Lisa Arai
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420749
- eISBN:
- 9781447303688
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420749.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
In the last decades of the 20th century, successive British governments have regarded adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a significant public health and social problem. Youthful pregnancy was ...
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In the last decades of the 20th century, successive British governments have regarded adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a significant public health and social problem. Youthful pregnancy was once tackled by attacking young, single mothers but New Labour, through its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, linked early pregnancy to social exclusion rather than personal morality and aimed, instead, to reduce teenage pregnancy and increase young mothers' participation in education and employment. However, the problematisation of early pregnancy has been contested, and it has been suggested that teenage mothers have been made scapegoats for wider, often unsettling, social and demographic changes. The re-evaluation of early pregnancy as problematic means that, in some respects, teenage pregnancy has been ‘made’ and ‘unmade’ as a problem. Focusing on the period from the late-1990s to the present in the UK, this book examines who is likely to have a baby as a teenager, the consequences of early motherhood and how teenage pregnancy is dealt with in the media. The book argues that society's negative attitude to young mothers is likely to marginalise an already excluded group, and that efforts should be focused primarily on supporting young mothers and their children.Less
In the last decades of the 20th century, successive British governments have regarded adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a significant public health and social problem. Youthful pregnancy was once tackled by attacking young, single mothers but New Labour, through its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, linked early pregnancy to social exclusion rather than personal morality and aimed, instead, to reduce teenage pregnancy and increase young mothers' participation in education and employment. However, the problematisation of early pregnancy has been contested, and it has been suggested that teenage mothers have been made scapegoats for wider, often unsettling, social and demographic changes. The re-evaluation of early pregnancy as problematic means that, in some respects, teenage pregnancy has been ‘made’ and ‘unmade’ as a problem. Focusing on the period from the late-1990s to the present in the UK, this book examines who is likely to have a baby as a teenager, the consequences of early motherhood and how teenage pregnancy is dealt with in the media. The book argues that society's negative attitude to young mothers is likely to marginalise an already excluded group, and that efforts should be focused primarily on supporting young mothers and their children.
Nancy Woloch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691002590
- eISBN:
- 9781400866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter explores the legal challenges that workplace pregnancy posed in the 1970s and 1980s. Debates about workplace pregnancy revived clashes about difference and equality that had vexed the ...
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This chapter explores the legal challenges that workplace pregnancy posed in the 1970s and 1980s. Debates about workplace pregnancy revived clashes about difference and equality that had vexed the women's movement for decades. Paradoxically, pregnancy, a badge of difference, served as a springboard to advances in equal rights. As that happened, the new direction in pregnancy policy underscored the doom of single-sex protective laws. The most enduring steps in shaping pregnancy policy were the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA), which barred discrimination against pregnant workers; the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), which offered up to twelve-week unpaid leaves to employees in larger enterprises for family and medical emergencies; and the Johnson Controls decision of 1991, which barred fetal protection regulations as a form of sex discrimination.Less
This chapter explores the legal challenges that workplace pregnancy posed in the 1970s and 1980s. Debates about workplace pregnancy revived clashes about difference and equality that had vexed the women's movement for decades. Paradoxically, pregnancy, a badge of difference, served as a springboard to advances in equal rights. As that happened, the new direction in pregnancy policy underscored the doom of single-sex protective laws. The most enduring steps in shaping pregnancy policy were the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA), which barred discrimination against pregnant workers; the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), which offered up to twelve-week unpaid leaves to employees in larger enterprises for family and medical emergencies; and the Johnson Controls decision of 1991, which barred fetal protection regulations as a form of sex discrimination.
Amanda C. Seaman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780824859886
- eISBN:
- 9780824872960
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824859886.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Writing Pregnancy in Low Fertility Japan analyzes the literary representations of pregnancy and childbirth by Japanese women in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century—work notable not ...
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Writing Pregnancy in Low Fertility Japan analyzes the literary representations of pregnancy and childbirth by Japanese women in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century—work notable not simply for the diversity of views it encompasses, but for the wide range of genres in which it has taken shape. These texts reveal complex political, personal, and social concerns, ranging from the role and nature of the woman’s body, to her place in the family, to the meaning of motherhood for individuals and for society. Their authors engage with these issues, drawing on a range of literary techniques and frameworks to talk about the role of motherhood and the impact that it has on their lives and their work. This "pregnancy literature" serves as an important yet rarely considered forum for exploring and debating not only the particular experiences of the pregnant mother-to-be, but the broader concerns of Japanese women about their bodies, their families, their life choices, and their aspirations.Less
Writing Pregnancy in Low Fertility Japan analyzes the literary representations of pregnancy and childbirth by Japanese women in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century—work notable not simply for the diversity of views it encompasses, but for the wide range of genres in which it has taken shape. These texts reveal complex political, personal, and social concerns, ranging from the role and nature of the woman’s body, to her place in the family, to the meaning of motherhood for individuals and for society. Their authors engage with these issues, drawing on a range of literary techniques and frameworks to talk about the role of motherhood and the impact that it has on their lives and their work. This "pregnancy literature" serves as an important yet rarely considered forum for exploring and debating not only the particular experiences of the pregnant mother-to-be, but the broader concerns of Japanese women about their bodies, their families, their life choices, and their aspirations.
