James Robert Allison
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206692
- eISBN:
- 9780300216219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206692.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
After successfully defending the Northern Cheyenne and Crow Reservations from non-Indian mining, American Indians launched a national campaign to prepare similarly situated energy tribes for the ...
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After successfully defending the Northern Cheyenne and Crow Reservations from non-Indian mining, American Indians launched a national campaign to prepare similarly situated energy tribes for the coming onslaught in energy demand. This chapter details those efforts that began with Northern Cheyenne and Crow leaders helping to organize a regional coalition of tribes to fight federally planned development on the Northern Plains. From this defensive alliance, energy tribes then turned to exploring options to mine their own minerals. They worked with federal agencies charged with expanding domestic energy production in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and consulted energy experts familiar with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Ultimately, tribes nationwide formed the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to provide a unified Indian voice to federal energy policymakers, lobby for federal aid in developing tribal resources, and share information about energy development. After much confusion as to CERT’s primary purpose – including whether it was a cartel-like “Native American OPEC” – the organization evolved into a professional consulting firm that both worked with individual tribes to pursue specific mining projects and lobbied the federal government for beneficial grants and policies.Less
After successfully defending the Northern Cheyenne and Crow Reservations from non-Indian mining, American Indians launched a national campaign to prepare similarly situated energy tribes for the coming onslaught in energy demand. This chapter details those efforts that began with Northern Cheyenne and Crow leaders helping to organize a regional coalition of tribes to fight federally planned development on the Northern Plains. From this defensive alliance, energy tribes then turned to exploring options to mine their own minerals. They worked with federal agencies charged with expanding domestic energy production in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and consulted energy experts familiar with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Ultimately, tribes nationwide formed the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to provide a unified Indian voice to federal energy policymakers, lobby for federal aid in developing tribal resources, and share information about energy development. After much confusion as to CERT’s primary purpose – including whether it was a cartel-like “Native American OPEC” – the organization evolved into a professional consulting firm that both worked with individual tribes to pursue specific mining projects and lobbied the federal government for beneficial grants and policies.
James Robert Allison
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206692
- eISBN:
- 9780300216219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206692.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
Sadly, just as energy tribes secured recognition of their sovereign rights to control resource development, the market for Indian energy collapsed. This Epilogue explains the changes in international ...
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Sadly, just as energy tribes secured recognition of their sovereign rights to control resource development, the market for Indian energy collapsed. This Epilogue explains the changes in international energy markets that produced a glut of cheap foreign oil in mid-1980s, making investment in tribal-led energy projects uneconomical. It also updates readers on the fitful attempts by the Northern Cheyenne, Crow, and Navajo to establish mineral revenues amid fluctuating energy markets, and details the intense intra-tribal debates over resource development that continue to divide these communities. Despite these setbacks, however, the book concludes on a hopeful note, describing subsequent changes to federal law that continue to expand tribal control over reservation resources. The last anecdote offers CERT Chairman Peter MacDonald’s 1982 farewell address as an opportunity to summarize the energy tribes’ momentous efforts. These groups mobilized a defense of the homeland, developed the institutional capacity to regulate energy development, and secured legal authority over reservation resources. Only the successful execution of that authority to alleviate suffocating poverty remains.Less
Sadly, just as energy tribes secured recognition of their sovereign rights to control resource development, the market for Indian energy collapsed. This Epilogue explains the changes in international energy markets that produced a glut of cheap foreign oil in mid-1980s, making investment in tribal-led energy projects uneconomical. It also updates readers on the fitful attempts by the Northern Cheyenne, Crow, and Navajo to establish mineral revenues amid fluctuating energy markets, and details the intense intra-tribal debates over resource development that continue to divide these communities. Despite these setbacks, however, the book concludes on a hopeful note, describing subsequent changes to federal law that continue to expand tribal control over reservation resources. The last anecdote offers CERT Chairman Peter MacDonald’s 1982 farewell address as an opportunity to summarize the energy tribes’ momentous efforts. These groups mobilized a defense of the homeland, developed the institutional capacity to regulate energy development, and secured legal authority over reservation resources. Only the successful execution of that authority to alleviate suffocating poverty remains.
