Search Results

 The Pattern of Buddhist Revival in the Past

Jiang Wu

in Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China

This chapter identifies the legacies of 17th‐century Chan Buddhism as expansion of Chan influence in Chinese culture and society, integration of monastic practice, and intensive networking by dharma ... More

This chapter identifies the legacies of 17th‐century Chan Buddhism as expansion of Chan influence in Chinese culture and society, integration of monastic practice, and intensive networking by dharma transmission. The chapter argues that Chan Buddhism has a larger role in the history of Chinese Buddhism because it not only bridged the gap between Buddhism and Chinese culture and society and also unified the Buddhist world by systemizing monastic rituals and spreading dharma transmission. The reinvention of Chan also shows that there was a boundary within Chinese society to limit the growth of Buddhism and a general pattern of Buddhist revival can be discerned.Less

 Reenvisioning Buddhism in the Late Ming

Jiang Wu

in Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China

This chapter recounts the Buddhist revival in the late Ming. It first describes the institutional reorganization of Buddhism in the early Ming. Then the revival of Tiantai, Huayan, Yogacara, and ... More

This chapter recounts the Buddhist revival in the late Ming. It first describes the institutional reorganization of Buddhism in the early Ming. Then the revival of Tiantai, Huayan, Yogacara, and ordination ceremonies in the late Ming was introduced. However, Chan Buddhism was not fully recovered because of the confusion of dharma transmission and divergence of Chan understandings.Less

A New American Jewish World

Sefton D. Temkin

in Creating American Reform Judaism: Life and Times of Isaac Mayer Wise

This chapter shows how the battles over the Pittsburgh Platform were being fought over a terrain which other factors were already transforming. Large-scale migration from Eastern Europe had begun. ... More

This chapter shows how the battles over the Pittsburgh Platform were being fought over a terrain which other factors were already transforming. Large-scale migration from Eastern Europe had begun. The number of Jews in the United States, estimated at 250,000 in 1880, reached the million mark in 1900, the year of Wise’s death. The acculturated community, speaking English albeit with a German accent, largely middle class, reformed in religion, was outnumbered by one that spoke Yiddish, belonged to the proletariat, and was untouched by Reform Judaism. The processes which Wise saw at work when he arrived in 1846 had to begin over again; but although many of the factors were similar, the answers were not necessarily the same. Incidentally, the presence of a second and larger Jewish community enhanced the importance of New York in American Jewish life and diminished the significance of Cincinnati and other Midwest communities where Wise had held sway.Less

Re-embedding the economy within digitalized foundational sectors: The case of platform cooperativism

Davide Arcidiacono and Ivana Pais

in The Foundational Economy and Citizenship: Comparative Perspectives on Civil Repair

Activists and scholars are proposing the idea of platform cooperativism as a way to democratize the governance of extractive platforms of digital capitalism. Platform Cooperativism reworks the idea ... More

Activists and scholars are proposing the idea of platform cooperativism as a way to democratize the governance of extractive platforms of digital capitalism. Platform Cooperativism reworks the idea of the cooperative model, adapting it to the new challenges of digital technology with a participatory governance model based on a multistakeholder approach with the aim of redistributing part of the value generated to the community. The chapter aims to compare capitalist platforms with cooperative platforms in two foundational sectors (transport and welfare). Platform co-ops are characterized not only by localism, but also by their desire to scale differently from the capitalist model (scale deep instead of scale up), through partnerships with other operators and through alternative financial tools (impact investing and patient capital). While the transport sector was a forerunner in trialling digital platforms, the welfare sector only recently began the process, with all the consequences in terms of the advantages and disadvantages for early adopters compared with late followers. However, important differences also exist between platforms that begin as green-field start-ups and brown-field platforms; the former are more prevalent in transport, the latter in the welfare sector, due in part to greater barriers to entry for people lacking sector-specific skills and experience.Less

