Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269229
- eISBN:
- 9780191600456
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269226.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This history of the ninteenth‐century popes covers the papacies of Gregory XVI, Pius IX, Leo XIII and Pius X in their religious and political aspects. The period was dominated by the question of ...
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This history of the ninteenth‐century popes covers the papacies of Gregory XVI, Pius IX, Leo XIII and Pius X in their religious and political aspects. The period was dominated by the question of whether the pope could hold political power and the relations of the papacy with the Catholic states of Europe. The major themes of the book are therefore the causes and consequences of the end of the Papal State as an independent power in Italy and the conflicts between the popes and the forces of the Risorgimento, fighting for the unification of Italy under the Piedmontese monarchy. At the same time it discusses the connected challenge of liberal movements in France, Spain and Portugal, and the separate question of the oppression of Catholic Poland by the Russian Empire. It shows how the popes opposed liberalism, democracy, socialism and ’the modern world’ in general, but how this intransigence served to strengthen papal authority among Catholic believers, with mostly unfortunate political consequences. The nuances in the attitude of each individual pope are traced through such major events as the revolutions of 1848, the First Vatican Council, the taking of Rome by Italian nationalists, the Kulturkampf in Germany, and the separation of Church and State in France. Catholic authority became more centralized, demonstrated by the Syllabus of Errors and the doctrine of papal infallibility and the moral demands made by the papacy over such issues as labour relations, marriage and divorce, and religious toleration. Separate chapters discuss the question of religion and national identity in Poland, Spain and Portugal; the fortunes of the religious orders; Catholic universities; the idea of reunion of the Churches; and the making of saints.Less
This history of the ninteenth‐century popes covers the papacies of Gregory XVI, Pius IX, Leo XIII and Pius X in their religious and political aspects. The period was dominated by the question of whether the pope could hold political power and the relations of the papacy with the Catholic states of Europe. The major themes of the book are therefore the causes and consequences of the end of the Papal State as an independent power in Italy and the conflicts between the popes and the forces of the Risorgimento, fighting for the unification of Italy under the Piedmontese monarchy. At the same time it discusses the connected challenge of liberal movements in France, Spain and Portugal, and the separate question of the oppression of Catholic Poland by the Russian Empire. It shows how the popes opposed liberalism, democracy, socialism and ’the modern world’ in general, but how this intransigence served to strengthen papal authority among Catholic believers, with mostly unfortunate political consequences. The nuances in the attitude of each individual pope are traced through such major events as the revolutions of 1848, the First Vatican Council, the taking of Rome by Italian nationalists, the Kulturkampf in Germany, and the separation of Church and State in France. Catholic authority became more centralized, demonstrated by the Syllabus of Errors and the doctrine of papal infallibility and the moral demands made by the papacy over such issues as labour relations, marriage and divorce, and religious toleration. Separate chapters discuss the question of religion and national identity in Poland, Spain and Portugal; the fortunes of the religious orders; Catholic universities; the idea of reunion of the Churches; and the making of saints.
Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269229
- eISBN:
- 9780191600456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269226.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The election of Giuseppe Sarto, archbishop of Venice, as Pius X in 1903 was a surprise in that he had little political or diplomatic experience and knew nothing of the workings of the Curia. He did ...
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The election of Giuseppe Sarto, archbishop of Venice, as Pius X in 1903 was a surprise in that he had little political or diplomatic experience and knew nothing of the workings of the Curia. He did not understand modern thought in science and religious scholarship, and his papacy was marked by a conservatism condemning the modern world and appealing to a loyalty involving the practice of the whole faith of the traditional Church. Pius X's papacy saw the codification of canon law and encouragement of frequent communion, but his reforms of the Curia did not go very far. In France the Dreyfus case and the separation of Church and State caused vehement, sometimes violent, conflict between Catholics and anti‐clericals. The division, which would take years to overcome, was caused by the papacy's earlier condemnation of democracy and socialism, the belief of the French Right that Catholicism was its political strength, the prejudices of some left‐wing politicians, and the centralization of authority which made it impossible for French bishops to ignore the pope's decisions. In Italy the old fight between the pope and the Italian government was now obsolete. It continued on the level of words, but by 1913 Catholics were participating wholeheartedly in Italian politics.Less
The election of Giuseppe Sarto, archbishop of Venice, as Pius X in 1903 was a surprise in that he had little political or diplomatic experience and knew nothing of the workings of the Curia. He did not understand modern thought in science and religious scholarship, and his papacy was marked by a conservatism condemning the modern world and appealing to a loyalty involving the practice of the whole faith of the traditional Church. Pius X's papacy saw the codification of canon law and encouragement of frequent communion, but his reforms of the Curia did not go very far. In France the Dreyfus case and the separation of Church and State caused vehement, sometimes violent, conflict between Catholics and anti‐clericals. The division, which would take years to overcome, was caused by the papacy's earlier condemnation of democracy and socialism, the belief of the French Right that Catholicism was its political strength, the prejudices of some left‐wing politicians, and the centralization of authority which made it impossible for French bishops to ignore the pope's decisions. In Italy the old fight between the pope and the Italian government was now obsolete. It continued on the level of words, but by 1913 Catholics were participating wholeheartedly in Italian politics.