Rachel Adcock, Sara Read, and Anna Ziomek (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719090233
- eISBN:
- 9781781707166
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090233.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This anthology makes accessible to readers ten little-known and understudied works by seventeenth-century women (edited from manuscript and print) that explore the relationship between spiritual and ...
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This anthology makes accessible to readers ten little-known and understudied works by seventeenth-century women (edited from manuscript and print) that explore the relationship between spiritual and physical health during this period. Providing a detailed and engaging introduction to the issues confronted when studying women's writing from this period, the anthology also examines female interpretations of illness, exploring beliefs that toothache and miscarriage (and other complications involving pregnancy) could be God's punishments, but also, paradoxically, that such terrible suffering could be understood as proof that a believer was eternally beloved. Many of the extracts in the anthology present illness as an important part of women's conversion, confirming their religious beliefs, but some women interpreted bodily dysfunction as the result of the Devil's temptations, in some cases leading them to practise starvation and attempt suicide. Unlike many previous studies of seventeenth-century women's writing, this anthology considers both religious and medical contexts for the works, demonstrating the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to studying them, and these contexts are both discussed at length in the book's introduction. Each of the ten extracts also has its own introduction, highlighting relevant contexts and further reading, and is fully annotated.Less
This anthology makes accessible to readers ten little-known and understudied works by seventeenth-century women (edited from manuscript and print) that explore the relationship between spiritual and physical health during this period. Providing a detailed and engaging introduction to the issues confronted when studying women's writing from this period, the anthology also examines female interpretations of illness, exploring beliefs that toothache and miscarriage (and other complications involving pregnancy) could be God's punishments, but also, paradoxically, that such terrible suffering could be understood as proof that a believer was eternally beloved. Many of the extracts in the anthology present illness as an important part of women's conversion, confirming their religious beliefs, but some women interpreted bodily dysfunction as the result of the Devil's temptations, in some cases leading them to practise starvation and attempt suicide. Unlike many previous studies of seventeenth-century women's writing, this anthology considers both religious and medical contexts for the works, demonstrating the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to studying them, and these contexts are both discussed at length in the book's introduction. Each of the ten extracts also has its own introduction, highlighting relevant contexts and further reading, and is fully annotated.
Johanna Schoen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469621180
- eISBN:
- 9781469623344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469621180.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Chapter 5 traces the tactics of anti-abortion activists and their impact on the experience of abortion providers and patients. Already in the 1970s, towns tried to prevent the opening of abortion ...
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Chapter 5 traces the tactics of anti-abortion activists and their impact on the experience of abortion providers and patients. Already in the 1970s, towns tried to prevent the opening of abortion clinics through building and zoning regulations. Once clinics had opened, demonstrators in front of abortion clinics, intimidated patients and abortion providers, held prayer vigils and harassed patients and staff through sidewalk counselling. The chapter discusses the history and tactics of sidewalk counselling and Crisis Pregnancy Centers and the attempts of abortion providers to defend themselves against anti-abortion activism. Providers’ ability to endure the harassment and continue their work depended in part on their ability to get help from law enforcement. And African American patients and providers also relied on their experiences as civil rights activists when confronting anti-abortion activists. The chapter focuses on the experiences of clinics in Fort Wayne, Indiana and Fargo, North Dakota, and concludes with a discussion of Operation Rescue tactics in Atlanta and Detroit.Less
Chapter 5 traces the tactics of anti-abortion activists and their impact on the experience of abortion providers and patients. Already in the 1970s, towns tried to prevent the opening of abortion clinics through building and zoning regulations. Once clinics had opened, demonstrators in front of abortion clinics, intimidated patients and abortion providers, held prayer vigils and harassed patients and staff through sidewalk counselling. The chapter discusses the history and tactics of sidewalk counselling and Crisis Pregnancy Centers and the attempts of abortion providers to defend themselves against anti-abortion activism. Providers’ ability to endure the harassment and continue their work depended in part on their ability to get help from law enforcement. And African American patients and providers also relied on their experiences as civil rights activists when confronting anti-abortion activists. The chapter focuses on the experiences of clinics in Fort Wayne, Indiana and Fargo, North Dakota, and concludes with a discussion of Operation Rescue tactics in Atlanta and Detroit.
Brianna Theobald
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469653167
- eISBN:
- 9781469653181
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653167.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This pathbreaking book documents the transformation of reproductive practices and politics on Indian reservations from the late nineteenth century to the present, integrating a localized history of ...
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This pathbreaking book documents the transformation of reproductive practices and politics on Indian reservations from the late nineteenth century to the present, integrating a localized history of childbearing, motherhood, and activism on the Crow Reservation in Montana with an analysis of trends affecting Indigenous women more broadly. As Brianna Theobald illustrates, the federal government and local authorities have long sought to control Indigenous families and women's reproduction, using tactics such as coercive sterilization and removal of Indigenous children into the white foster care system. But Theobald examines women's resistance, showing how they have worked within families, tribal networks, and activist groups to confront these issues. Blending local and intimate family histories with the histories of broader movements such as WARN (Women of All Red Nations), Theobald links the federal government's intrusion into Indigenous women's reproductive and familial decisions to the wider history of eugenics and the reproductive rights movement. She argues convincingly that colonial politics have always been--and remain--reproductive politics.
