite these successes, sex workers and LGBTKQHI groups still remained “empowered criminals.” They were empowered to make claims on the state based on their shared responsibility in preventing HIV/AIDS, and yet they were still classified as criminals because the laws that criminalize sex acts remain intact.
Anthony D. Moulton, Richard A. Goodman, and Wendy E. Parmet
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301489
- eISBN:
- 9780199863822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301489.003.0099
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the ...
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The perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the heightened role law is likely to play in public health practice in the coming decades. It begins with an overview of the contributions of law to selected public health advances in the United States during the 20th century by examining three of ten such achievements identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It then comments on foundational powers and five themes in law and public health that emerge from that history. It concludes with an examination of factors that could strengthen the role of law as a tool for improving the health of the public during the 21st century.Less
The perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the heightened role law is likely to play in public health practice in the coming decades. It begins with an overview of the contributions of law to selected public health advances in the United States during the 20th century by examining three of ten such achievements identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It then comments on foundational powers and five themes in law and public health that emerge from that history. It concludes with an examination of factors that could strengthen the role of law as a tool for improving the health of the public during the 21st century.
B.L. Shankar and Valerian Rodrigues
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198067726
- eISBN:
- 9780199080434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter explores the relation between the Rajya Sabha vis-à-vis the Lok Sabha in India as well as the direction and extent to which this relation can be rethought today. It traces the ...
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This chapter explores the relation between the Rajya Sabha vis-à-vis the Lok Sabha in India as well as the direction and extent to which this relation can be rethought today. It traces the development of the Rajya Sabha and its attempt to carve out a specific domain for itself. The Indian Parliament has gone through three Joint Sittings, the proceedings of which are discussed to assess the impact of the Houses on the quality and nature of the debate. The Lok Sabha has been the pulse of the vitality of Indian democracy and has refused to acknowledge the Rajya Sabha as its intellectual and cultural superior. This chapter also examines the quality of debates in the Rajya Sabha compared with the Lok Sabha, focusing on one issue: the Godhra incident, which shook the foundational principles of Indian polity and called into question the nation's policy on minorities.Less
This chapter explores the relation between the Rajya Sabha vis-à-vis the Lok Sabha in India as well as the direction and extent to which this relation can be rethought today. It traces the development of the Rajya Sabha and its attempt to carve out a specific domain for itself. The Indian Parliament has gone through three Joint Sittings, the proceedings of which are discussed to assess the impact of the Houses on the quality and nature of the debate. The Lok Sabha has been the pulse of the vitality of Indian democracy and has refused to acknowledge the Rajya Sabha as its intellectual and cultural superior. This chapter also examines the quality of debates in the Rajya Sabha compared with the Lok Sabha, focusing on one issue: the Godhra incident, which shook the foundational principles of Indian polity and called into question the nation's policy on minorities.
Kevin H. Wozniak
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780195393583
- eISBN:
- 9780190603946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393583.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In this chapter, we conclude from the body of findings in previous chapters that the “differential etiology of violence” hypothesis, as a general matter, is supported. Thus, we argue that using ...
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In this chapter, we conclude from the body of findings in previous chapters that the “differential etiology of violence” hypothesis, as a general matter, is supported. Thus, we argue that using general theories of criminality to predict violence, in particular, is not defensible. We also explore the policy implications of the findings reported in this book. We make the case that the timing for significant policy changes is propitious, and we advocate holistic and comprehensive approaches. Returning to the substantive chapters, we provide specific policy implications tuned to violence prevention. The recommendations emphasize developmental prevention, in the form of academic aid, cognitive therapies, and parent interventions. We also emphasize abuse prevention and treatment for abused children. Additional information about poverty and community programs is provided, and we explore some of the difficulties that arise when drug policy is used in attempts to prevent violence.Less
In this chapter, we conclude from the body of findings in previous chapters that the “differential etiology of violence” hypothesis, as a general matter, is supported. Thus, we argue that using general theories of criminality to predict violence, in particular, is not defensible. We also explore the policy implications of the findings reported in this book. We make the case that the timing for significant policy changes is propitious, and we advocate holistic and comprehensive approaches. Returning to the substantive chapters, we provide specific policy implications tuned to violence prevention. The recommendations emphasize developmental prevention, in the form of academic aid, cognitive therapies, and parent interventions. We also emphasize abuse prevention and treatment for abused children. Additional information about poverty and community programs is provided, and we explore some of the difficulties that arise when drug policy is used in attempts to prevent violence.