Thomas R. Nevin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195307214
- eISBN:
- 9780199785032
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195307216.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897), also known as St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, and popularly referred to as the Little Flower, is arguably one of the most beloved women in modern ...
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Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897), also known as St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, and popularly referred to as the Little Flower, is arguably one of the most beloved women in modern history. A Carmelite nun, doctor of the church, and patron of a score of causes, she was famously acclaimed by Pope Pius X as the greatest saint of modern times, and called a living icon of God by Pope John Paul II. Her autobiography, Story of a Soul, has been translated into more than sixty languages. Having long transcended national and linguistic boundaries, she has crossed even religious ones; as daughter of Allah, she is venerated widely in Islamic cultures. This book draws on previously untapped archival sources from the Carmel of Lisieux, numerous untranslated documents, formative texts of Carmelite spirituality, childhood readings, and unpublished photographs to provide a portrait of the saint's life and thoughts. It explores the dynamics of her family life and the early development of her spirituality, drawing on the correspondence of her mother and documenting her influence on Thérèse's autobiography and spirituality. It also charts the development of Thérèse 's career as a writer and gives close attention to her poetry and plays usually dismissed as undistinguished arguing that they have great value as texts by which she addressed and informed her Carmelite community.Less
Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897), also known as St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, and popularly referred to as the Little Flower, is arguably one of the most beloved women in modern history. A Carmelite nun, doctor of the church, and patron of a score of causes, she was famously acclaimed by Pope Pius X as the greatest saint of modern times, and called a living icon of God by Pope John Paul II. Her autobiography, Story of a Soul, has been translated into more than sixty languages. Having long transcended national and linguistic boundaries, she has crossed even religious ones; as daughter of Allah, she is venerated widely in Islamic cultures. This book draws on previously untapped archival sources from the Carmel of Lisieux, numerous untranslated documents, formative texts of Carmelite spirituality, childhood readings, and unpublished photographs to provide a portrait of the saint's life and thoughts. It explores the dynamics of her family life and the early development of her spirituality, drawing on the correspondence of her mother and documenting her influence on Thérèse's autobiography and spirituality. It also charts the development of Thérèse 's career as a writer and gives close attention to her poetry and plays usually dismissed as undistinguished arguing that they have great value as texts by which she addressed and informed her Carmelite community.
Ian Richard Netton
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623914
- eISBN:
- 9780748653119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623914.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Theologically, tradition may embrace in Christianity both the practice of the faith as well as the faith itself, including scripture; or, more narrowly, ‘tradition may be distinguished from ...