By looking deeply at one tribal nation over more than a century, Theobald offers an especially rich analysis of how Indigenous women experienced pregnancy and motherhood under evolving federal Indian policy. At the heart of this history are the Crow women who displayed creativity and fortitude in struggling for reproductive self-determination.Less
This pathbreaking book documents the transformation of reproductive practices and politics on Indian reservations from the late nineteenth century to the present, integrating a localized history of childbearing, motherhood, and activism on the Crow Reservation in Montana with an analysis of trends affecting Indigenous women more broadly. As Brianna Theobald illustrates, the federal government and local authorities have long sought to control Indigenous families and women's reproduction, using tactics such as coercive sterilization and removal of Indigenous children into the white foster care system. But Theobald examines women's resistance, showing how they have worked within families, tribal networks, and activist groups to confront these issues. Blending local and intimate family histories with the histories of broader movements such as WARN (Women of All Red Nations), Theobald links the federal government's intrusion into Indigenous women's reproductive and familial decisions to the wider history of eugenics and the reproductive rights movement. She argues convincingly that colonial politics have always been--and remain--reproductive politics.
By looking deeply at one tribal nation over more than a century, Theobald offers an especially rich analysis of how Indigenous women experienced pregnancy and motherhood under evolving federal Indian policy. At the heart of this history are the Crow women who displayed creativity and fortitude in struggling for reproductive self-determination.
Joy G. Dryfoos
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195072686
- eISBN:
- 9780197560259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195072686.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Care and Counseling of Students
Once a young person experiences coitus, she or he acquires “risk status.” Unquestionably, young people who are not sexually active are not at risk of ...
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Once a young person experiences coitus, she or he acquires “risk status.” Unquestionably, young people who are not sexually active are not at risk of pregnancy, unless they are forced to have sex (which is not a rare event). However, once the decision is made to initiate sexual activity, risk of pregnancy is high for those who do not use contraception consistently. And since no contraception is 100 percent effective, an unplanned pregnancy may occur. Once pregnant, a young woman must decide whether to carry the pregnancy to term. She may decide to have an abortion, if that option is available to her. If a child is born, the mother may decide to give the child up for adoption. While this series of decisions seems relatively straightforward, there is little consensus in our society about how to intervene at any point along the way and prevent the negative consequences. Differing perceptions of the problem shape the range of solutions. One set of conflicts centers on the morality of premarital sex. Some people believe that the only response to the issue of adolescent pregnancy is to promote abstention. Others believe that premarital sexual activity has become a normative behavior and, therefore, interventions should focus on teaching responsible sexual behavior and providing access to contraception. A second set of conflicts is focused on the abortion issue. Once pregnant, should a girl be required to maintain the pregnancy and encouraged to put the baby up for adoption if she cannot care for it, or should she be assisted to obtain an abortion if that is what she wants? We can turn to many sources of data to gain insights into these questions. The problem of adolescent pregnancy has received a great deal of attention over the past decade and numerous studies have been produced from which we can learn about the antecedents, prevalence, and consequences of early sexual activity, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among teenagers.
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Once a young person experiences coitus, she or he acquires “risk status.” Unquestionably, young people who are not sexually active are not at risk of pregnancy, unless they are forced to have sex (which is not a rare event). However, once the decision is made to initiate sexual activity, risk of pregnancy is high for those who do not use contraception consistently. And since no contraception is 100 percent effective, an unplanned pregnancy may occur. Once pregnant, a young woman must decide whether to carry the pregnancy to term. She may decide to have an abortion, if that option is available to her. If a child is born, the mother may decide to give the child up for adoption. While this series of decisions seems relatively straightforward, there is little consensus in our society about how to intervene at any point along the way and prevent the negative consequences. Differing perceptions of the problem shape the range of solutions. One set of conflicts centers on the morality of premarital sex. Some people believe that the only response to the issue of adolescent pregnancy is to promote abstention. Others believe that premarital sexual activity has become a normative behavior and, therefore, interventions should focus on teaching responsible sexual behavior and providing access to contraception. A second set of conflicts is focused on the abortion issue. Once pregnant, should a girl be required to maintain the pregnancy and encouraged to put the baby up for adoption if she cannot care for it, or should she be assisted to obtain an abortion if that is what she wants? We can turn to many sources of data to gain insights into these questions. The problem of adolescent pregnancy has received a great deal of attention over the past decade and numerous studies have been produced from which we can learn about the antecedents, prevalence, and consequences of early sexual activity, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among teenagers.
Richard Negrón
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195169591
- eISBN:
- 9780197562178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195169591.003.0011
- Subject:
- Education, Schools Studies
I first heard of the concept of community schools in 1987 while attending a briefing on a community assessment of the Washington Heights/Inwood ...