Going Gojek, or Staying Ojek? Competing Visions of Work and Economy in Jakarta’s Motorbike Taxi Industry

Mechthild von Vacano

in Beyond the Wage: Ordinary Work in Diverse Economies

Until recently Indonesia’s motorbike taxi industry resembled a textbook example of the ‘informal sector’—a well-established though legally unrecognised mode of urban transport. However, the arrival ... More

Until recently Indonesia’s motorbike taxi industry resembled a textbook example of the ‘informal sector’—a well-established though legally unrecognised mode of urban transport. However, the arrival of Gojek, a digital ride-hailing platform, in 2016 appeared set to revolutionize the industry with the full force of platform capitalism. The platform’s business model challenged the territorial-distributive principles of the established system of local taxi ranks, while creating a new group of digital drivers which were legally self-employed, though de facto dependent on the algorithmic programming of the platform. Through a comparative case study of conventional (ojek) and platform based (Gojek) taxi drivers in Jakarta, this chapter study points to the structural and economic diversity of work outside the wage. Informed by a deconstructive reading of the in/formality paradigm, it expands the analytical focus from the structural conditions of work to the underlying modes of social and economic organisation, and the often subtle values these modes enact.Less

Revolution: New England, the Bahamas, Barbados, the Leewards, 1647–1649

Evan Haefeli

in Accidental Pluralism: America and the Religious Politics of English Expansion, 1497-1662

England, led by the New Model Army, now radicalized after defeating the royalist uprising in the second civil war, embarked on a regicidal revolution. Just when it seemed that a presbyterian ... More

England, led by the New Model Army, now radicalized after defeating the royalist uprising in the second civil war, embarked on a regicidal revolution. Just when it seemed that a presbyterian religious settlement could broker a lasting peace, first the king and then the army rejected it. The army won. The king was executed and a commonwealth proclaimed without a strong religious establishment. The colonies, still left to their own devices, continued to consolidate their separate religious systems. Maryland tried to forge a compromise between its Catholic and Protestant colonists by passing the extraordinarily liberal Act concerning Religion. However, religious toleration was no recipe for colonial success, as the troubled history of Maryland and the new colony of Eleutheria indicated. Instead, colonial tolerance tended to emerge in situations of weakness. Stronger colonies preferred to shore up their establishment. New England's Cambridge Platform crowned a raft of legislation defining the limits of acceptable belief and practice. Saint Christopher cracked down on religious dissidents, forcing them to conform or flee. Religious divergence was becoming firmly rooted within the colonies and also between the colonies and England, which was moving towards more tolerance than most colonists found acceptable.Less

What’s So Funny ’bout PECE, TAF, and Data Sharing?

Mike Fortun, Lindsay Poirier, Alli Morgan, Brian Callahan, and Kim Fortun

in Collaborative Anthropology Today: A Collection of Exceptions

This chapter points out different ways involvement with collaborative projects share form, shape, or style, and may be imagined as nested within each other, like matryoshka dolls. It deals with the ... More

This chapter points out different ways involvement with collaborative projects share form, shape, or style, and may be imagined as nested within each other, like matryoshka dolls. It deals with the Platform for Experimental Collaborative Ethnography (PECE), the digital infrastructure that support new collaborative projects in anthropology. It also cites the long-standing collaboration of The Asthma Files (TAF), which is an experimental ethnographic research project that eventually led to the conceptualization and development of PECE. The chapter mentions the Digital Practices in History and Ethnography Interest Group (DPHE-IG) that was organized within the Research Data Alliance (RDA), a global collaboration of individuals and institutions working to make data more easily and openly shareable. It emphasizes how the collaborative form is the experimental form analyzed by Hans-Jorg Rheinberger as essential to a modern scientific style.Less

Metropolitan Chan: Imperial Patronage and the Chan Style

John R. McRae

in Seeing through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism

In the first half of the eighth century, the cities of Chang'an and Luoyang in northern China were the greatest urban centers in the world. The Chang'an walls formed a nearly square rectangle ... More