Thomas Kern and Leslie P. Willcocks
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241927
- eISBN:
- 9780191696985
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241927.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The relationship in information technology (IT) outsourcing determines the difference between a successful, a less successful, and a failing outsourcing deal. IT managers will commonly spend seventy ...
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The relationship in information technology (IT) outsourcing determines the difference between a successful, a less successful, and a failing outsourcing deal. IT managers will commonly spend seventy per cent of their time on making the client-supplier relationship work, while thirty per cent of their time will focus on the contract, personnel, and problem issues. This book provides longitudinal research into Xerox's global, British Aerospace's total, ESSO's selective, British Petroleum's alliance, and the UK Inland Revenue's public sector outsourcing deals. It highlights relationship practices and recurring post-contract management issues that demand careful attention and management. By use of a novel client-supplier relationship framework developed from transaction cost, relational contract, and interorganisational relationship theory, the authors carefully analyse these five longitudinal case studies and identify what the key dimensions of an outsourcing relationship are. Together the framework and the case studies provide advice for both practitioners and academics on how to achieve a relationship advantage.Less
The relationship in information technology (IT) outsourcing determines the difference between a successful, a less successful, and a failing outsourcing deal. IT managers will commonly spend seventy per cent of their time on making the client-supplier relationship work, while thirty per cent of their time will focus on the contract, personnel, and problem issues. This book provides longitudinal research into Xerox's global, British Aerospace's total, ESSO's selective, British Petroleum's alliance, and the UK Inland Revenue's public sector outsourcing deals. It highlights relationship practices and recurring post-contract management issues that demand careful attention and management. By use of a novel client-supplier relationship framework developed from transaction cost, relational contract, and interorganisational relationship theory, the authors carefully analyse these five longitudinal case studies and identify what the key dimensions of an outsourcing relationship are. Together the framework and the case studies provide advice for both practitioners and academics on how to achieve a relationship advantage.
Tammy L. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034296
- eISBN:
- 9780262333382
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034296.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Ecuador is biologically diverse, petroleum rich, and economically poor. Its extraordinary biodiversity has attracted attention and funding from such transnational environmental organizations as ...
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Ecuador is biologically diverse, petroleum rich, and economically poor. Its extraordinary biodiversity has attracted attention and funding from such transnational environmental organizations as Conservation International, the World Wildlife Fund, and the United States Agency for International Development. In Ecuador itself there are more than 200 environmental groups dedicated to sustainable development, and the country’s 2008 constitution grants rights to nature. The current leftist government is committed both to lifting its people out of poverty and pursuing sustainable development; but petroleum extraction is Ecuador’s leading source of revenue. While extraction generates economic growth, which supports the state’s social welfare agenda, it also causes environmental destruction. Given these competing concerns, will Ecuador be able to achieve sustainability? In this book, Tammy Lewis examines the movement for sustainable development in Ecuador through four eras: movement origins (1978–1987), neoliberal boom (1987–2000), neoliberal bust (2000–2006), and citizens’ revolution (2006–2015). Lewis presents a typology of Ecuador’s environmental organizations: ecoimperialists, transnational environmentalists from other countries; ecodependents, national groups that partner with transnational groups; and ecoresisters, home-grown environmentalists who reject the dominant development paradigm. She examines the interplay of transnational funding, the Ecuadorian environmental movement, and the state’s environmental and development policies. Along the way, addressing literatures in environmental sociology, social movements, and development studies, she explores what configuration of forces—political, economic, and environmental—is most likely to lead to a sustainable balance between the social system and the ecosystem.Less
Ecuador is biologically diverse, petroleum rich, and economically poor. Its extraordinary biodiversity has attracted attention and funding from such transnational environmental organizations as Conservation International, the World Wildlife Fund, and the United States Agency for International Development. In Ecuador itself there are more than 200 environmental groups dedicated to sustainable development, and the country’s 2008 constitution grants rights to nature. The current leftist government is committed both to lifting its people out of poverty and pursuing sustainable development; but petroleum extraction is Ecuador’s leading source of revenue. While extraction generates economic growth, which supports the state’s social welfare agenda, it also causes environmental destruction. Given these competing concerns, will Ecuador be able to achieve sustainability? In this book, Tammy Lewis examines the movement for sustainable development in Ecuador through four eras: movement origins (1978–1987), neoliberal boom (1987–2000), neoliberal bust (2000–2006), and citizens’ revolution (2006–2015). Lewis presents a typology of Ecuador’s environmental organizations: ecoimperialists, transnational environmentalists from other countries; ecodependents, national groups that partner with transnational groups; and ecoresisters, home-grown environmentalists who reject the dominant development paradigm. She examines the interplay of transnational funding, the Ecuadorian environmental movement, and the state’s environmental and development policies. Along the way, addressing literatures in environmental sociology, social movements, and development studies, she explores what configuration of forces—political, economic, and environmental—is most likely to lead to a sustainable balance between the social system and the ecosystem.