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I first heard of the concept of community schools in 1987 while attending a briefing on a community assessment of the Washington Heights/Inwood neighborhood. The survey had been conducted to help The Children’s Aid Society (CAS) determine what levels of services were needed in the community and whether it made sense for the agency to provide them. At this presentation I was immediately struck by the idea of working in a deep partnership with a public school to improve outcomes for children and their families; this concept of community schools seemed so simple, so fundamental, yet at the same time so powerful that I thought, How could anyone be against this? Armed with this belief, I arrived at Intermediate School (IS) 218 in the summer of 1992 as the community school director of CAS’s first community school. Little did I know that my first full year as director would prove to be the most difficult, overwhelming, and at times downright humbling experience in my career. Having survived those first few years, I now have the luxury of looking back and pinpointing some of the challenges—and there were many. First and foremost, CAS and the school knew that we needed somehow to put into practice the concept of collaboration and partnership, but no one understood what that involved. We all soon realized that we were defining what it meant to be a community school as we went along. Another issue I faced was my relationship with the principal. How was I supposed to interact with him? Was he my boss? Did he have a final say on matters? Who was in charge? And what would happen when we disagreed? Still another challenge was posed by the multiple constituents in the school, from the custodian to the school safety officers, from kitchen personnel to the teachers, students, and their parents. What was my role with respect to them, and what credibility and authority did I have in dealing with all these different groups? In other words, who was I, and why should any of them listen to me? While trying to cope with these questions, I also had to ensure the successful delivery of services to virtually the entire student population (approximately 1,400 students), their families, and neighborhood residents.
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I first heard of the concept of community schools in 1987 while attending a briefing on a community assessment of the Washington Heights/Inwood neighborhood. The survey had been conducted to help The Children’s Aid Society (CAS) determine what levels of services were needed in the community and whether it made sense for the agency to provide them. At this presentation I was immediately struck by the idea of working in a deep partnership with a public school to improve outcomes for children and their families; this concept of community schools seemed so simple, so fundamental, yet at the same time so powerful that I thought, How could anyone be against this? Armed with this belief, I arrived at Intermediate School (IS) 218 in the summer of 1992 as the community school director of CAS’s first community school. Little did I know that my first full year as director would prove to be the most difficult, overwhelming, and at times downright humbling experience in my career. Having survived those first few years, I now have the luxury of looking back and pinpointing some of the challenges—and there were many. First and foremost, CAS and the school knew that we needed somehow to put into practice the concept of collaboration and partnership, but no one understood what that involved. We all soon realized that we were defining what it meant to be a community school as we went along. Another issue I faced was my relationship with the principal. How was I supposed to interact with him? Was he my boss? Did he have a final say on matters? Who was in charge? And what would happen when we disagreed? Still another challenge was posed by the multiple constituents in the school, from the custodian to the school safety officers, from kitchen personnel to the teachers, students, and their parents. What was my role with respect to them, and what credibility and authority did I have in dealing with all these different groups? In other words, who was I, and why should any of them listen to me? While trying to cope with these questions, I also had to ensure the successful delivery of services to virtually the entire student population (approximately 1,400 students), their families, and neighborhood residents.
Sharon M. Batista and Jocelyn Soffer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195372571
- eISBN:
- 9780197562666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0007
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
HIV infection can occur at any time in the life cycle from the newborn period, through childhood and adolescence to adulthood, older age. The unique issues and special ...
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HIV infection can occur at any time in the life cycle from the newborn period, through childhood and adolescence to adulthood, older age. The unique issues and special vulnerabilities involved with each aspect of the life cycle, from family planning to pregnancy and the newborn to older aged person with HIV, are addressed from the biopsychosocial standpoint. While some features of HIV illness are common to any age group, specific challenges arise at various stages of the life cycle, as well as different patterns of transmission, clinical course, and service needs. This chapter will consider such differences at various stages of the life cycle. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic almost 30 years ago, infected blood products represented a common mode of transmission, with many children diagnosed with HIV infection after receiving transfusions for hemophilia and blood disorders. Because of current practices of screening blood products prior to transfusion, the face of neonatal and early-childhood HIV has changed considerably, to one of children who are infected mostly perinatally through vertical transmission, rather than through exposure to blood products. While the incidence of perinatally acquired infections is decreasing in areas of the world where there is access to HIV care and antiretroviral medication, some transmission of HIV from mother to child remains, both in the United States and throughout the world. In 2007, approximately 79 infants were born with HIV in the United States, compared with 330 in 1994 (CDC, 2007). The primary means of HIV infection of a newborn is vertical transmission during gestation, birth, or breastfeeding of an infant by an HIV-positive mother. It is strongly recommended that all pregnant women be screened for HIV infection as part of routine prenatal care. Such screening is not legally mandatory, however, and may not be performed without the mother’s consent. It is advantageous to obtain HIV testing as early as possible in the course of a pregnancy so that preparation can be made to reduce the risk of transmission to the infant. Without preventive care during gestation or delivery, the risk of transmission from mother to child is 15%–35% (Newell, 1991; Gabiano et al., 1992).
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HIV infection can occur at any time in the life cycle from the newborn period, through childhood and adolescence to adulthood, older age. The unique issues and special vulnerabilities involved with each aspect of the life cycle, from family planning to pregnancy and the newborn to older aged person with HIV, are addressed from the biopsychosocial standpoint. While some features of HIV illness are common to any age group, specific challenges arise at various stages of the life cycle, as well as different patterns of transmission, clinical course, and service needs. This chapter will consider such differences at various stages of the life cycle. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic almost 30 years ago, infected blood products represented a common mode of transmission, with many children diagnosed with HIV infection after receiving transfusions for hemophilia and blood disorders. Because of current practices of screening blood products prior to transfusion, the face of neonatal and early-childhood HIV has changed considerably, to one of children who are infected mostly perinatally through vertical transmission, rather than through exposure to blood products. While the incidence of perinatally acquired infections is decreasing in areas of the world where there is access to HIV care and antiretroviral medication, some transmission of HIV from mother to child remains, both in the United States and throughout the world. In 2007, approximately 79 infants were born with HIV in the United States, compared with 330 in 1994 (CDC, 2007). The primary means of HIV infection of a newborn is vertical transmission during gestation, birth, or breastfeeding of an infant by an HIV-positive mother. It is strongly recommended that all pregnant women be screened for HIV infection as part of routine prenatal care. Such screening is not legally mandatory, however, and may not be performed without the mother’s consent. It is advantageous to obtain HIV testing as early as possible in the course of a pregnancy so that preparation can be made to reduce the risk of transmission to the infant. Without preventive care during gestation or delivery, the risk of transmission from mother to child is 15%–35% (Newell, 1991; Gabiano et al., 1992).