In the first half of the eighth century, the cities of Chang'an and Luoyang in northern China were the greatest urban centers in the world. The Chang'an walls formed a nearly square rectangle enclosing a neatly ordered set of government centers, market areas, and neighborhoods. For students of Chan Buddhism, Luoyang is also known as the city just north of Mount Song, with which Bodhidharma had been associated since at least 645. This chapter discusses imperial patronage and the Chan style during the metropolitan Chan, Shenhui's campaign against the “Northern School” and his attack on Shenxiu's students, the Oxhead school and the crisis between the Northern and Southern schools, the Platform Sūtra as the climax text of early Chan, Huineng and the evolution of Chan, and three major events in the eighth century that significantly altered the evolution of Chan.Less

Muslim Subjectivities: Islam in the Public Sphere

M. Hakan Yavuz

in Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement

The new Anatolian Sunni Muslim business groups provided the necessary economic support for the formation of the counter (Islamic) public sphere to challenge the official (Kemalist) public sphere. By ... More

The new Anatolian Sunni Muslim business groups provided the necessary economic support for the formation of the counter (Islamic) public sphere to challenge the official (Kemalist) public sphere. By utilizing Jürgen Habermas's concept of the public sphere, the author examines how Gülen and his followers bring new understandings of Islam into public deliberations. The new expanding public sphere has already conditioned Islam and encouraged religious groups to critically engage with one another, as well as secular segments of society. This chapter explores the “consensus building” among diverse ideological groups in the public sphere. The main consequence of bringing Islam into the public sphere has been the cross-fertilization of the universal and the particular; tradition and modernity; reason and revelation. The open discussion in the public sphere had a moderating and liberalizing impact on Islamic understanding. The Gülen movement has successfully utilized the public sphere to build bridges between diverse groups with different views of the good life. However, when the movement allied itself with the governing AKP political party, it started to stress particularity and bonding over bridge building with stridently secular forces. This chapter indicates that religious ideas could play a positive role in the thickening of public discussion and also indicates how religious groups frame their religious argument in secular form to attract broader sectors of the society.Less

Reform Moves On: The Pittsburgh Platform

Sefton D. Temkin

in Creating American Reform Judaism: Life and Times of Isaac Mayer Wise

This chapter considers the event which thrust Wise unequivocally into the camp of Reform — namely the Pittsburgh Platform of 1885. Reference to Wise’s own writings fails to establish a rationale for ... More

This chapter considers the event which thrust Wise unequivocally into the camp of Reform — namely the Pittsburgh Platform of 1885. Reference to Wise’s own writings fails to establish a rationale for his acceptance of the Pittsburgh Platform. The fact that he identified himself with another point of view is important for his own name. History accords him pre-eminence among the builders of American Reform; the Pittsburgh Platform stamped its identity on American Reform as did no other statement; and Wise’s college became the one rabbinical seminary in the world where the Bible criticism associated with the names of Kuenen and Julius Wellhausen was accepted to full effect. How Wise came to take this contradictory position is a tantalizing question which this chapter addresses.Less

“Tyler Perry Presents …”: The Cultural Projects, Partnerships, and Politics of Perry’s Media Platforms

Samantha N. Sheppard

in From Madea to Media Mogul: Theorizing Tyler Perry

Samantha N. Sheppard provides a broad and establishing consideration of how Perry functions in and across different media industries. Sheppard analyzes Perry’s different “practices,” “partnerships,” ... More