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Theologically, tradition may embrace in Christianity both the practice of the faith as well as the faith itself, including scripture; or, more narrowly, ‘tradition may be distinguished from scripture, and taken to mean the teaching and practice of the Church, not explicitly recorded in the words of the Bible, but handed down from the beginning within the Christian community’. Tradition may embrace a sense of age-old ‘orthodoxy’ versus state autocracy. It may also be associated with fundamentalism. This chapter first looks at various definitions and distinctions of tradition in Islam and Christianity before proceeding with a discussion of the Second Vatican Council, Pope Pius X's Encyclical Pascendi Gregis and Pope Pius XII's Divino Afflante Spiritu, John XXIII and Dei Verbum, the spirit and practice of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, definitions and distinctions of sunna, neo-ijtihād and a return to the salaf, tradition and purification, and kénōsis.Less
Theologically, tradition may embrace in Christianity both the practice of the faith as well as the faith itself, including scripture; or, more narrowly, ‘tradition may be distinguished from scripture, and taken to mean the teaching and practice of the Church, not explicitly recorded in the words of the Bible, but handed down from the beginning within the Christian community’. Tradition may embrace a sense of age-old ‘orthodoxy’ versus state autocracy. It may also be associated with fundamentalism. This chapter first looks at various definitions and distinctions of tradition in Islam and Christianity before proceeding with a discussion of the Second Vatican Council, Pope Pius X's Encyclical Pascendi Gregis and Pope Pius XII's Divino Afflante Spiritu, John XXIII and Dei Verbum, the spirit and practice of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, definitions and distinctions of sunna, neo-ijtihād and a return to the salaf, tradition and purification, and kénōsis.
John Pollard
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199208562
- eISBN:
- 9780191785580
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208562.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies, Church History
This chapter begins with a summary of the aims and objectives of the volume and a historiographical review of the existing literature. It then examines the features, positive and negative, of the ...
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This chapter begins with a summary of the aims and objectives of the volume and a historiographical review of the existing literature. It then examines the features, positive and negative, of the legacy of the pontificate of Pius X (1903–14). In particular, it focuses on the longer-term effects of Pius X’s innovations in the liturgical field, his inauguration of the process of codifying Canon Law and his reform of the Roman curia, and his attempts to improve training for the priesthood. It also analyses the longer-term effects of the ‘modernist’ crisis that dominated his reign and the consequences for the papacy during the July crisis of 1914 of Pius X’s and Cardinal Merry Del Val’s mishandling of the Vatican’s diplomatic relations with states.Less
This chapter begins with a summary of the aims and objectives of the volume and a historiographical review of the existing literature. It then examines the features, positive and negative, of the legacy of the pontificate of Pius X (1903–14). In particular, it focuses on the longer-term effects of Pius X’s innovations in the liturgical field, his inauguration of the process of codifying Canon Law and his reform of the Roman curia, and his attempts to improve training for the priesthood. It also analyses the longer-term effects of the ‘modernist’ crisis that dominated his reign and the consequences for the papacy during the July crisis of 1914 of Pius X’s and Cardinal Merry Del Val’s mishandling of the Vatican’s diplomatic relations with states.
Nicholas Sagovsky
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198267287
- eISBN:
- 9780191683176
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267287.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This book uses material drawn from Jesuit archives, diocesan records, and previously unpublished correspondence that has become available to tell the story of George Tyrell afresh. The condemnation ...
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This book uses material drawn from Jesuit archives, diocesan records, and previously unpublished correspondence that has become available to tell the story of George Tyrell afresh. The condemnation of Modernism by Pope Pius X in 1907 shook Roman Catholic theology to its foundations, and the reverberations of that shock continue to unsettle Catholicism. Foremost among those implicated was the Jesuit George Tyrrell, who had already been dismissed from his Order and was subsequently excommunicated. When he died, less than two years later, he was refused Catholic burial. Tyrrell's combative brilliance, his ability to touch creatively every major theological issue of the early 20th century, his compassion as a pastoral counsellor, and his mordant wit made him endlessly fascinating to his contemporaries; admirable and pathetic to his friends; fearful and irresponsible to his enemies.Less
This book uses material drawn from Jesuit archives, diocesan records, and previously unpublished correspondence that has become available to tell the story of George Tyrell afresh. The condemnation of Modernism by Pope Pius X in 1907 shook Roman Catholic theology to its foundations, and the reverberations of that shock continue to unsettle Catholicism. Foremost among those implicated was the Jesuit George Tyrrell, who had already been dismissed from his Order and was subsequently excommunicated. When he died, less than two years later, he was refused Catholic burial. Tyrrell's combative brilliance, his ability to touch creatively every major theological issue of the early 20th century, his compassion as a pastoral counsellor, and his mordant wit made him endlessly fascinating to his contemporaries; admirable and pathetic to his friends; fearful and irresponsible to his enemies.
Nicholas Sagovsky
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198267287
- eISBN:
- 9780191683176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267287.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter details the changes in Tyrrell's life following the election of Guiseppe Sarto as Pope Pius X in 1903. As soon as Pius X began his reign, repressive policies began to be prosecuted with ...