Cindy-Lee Dennis and Therese Dowswell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199676859
- eISBN:
- 9780191918346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199676859.003.0008
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
The author gratefully acknowledges Dr Debra Creedy who assisted Dr Dennis with the first version of this review in 2004. The author also wishes to thank: ...
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The author gratefully acknowledges Dr Debra Creedy who assisted Dr Dennis with the first version of this review in 2004. The author also wishes to thank: Julie Weston for her data extraction, independent evaluation of trial quality, contacting trial authors as necessary, and data entry; Danni Li for translating Sun 2004; Tang 2009; and Xu 2003. Edward Plaisance Jr for translating Ajh 2006. Alison Balmfirth, Laura Wills, Ed Doragh, and Nivene Raafat for translating Bittner 2009. Aoife Fogarty for translating Kleeb 2005. Francesca Gatenby, Nick Jones, and Juliet Sheath for translating Urech 2009; and the many study authors who were very helpful in responding to queries and providing additional data. Depression is a major cause of disability for all ages and both sexes worldwide. Postpartum depression is often defined as depression occurring within the first year following childbirth. In most studies this includes those women for whom the depression may be a continuation of that experienced during pregnancy, as well as those for whom it is a new onset. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) does not recognize postpartum depression as diagnostically distinct from depression at other times, although does allow for the addition of a ‘postpartum-onset specifier’ in women with an onset within 4 weeks of birth. A recent systematic review of postpartum depression found the period prevalence of all depression to be 19.2% in the first 12 weeks postnatally, with a period prevalence for major depression of 7.1% (Gaynes et al. 2005). This review also identified depression to be common during pregnancy with a period prevalence of 18.4% across the 9 months of pregnancy, with 12.7% having an episode of major depression during this time. Not surprisingly, antenatal depression is a strong risk factor of postpartum depression. The cause of postpartum depression suggests a multifactorial aetiology (Beck 2001; O’Hara and Swain 1996). Despite considerable research, no single causative factor has been isolated. However, meta-analytic findings consistently highlight the importance of psychosocial variables such as stressful life events, marital conflict, and the lack of social support.
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The author gratefully acknowledges Dr Debra Creedy who assisted Dr Dennis with the first version of this review in 2004. The author also wishes to thank: Julie Weston for her data extraction, independent evaluation of trial quality, contacting trial authors as necessary, and data entry; Danni Li for translating Sun 2004; Tang 2009; and Xu 2003. Edward Plaisance Jr for translating Ajh 2006. Alison Balmfirth, Laura Wills, Ed Doragh, and Nivene Raafat for translating Bittner 2009. Aoife Fogarty for translating Kleeb 2005. Francesca Gatenby, Nick Jones, and Juliet Sheath for translating Urech 2009; and the many study authors who were very helpful in responding to queries and providing additional data. Depression is a major cause of disability for all ages and both sexes worldwide. Postpartum depression is often defined as depression occurring within the first year following childbirth. In most studies this includes those women for whom the depression may be a continuation of that experienced during pregnancy, as well as those for whom it is a new onset. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) does not recognize postpartum depression as diagnostically distinct from depression at other times, although does allow for the addition of a ‘postpartum-onset specifier’ in women with an onset within 4 weeks of birth. A recent systematic review of postpartum depression found the period prevalence of all depression to be 19.2% in the first 12 weeks postnatally, with a period prevalence for major depression of 7.1% (Gaynes et al. 2005). This review also identified depression to be common during pregnancy with a period prevalence of 18.4% across the 9 months of pregnancy, with 12.7% having an episode of major depression during this time. Not surprisingly, antenatal depression is a strong risk factor of postpartum depression. The cause of postpartum depression suggests a multifactorial aetiology (Beck 2001; O’Hara and Swain 1996). Despite considerable research, no single causative factor has been isolated. However, meta-analytic findings consistently highlight the importance of psychosocial variables such as stressful life events, marital conflict, and the lack of social support.
Debra DeBruin, Anne Drapkin Lyerly, Joan Liaschenko, and Mary Faith Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630359
- eISBN:
- 9781469630373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630359.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Judgments about risk of harm raise issues of profound moral significance. This chapter criticizes prevailing assumptions about risk management in pregnancy. While bioethicists tend to focus on ...