Samantha N. Sheppard provides a broad and establishing consideration of how Perry functions in and across different media industries. Sheppard analyzes Perry’s different “practices,” “partnerships,” and “politics” as she explores some of the ways in which Perry maximizes his name recognition and brand across different platforms like theater, film, television, straight to DVD, and video on demand. While Perry’s brand has been instrumental in marketing his high volume of creative projects, other directors and writers now also seek an association with him so that they might leverage their own works. In this way, Sheppard theorizes that Perry has become a media platformonto himself. In complicating and destabilizing the assumption that a partnership with Perry will naturally lead to success, the chapter concludes with an analysis of the production and marketing of one of Perry’s affiliated projects, Tina Gordon Chism’s 2013 comedy Tyler Perry Presents Peeples.Less

Building Blocks

Johanna Fernández

in The Young Lords: A Radical History

Immediately following the Garbage Offensive, the Young Lords established an office headquarters in East Harlem, deepened its ties to the welfare rights movement in New York and established a ... More

Immediately following the Garbage Offensive, the Young Lords established an office headquarters in East Harlem, deepened its ties to the welfare rights movement in New York and established a police-watch project in the community. The group also fortified its organizational structure. Two of its Central Committee members Pablo Guzman and Juan Gonzalez drafted a Thirteen-Point Program and Political Platform. The group also developed a rubric for political education, and established an organizational routine for integrating new members and deepening the training of existing ones.Less

A Platform for Knowledge Development

R. David Lankes

in The New Librarianship Field Guide

A library should be a participatory platform that allows a community to share passions, expertise, and resources. This chapter covers the concept of a platform, and the need to operate an open system ... More

A library should be a participatory platform that allows a community to share passions, expertise, and resources. This chapter covers the concept of a platform, and the need to operate an open system that supports sharing over lending.Less

Modularity and Innovation

Peter F. Cowhey, Jonathan D. Aronson, and Donald Abelson

in Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets: The Political Economy of Innovation

This chapter performs a thought experiment using the “fashion industry” as a metaphor for market change and technological innovation. The high-end fashion industry offers an alternative metaphor for ... More

This chapter performs a thought experiment using the “fashion industry” as a metaphor for market change and technological innovation. The high-end fashion industry offers an alternative metaphor for understanding how modularity could open up new patterns of innovation and redefine markets. The elements of current information and communication technology (ICT) markets are investigated in order to illustrate the potential of the fashion industry metaphor: Apple and the terminal market, convergence and content, the rise of the “Personal Network Platform,” and fundamental R&D systems. The chapter also addresses the five stumbling blocks: bandwidth, compensation for exchanging traffic, new competition problems, content market problems, and transactional inefficiencies.Less

Controversial Convention Procedures

John Roy Lynch

John Hope Franklin (ed.)

in Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch

This chapter discusses how, as a Mississippi delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1900, John Roy Lynch was honored by his delegation with being selected to represent the state on the ... More

This chapter discusses how, as a Mississippi delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1900, John Roy Lynch was honored by his delegation with being selected to represent the state on the Committee on Platform and Resolutions. By the chairman of said committee, Senator Charles W. Fairbanks, Lynch was made a member of the subcommittee that drafted the platform. At the first meeting of the subcommittee, the Ohio member thereof, Senator J. B. Foraker, submitted the draft of a platform that had been prepared at Washington, which was made the basis of quite a lengthy and interesting discussion. This discussion developed the fact that the Washington draft was not at all satisfactory to a majority of the subcommittee. The only amendment Lynch suggested was one which was to express more clearly the attitude of the party with reference to the enforcement of the war amendments to the national Constitution.Less

Low Returns, High Risk

Clair Brown and Greg Linden

in Chips and Change: How Crisis Reshapes the Semiconductor Industry

This chapter gives an overview of the semiconductor industry’s return on assets (ROA) from 1984 to 2005, documenting the changes as well as the rising trend in the R&D-to-sales ratio, and the mergers ... More