Alisoun Milne
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447305729
- eISBN:
- 9781447311904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447305729.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
Mental health in later life is promoted and protected by a range of factors. Protective personal attributes include positive self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and mastery. The positive ...
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Mental health in later life is promoted and protected by a range of factors. Protective personal attributes include positive self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and mastery. The positive psychological benefits of taking part in exercise is well established, especially in a group. There is a vast literature on the mental health benefits of social relationships, social networks and social participation. It is the quality rather than the quantity of relationships that is protective; having a confidante is especially important. Membership of an accepting faith community, having a meaningful occupation and a reasonable income are also protective. For people living with dementia important factors are social and family relationships; effective communication; and involvement in decisions. How older people protect their mental health is underexplored. Most older people regard prevention and promotion as conjoined; the two fields intersect. Risks and protective factors can be conceptualised as located in the individual, community and national/societal domains. In order for policy to engage meaningfully with preventing mental ill health in later life, it needs to address risks in all three domains and tackle the social determinants of health inequalities. Many risks to mental health in later life are a product of, and are embedded in, the lifecourse.Less
Mental health in later life is promoted and protected by a range of factors. Protective personal attributes include positive self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and mastery. The positive psychological benefits of taking part in exercise is well established, especially in a group. There is a vast literature on the mental health benefits of social relationships, social networks and social participation. It is the quality rather than the quantity of relationships that is protective; having a confidante is especially important. Membership of an accepting faith community, having a meaningful occupation and a reasonable income are also protective. For people living with dementia important factors are social and family relationships; effective communication; and involvement in decisions. How older people protect their mental health is underexplored. Most older people regard prevention and promotion as conjoined; the two fields intersect. Risks and protective factors can be conceptualised as located in the individual, community and national/societal domains. In order for policy to engage meaningfully with preventing mental ill health in later life, it needs to address risks in all three domains and tackle the social determinants of health inequalities. Many risks to mental health in later life are a product of, and are embedded in, the lifecourse.
Jessie Blackbourn, Fiona de Londras, and Lydia Morgan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529206234
- eISBN:
- 9781529206289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529206234.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter presents an in-depth analysis of the (statutory and non-statutory) reviews that are possible in respect of two key parts of counter-terrorism: Prevent, and Terrorism Prevention and ...
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This chapter presents an in-depth analysis of the (statutory and non-statutory) reviews that are possible in respect of two key parts of counter-terrorism: Prevent, and Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIMs). In addition to describing the counter-terrorism review assemblage that attaches to Prevent and TPIMs, the chapter also identifies the reviews that have been undertaken over the five-year period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. For each of these, it includes a consideration of the standards against which these reviews evaluated the law or programme, identified by close textual analysis of the reviews themselves. This analysis shows that, in spite of the persistent reliance on review as a safeguard in counter-terrorism legislation, Parliament’s historical tendency not robustly to challenge security narratives from Government is remarkably resilient. While these mandated reviews do take place (and non-mandated or discretionary reviews seem to be less frequent), their success in evaluating the measures, engaging in reality, and showing capacity for action is questionable.Less
This chapter presents an in-depth analysis of the (statutory and non-statutory) reviews that are possible in respect of two key parts of counter-terrorism: Prevent, and Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIMs). In addition to describing the counter-terrorism review assemblage that attaches to Prevent and TPIMs, the chapter also identifies the reviews that have been undertaken over the five-year period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. For each of these, it includes a consideration of the standards against which these reviews evaluated the law or programme, identified by close textual analysis of the reviews themselves. This analysis shows that, in spite of the persistent reliance on review as a safeguard in counter-terrorism legislation, Parliament’s historical tendency not robustly to challenge security narratives from Government is remarkably resilient. While these mandated reviews do take place (and non-mandated or discretionary reviews seem to be less frequent), their success in evaluating the measures, engaging in reality, and showing capacity for action is questionable.
Stephanie Kewley and Charlotte Barlow (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781529203769
- eISBN:
- 9781529203776
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529203769.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter will provide a summary of the key themes applicable to all chapter contributions and will particularly focus on: implications for practice and recommendations for priority areas related ...
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This chapter will provide a summary of the key themes applicable to all chapter contributions and will particularly focus on: implications for practice and recommendations for priority areas related to preventing sexual violence for both academic and practitioner audiences.Less
This chapter will provide a summary of the key themes applicable to all chapter contributions and will particularly focus on: implications for practice and recommendations for priority areas related to preventing sexual violence for both academic and practitioner audiences.