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Judgments about risk of harm raise issues of profound moral significance. This chapter criticizes prevailing assumptions about risk management in pregnancy. While bioethicists tend to focus on beneficence when analyzing issues of risk, beneficence does not exhaust the moral significance of risk and judgments about risk also raise issues of social justice. The chapter begins by highlighting criteria for adequate understanding of social justice as transcending the distribution of harms and benefits standardly thought to constitute justice. The chapter then considers how culture shapes the normative significance of risk: how we think about risk, what measures we feel justified taking to manage risks, whose interests are promoted by various approaches to risk, whom we hold responsible and for what. Moving beyond criticism, reforms of cultural attitudes toward pregnancy and its management are proposed and recent claims that “fetal origins” research provides a basis for such reform are assessed. This chapter argues that recognition of the significance of social determinants of health plays a critical role in transforming the management of risk in pregnancy. Overall, the analysis engages foundational philosophical questions about the nature of social justice in concert with attention to cultural context.Less
Judgments about risk of harm raise issues of profound moral significance. This chapter criticizes prevailing assumptions about risk management in pregnancy. While bioethicists tend to focus on beneficence when analyzing issues of risk, beneficence does not exhaust the moral significance of risk and judgments about risk also raise issues of social justice. The chapter begins by highlighting criteria for adequate understanding of social justice as transcending the distribution of harms and benefits standardly thought to constitute justice. The chapter then considers how culture shapes the normative significance of risk: how we think about risk, what measures we feel justified taking to manage risks, whose interests are promoted by various approaches to risk, whom we hold responsible and for what. Moving beyond criticism, reforms of cultural attitudes toward pregnancy and its management are proposed and recent claims that “fetal origins” research provides a basis for such reform are assessed. This chapter argues that recognition of the significance of social determinants of health plays a critical role in transforming the management of risk in pregnancy. Overall, the analysis engages foundational philosophical questions about the nature of social justice in concert with attention to cultural context.
Lisa Arai
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420749
- eISBN:
- 9781447303688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420749.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
The election of the New Labour government in a landslide victory in 1997 marked the end of nearly two decades of Conservative rule. The party was voted into power again in 2001. In May 2005, Labour ...
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The election of the New Labour government in a landslide victory in 1997 marked the end of nearly two decades of Conservative rule. The party was voted into power again in 2001. In May 2005, Labour achieved a historical party first: its third consecutive term in office. Early in its first term, the New Labour government made a reduction in teenage pregnancy one of the foci of its reforming policy programme. Teenage Pregnancy, the seminal policy document that introduced the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS), reflected and embodied New Labour philosophy, with its focus on finding a third way on teenage pregnancy and its recognition of the deleterious effects of social exclusion on the lives of individuals and communities. This chapter discusses the three reasons advanced in Teenage Pregnancy for youthful conceptions, i.e., structural (‘low expectations’), technical/educational (‘ignorance’ about contraception and the reality of parenthood), and social or cultural (‘mixed messages’ about sex and parenthood). These and other features of Teenage Pregnancy are also discussed.Less
The election of the New Labour government in a landslide victory in 1997 marked the end of nearly two decades of Conservative rule. The party was voted into power again in 2001. In May 2005, Labour achieved a historical party first: its third consecutive term in office. Early in its first term, the New Labour government made a reduction in teenage pregnancy one of the foci of its reforming policy programme. Teenage Pregnancy, the seminal policy document that introduced the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS), reflected and embodied New Labour philosophy, with its focus on finding a third way on teenage pregnancy and its recognition of the deleterious effects of social exclusion on the lives of individuals and communities. This chapter discusses the three reasons advanced in Teenage Pregnancy for youthful conceptions, i.e., structural (‘low expectations’), technical/educational (‘ignorance’ about contraception and the reality of parenthood), and social or cultural (‘mixed messages’ about sex and parenthood). These and other features of Teenage Pregnancy are also discussed.
Lisa Arai
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420749
- eISBN:
- 9781447303688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420749.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This book explores the representation of teenage pregnancy as a problem in UK and the ways in which policy makers, academics, and the media have responded to it. This book examines who is likely to ...
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This book explores the representation of teenage pregnancy as a problem in UK and the ways in which policy makers, academics, and the media have responded to it. This book examines who is likely to have a baby as a teenager, the consequences of early motherhood and how teenage pregnancy is dealt with in the media. The main aim of the TPS is to reduce teenage conception rates. However, promoting opportunities for, and offering support to, young mothers is secondary. It is recommended that future policy efforts may be better placed and more effective if they are focused primarily on promoting the well-being of young mothers, and fathers as well, and their children and less on the depiction of teenage pregnancy as a problem.Less
This book explores the representation of teenage pregnancy as a problem in UK and the ways in which policy makers, academics, and the media have responded to it. This book examines who is likely to have a baby as a teenager, the consequences of early motherhood and how teenage pregnancy is dealt with in the media. The main aim of the TPS is to reduce teenage conception rates. However, promoting opportunities for, and offering support to, young mothers is secondary. It is recommended that future policy efforts may be better placed and more effective if they are focused primarily on promoting the well-being of young mothers, and fathers as well, and their children and less on the depiction of teenage pregnancy as a problem.
Jocelyn Viterna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199843633
- eISBN:
- 9780199369591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843633.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change, Gender and Sexuality
Public and private spheres merged in the FMLN camps, requiring commanders to regulate guerrillas’ family lives as well as military actions. Because men significantly outnumbered women, rules ...