This chapter gives an overview of the semiconductor industry’s return on assets (ROA) from 1984 to 2005, documenting the changes as well as the rising trend in the R&D-to-sales ratio, and the mergers or alliances that have formed up as a response to the crisis on low returns. Analyzing the ROA of a large number of firms and companies, the purpose is to establish whether these firms are able to acquire adequate returns in order to support long-term investments in R&D. The response to the crisis is the stepping-off of the Moore’s Law treadmill and opting to participate in international alliances to help balance the costs of development. IBM’s Common Platform group is an example of such an alliance, or the fact that Japanese chip firms are seeking partnerships outside Japan. In conclusion, it is argued that several responses to improving ROA have been made by chip companies. These low returns with high risk continue to unfold, and a possible seismic shift in global competitive advantage could happen.Less

The Platform Sūtra and Other Conspiracy Theories

Alan Cole

in Patriarchs on Paper: A Critical History of Medieval Chan Literature

This chapter focuses on the Platform Sūtra. Composed sometime in the late eighth century, Platform Sūtra picks up and works over a number of claims regarding the Bodhidharma clan that had been put ... More

This chapter focuses on the Platform Sūtra. Composed sometime in the late eighth century, Platform Sūtra picks up and works over a number of claims regarding the Bodhidharma clan that had been put forth in earlier Chan works. The text opens with an unusually creative “autobiography” of Huineng, one that circles around an involved conspiracy supposedly orchestrated by master Hongren. As the details of the conspiracy come into focus, the reader learns that Hongren's chosen heir was not Shenxiu, but rather Huineng. With that startling “history” newly revealed roughly one hundred years after the events supposedly took place, the narrative turns to show Huineng giving a formal dharma teaching that, in places, appears to negate many of the building blocks of the Buddhist tradition, while also emphasizing the innate presence of perfect tradition within each person in the form of the buddha-nature.Less

From Early Village to Regional Center (Phase 2)

Thomas J. Pluckhahn and Victor D. Thompson

in New Histories of Village Life at Crystal River

The village at Crystal River expanded greatly in size and permanence in Phase 2, which began sometime between around AD 200 and 300 and ended by around AD 500. This growth may have owed partially to ... More

The village at Crystal River expanded greatly in size and permanence in Phase 2, which began sometime between around AD 200 and 300 and ended by around AD 500. This growth may have owed partially to a rise in sea level associated with the warmer temperatures of the Roman Warm Period, which might have made life on the seaward islands more difficult. The exchange of Hopewell exotics faded in this interval, but the societies of the Gulf Coast appear to have witnessed a fluorescence, as indicated by the widespread exchange of Swift Creek pottery and Weeden Island pottery. Crystal River was peripheral to these pottery traditions, but it may have been an important nexus between these and the Glades tradition of southern Florida, specifically with regard to the exchange of craft goods manufactured from marine shell. The gulf coast fluorescence is also indicated by a heightened pace of the construction of mounds. At Crystal River, three small platform mounds were initiated in this interval, clearly differentiating it from its peers in the region.Less

Surface and Edge: The Cinema of Jia Zhangke and Lou Ye

Qi Wang

in Memory, Subjectivity and Independent Chinese Cinema

Chapter 3 approaches the cinema of Jia Zhangke from two angles: first, a complex mechanism of multivalent and metanarrative subject positions in and beyond the cinematic frame compels the spectator ... More

Chapter 3 approaches the cinema of Jia Zhangke from two angles: first, a complex mechanism of multivalent and metanarrative subject positions in and beyond the cinematic frame compels the spectator to a highly active and conscious process of taking up history and image critically; second, it proposes the concept of “surface” to highlight Jia’s cinematic texture through various figurations of superficial time and superficial space in Xiao Wu, Platform, Unknown Pleasures and Still Life. Lou Ye’s highly expressionist and kinetic works conflate screen subjectivities with directorial and spectatorial ones. An analysis of two films by Lou Ye, Suzhou River and Purple Butterfly, demonstrates that, despite the two auteurs’ difference in style, they share a highly comparable epistemological interest in the relationship between history, representation and subjectivity.Less