More
This chapter details the changes in Tyrrell's life following the election of Guiseppe Sarto as Pope Pius X in 1903. As soon as Pius X began his reign, repressive policies began to be prosecuted with much more vigour. Tyrrell pursued an ‘apostleship of protest’, which was at one and the same time a protest against ‘Jesuitism’, against ‘the dogmatic fallacy’, against authoritarianism, against all the suffering, distortion, and inhumanity by which he felt himself surrounded.Less
This chapter details the changes in Tyrrell's life following the election of Guiseppe Sarto as Pope Pius X in 1903. As soon as Pius X began his reign, repressive policies began to be prosecuted with much more vigour. Tyrrell pursued an ‘apostleship of protest’, which was at one and the same time a protest against ‘Jesuitism’, against ‘the dogmatic fallacy’, against authoritarianism, against all the suffering, distortion, and inhumanity by which he felt himself surrounded.
Patrick W. Carey
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190889135
- eISBN:
- 9780190889166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190889135.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Church History
This chapter demonstrates how a few Catholic seminary professors in the first two decades of the twentieth century began to reconsider and critique the nineteenth-century Catholic understanding of ...
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This chapter demonstrates how a few Catholic seminary professors in the first two decades of the twentieth century began to reconsider and critique the nineteenth-century Catholic understanding of the history of confession in light of Henry Charles Lea’s history of auricular confession and John Henry Newman’s theory of the development of doctrine. That re-examination of the early church’s history of penance met strong resistance from Pope Pius X’s anti-modernist campaign because the new approach clashed with Trent’s understanding of the divine origin of the early church’s practice of auricular confession. The pope, however, also promoted a liturgical revival in the Church that focused on active participation in the Eucharist that had consequences for American Catholic emphases on frequent confession for children as well as adults in preparation for communion. By 1920 that Pian revival in the United States reinforced the nineteenth-century promotion of frequent and devotional confessions.Less
This chapter demonstrates how a few Catholic seminary professors in the first two decades of the twentieth century began to reconsider and critique the nineteenth-century Catholic understanding of the history of confession in light of Henry Charles Lea’s history of auricular confession and John Henry Newman’s theory of the development of doctrine. That re-examination of the early church’s history of penance met strong resistance from Pope Pius X’s anti-modernist campaign because the new approach clashed with Trent’s understanding of the divine origin of the early church’s practice of auricular confession. The pope, however, also promoted a liturgical revival in the Church that focused on active participation in the Eucharist that had consequences for American Catholic emphases on frequent confession for children as well as adults in preparation for communion. By 1920 that Pian revival in the United States reinforced the nineteenth-century promotion of frequent and devotional confessions.
Avery Cardinal Dulles
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823228621
- eISBN:
- 9780823236619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823228621.003.0035
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter discusses the mission of the laity, people belonging to a religious order who are not in the clergy. In some past centuries it might almost have seemed that the ...
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This chapter discusses the mission of the laity, people belonging to a religious order who are not in the clergy. In some past centuries it might almost have seemed that the laity had no mission. Sensing the advent of a new situation, the popes at the beginning of the twentieth century began to involve the laity in the ministry of the Church. Pius X established Catholic Action, and Pius XI assiduously fostered its growth. As a general description of what the lay faithful are to do, the Vatican II council selected the term “apostolate”. The council defined the apostolate as the sum total of the activity whereby the Mystical Body spreads the kingdom of Christ and thereby brings the world to share in Christ's saving redemption. The discussion suggests that lay ministries in the Church, properly conducted, can greatly help to offset the forces of secularism.Less
This chapter discusses the mission of the laity, people belonging to a religious order who are not in the clergy. In some past centuries it might almost have seemed that the laity had no mission. Sensing the advent of a new situation, the popes at the beginning of the twentieth century began to involve the laity in the ministry of the Church. Pius X established Catholic Action, and Pius XI assiduously fostered its growth. As a general description of what the lay faithful are to do, the Vatican II council selected the term “apostolate”. The council defined the apostolate as the sum total of the activity whereby the Mystical Body spreads the kingdom of Christ and thereby brings the world to share in Christ's saving redemption. The discussion suggests that lay ministries in the Church, properly conducted, can greatly help to offset the forces of secularism.