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Public and private spheres merged in the FMLN camps, requiring commanders to regulate guerrillas’ family lives as well as military actions. Because men significantly outnumbered women, rules promoting “respect” for women reduced internal conflicts over access to women’s bodies, and maintained the FMLN’s “good guy” image with the civilian population. Women guerrillas welcomed these rules, and the protection they provided from mistreatment or abuse. In contrast, men guerrillas reported that they respected a woman’s relationship with another man, more so than the woman herself. Unlike women, men often dismissed their guerrilla camp relationships as not serious. Ironically, then, the FMLN’s narrative of “respect” did little to challenge traditional gender attitudes. Most women guerrillas became pregnant in the camps, and many used the pregnancy as a reason to demobilize from guerrilla activism, even over the protestations of commanders. Men, in contrast, had no choice but to stay in the guerrillas or defect. Women’s greater flexibility in leaving FMLN camps during the war, in conjunction with men’s lack of commitment to wartime relationships, often left women as single moms, and without the benefits of a “demobilization” package, at the war’s end.Less
Public and private spheres merged in the FMLN camps, requiring commanders to regulate guerrillas’ family lives as well as military actions. Because men significantly outnumbered women, rules promoting “respect” for women reduced internal conflicts over access to women’s bodies, and maintained the FMLN’s “good guy” image with the civilian population. Women guerrillas welcomed these rules, and the protection they provided from mistreatment or abuse. In contrast, men guerrillas reported that they respected a woman’s relationship with another man, more so than the woman herself. Unlike women, men often dismissed their guerrilla camp relationships as not serious. Ironically, then, the FMLN’s narrative of “respect” did little to challenge traditional gender attitudes. Most women guerrillas became pregnant in the camps, and many used the pregnancy as a reason to demobilize from guerrilla activism, even over the protestations of commanders. Men, in contrast, had no choice but to stay in the guerrillas or defect. Women’s greater flexibility in leaving FMLN camps during the war, in conjunction with men’s lack of commitment to wartime relationships, often left women as single moms, and without the benefits of a “demobilization” package, at the war’s end.
Asha Bajpai
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195670820
- eISBN:
- 9780199082117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195670820.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter investigates the right to survival of a child, focusing on health, nutrition and shelter. The provision of health care services is the responsibility of the State governments. Abortion ...
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This chapter investigates the right to survival of a child, focusing on health, nutrition and shelter. The provision of health care services is the responsibility of the State governments. Abortion led by sex determination is totally illegal and a criminal act on the part of the doctor. The parliament of India recently approved the amendments to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 and the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulations and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994. Parliament's approval of these bills is a positive step but it has to be balanced by covering the social and cultural biases against the girl child and enhancing her status. Several childcare programmes for enhancing the health status of children are being enforced. Children are the worst influenced because of lack of housing policy. There is a need to advocate and campaign for a comprehensive people's bill of housing rights with the perspective of child rights.Less
This chapter investigates the right to survival of a child, focusing on health, nutrition and shelter. The provision of health care services is the responsibility of the State governments. Abortion led by sex determination is totally illegal and a criminal act on the part of the doctor. The parliament of India recently approved the amendments to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 and the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulations and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994. Parliament's approval of these bills is a positive step but it has to be balanced by covering the social and cultural biases against the girl child and enhancing her status. Several childcare programmes for enhancing the health status of children are being enforced. Children are the worst influenced because of lack of housing policy. There is a need to advocate and campaign for a comprehensive people's bill of housing rights with the perspective of child rights.
Rachel Adcock, Sara Read, and Anna Ziomek
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719090233
- eISBN:
- 9781781707166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090233.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter introduces edited extracts from Eliza's Babes: Or the Virgins-Offering (1652), a collection of poems and prose meditations, whose author can be recognised only by the name ‘Eliza’. ...
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This chapter introduces edited extracts from Eliza's Babes: Or the Virgins-Offering (1652), a collection of poems and prose meditations, whose author can be recognised only by the name ‘Eliza’. Eliza's work expands the metaphor that the writing process mirrors the process of giving birth, exploring images of the mystical marriage, conception, labour, and birth in order to explain her authorship of devotional verse. Her work was clearly influenced by other writers of devotional verse, but particularly George HerbertLess
This chapter introduces edited extracts from Eliza's Babes: Or the Virgins-Offering (1652), a collection of poems and prose meditations, whose author can be recognised only by the name ‘Eliza’. Eliza's work expands the metaphor that the writing process mirrors the process of giving birth, exploring images of the mystical marriage, conception, labour, and birth in order to explain her authorship of devotional verse. Her work was clearly influenced by other writers of devotional verse, but particularly George Herbert
Angela Davis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084553
- eISBN:
- 9781781702109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084553.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Childbirth is an essential aspect of motherhood. This chapter therefore continues the examination of women’s relationship with medical professionals by looking into maternity provision and the ...
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Childbirth is an essential aspect of motherhood. This chapter therefore continues the examination of women’s relationship with medical professionals by looking into maternity provision and the changing relationship between mothers and the health services between the 1940s and 1990s within the spheres of antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care. The second half of the twentieth century saw a transformation of maternity care in England with the introduction of the NHS in 1948 offering a free and universal maternity service for the first time. However the period has also been characterised as one of increasing medical intervention with medical professionals seeking to control women’s reproductive capacity. This chapter questions this picture through focusing on women’s own attitudes towards the care they received and how actively they felt they could determine it.Less
Childbirth is an essential aspect of motherhood. This chapter therefore continues the examination of women’s relationship with medical professionals by looking into maternity provision and the changing relationship between mothers and the health services between the 1940s and 1990s within the spheres of antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care. The second half of the twentieth century saw a transformation of maternity care in England with the introduction of the NHS in 1948 offering a free and universal maternity service for the first time. However the period has also been characterised as one of increasing medical intervention with medical professionals seeking to control women’s reproductive capacity. This chapter questions this picture through focusing on women’s own attitudes towards the care they received and how actively they felt they could determine it.
Julie J. Lesnik
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056999
- eISBN:
- 9780813053776
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056999.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Chapter 4 reviews the interplay between nutrition and natural selection. Much of the discussion of evolution of the human diet revolves around energetic requirements because the increased demand is ...
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Chapter 4 reviews the interplay between nutrition and natural selection. Much of the discussion of evolution of the human diet revolves around energetic requirements because the increased demand is easy to identify as brain and body size increase over our lineage. However, it is important to be reminded that nutrients have other roles besides yielding energy, primarily regulatory and structural. These latter functions are especially important from the viewpoint of female pregnancy and child rearing. This incongruence of reproductive demands between the sexes lends to the discussion of the evolution of sexual division of labor in human societies, suggesting that some of the differences in resource acquisition may be related to different nutritional needs.Less
Chapter 4 reviews the interplay between nutrition and natural selection. Much of the discussion of evolution of the human diet revolves around energetic requirements because the increased demand is easy to identify as brain and body size increase over our lineage. However, it is important to be reminded that nutrients have other roles besides yielding energy, primarily regulatory and structural. These latter functions are especially important from the viewpoint of female pregnancy and child rearing. This incongruence of reproductive demands between the sexes lends to the discussion of the evolution of sexual division of labor in human societies, suggesting that some of the differences in resource acquisition may be related to different nutritional needs.
Louise A. Jackson and Angela Bartie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719081781
- eISBN:
- 9781781706459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719081781.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Concerns about increases in young people’s criminality during the Second World War and into the 1960s were accompanied by similar anxieties about sexuality. Both were viewed, by the institutions ...
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Concerns about increases in young people’s criminality during the Second World War and into the 1960s were accompanied by similar anxieties about sexuality. Both were viewed, by the institutions associated with the state and civil society, as symptoms of a decline in Christian values and moral standards. Teenage sexual ‘precocity’ was seen as a social problem because it was connected in the minds of its critics to increased incidence of venereal disease, a rising ‘tide’ of births outside of marriage (‘illegitimacy’), and cycles of poor parenting (the ‘problem family’). Its implications were viewed as medical as well as moral and, despite the decline of eugenics discourse (which had emphasised racial deterioration), as a threat to national strength. This chapter examines strategies of moral regulation relating to young people including the operation of child protection legislation, the prosecution of boys for criminal offences, and growing concern about teenage pregnancy from the late 1950s onwards.Less
Concerns about increases in young people’s criminality during the Second World War and into the 1960s were accompanied by similar anxieties about sexuality. Both were viewed, by the institutions associated with the state and civil society, as symptoms of a decline in Christian values and moral standards. Teenage sexual ‘precocity’ was seen as a social problem because it was connected in the minds of its critics to increased incidence of venereal disease, a rising ‘tide’ of births outside of marriage (‘illegitimacy’), and cycles of poor parenting (the ‘problem family’). Its implications were viewed as medical as well as moral and, despite the decline of eugenics discourse (which had emphasised racial deterioration), as a threat to national strength. This chapter examines strategies of moral regulation relating to young people including the operation of child protection legislation, the prosecution of boys for criminal offences, and growing concern about teenage pregnancy from the late 1950s onwards.
Philippe Grandjean
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199985388
- eISBN:
- 9780199346233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199985388.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Until recently, we thought that the placenta would protect the fetus against external hazards and that most birth defects were heritable. But a discovery made in Australia in 1940 showed that German ...
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Until recently, we thought that the placenta would protect the fetus against external hazards and that most birth defects were heritable. But a discovery made in Australia in 1940 showed that German measles infection during early pregnancy could lead to blindness and brain damage in the infant. Thus, a micro-organism (that nobody had seen at the time) could pass from the pregnant woman to her child. In the 1960s, a discovery was made in France, that maternal alcoholism could cause brain damage in the offspring. In both cases, the findings were at first ignored, disbelieved and explained away. But these two insights paved the way for a wider recognition that the fetus shares the mother’s exposure to environmental hazards. We now know that hundreds of industrial chemicals circulate in the fetal blood, thereby reflecting a chemical invasion before the child is born.Less
Until recently, we thought that the placenta would protect the fetus against external hazards and that most birth defects were heritable. But a discovery made in Australia in 1940 showed that German measles infection during early pregnancy could lead to blindness and brain damage in the infant. Thus, a micro-organism (that nobody had seen at the time) could pass from the pregnant woman to her child. In the 1960s, a discovery was made in France, that maternal alcoholism could cause brain damage in the offspring. In both cases, the findings were at first ignored, disbelieved and explained away. But these two insights paved the way for a wider recognition that the fetus shares the mother’s exposure to environmental hazards. We now know that hundreds of industrial chemicals circulate in the fetal blood, thereby reflecting a chemical invasion before the child is born.