Thomas Kern and Leslie P. Willcocks
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241927
- eISBN:
- 9780191696985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241927.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter discusses a case study of British Petroleum Exploration's (BPX) IT outsourcing arrangements. Outsourcing at BPX presented a novel way of using multiple suppliers to deliver best-in-class ...
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This chapter discusses a case study of British Petroleum Exploration's (BPX) IT outsourcing arrangements. Outsourcing at BPX presented a novel way of using multiple suppliers to deliver best-in-class services for all areas contracted out. The use of multiple suppliers in part was driven by BP's desire to keep control, yet at the same time seek benefits from their expertise and capabilities. BP's objectives of maintaining high global service and technology standards, while reducing the overall IT costs beyond what the internal IT group could possibly have achieved was accomplished. Vendors, on the other hand, benefited from the risk-reward arrangements, the new business projects and BPX's expansion globally, and of course from BP's prestige as a ‘blue chip’ company and leading-edge technology user.Less
This chapter discusses a case study of British Petroleum Exploration's (BPX) IT outsourcing arrangements. Outsourcing at BPX presented a novel way of using multiple suppliers to deliver best-in-class services for all areas contracted out. The use of multiple suppliers in part was driven by BP's desire to keep control, yet at the same time seek benefits from their expertise and capabilities. BP's objectives of maintaining high global service and technology standards, while reducing the overall IT costs beyond what the internal IT group could possibly have achieved was accomplished. Vendors, on the other hand, benefited from the risk-reward arrangements, the new business projects and BPX's expansion globally, and of course from BP's prestige as a ‘blue chip’ company and leading-edge technology user.
Charles R. Shrader
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813165752
- eISBN:
- 9780813165950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165752.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In Chapter 4, the author discusses French doctrine and organization for logistics and the modifications necessary in Indochina to shift from a territorial based system to one capable of supporting ...
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In Chapter 4, the author discusses French doctrine and organization for logistics and the modifications necessary in Indochina to shift from a territorial based system to one capable of supporting mobile forces in the field. The organization, personnel, and challenges faced by the various logistical branches (Intendance, Ordnance, and Petroleum Services) are also discussed, as are the storage and distribution of rations, clothing and equipment, weapons, vehicles, ammunition, and petroleum products, as well as maintenance.Less
In Chapter 4, the author discusses French doctrine and organization for logistics and the modifications necessary in Indochina to shift from a territorial based system to one capable of supporting mobile forces in the field. The organization, personnel, and challenges faced by the various logistical branches (Intendance, Ordnance, and Petroleum Services) are also discussed, as are the storage and distribution of rations, clothing and equipment, weapons, vehicles, ammunition, and petroleum products, as well as maintenance.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
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Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
David Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195393965
- eISBN:
- 9780197562796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195393965.003.0023
- Subject:
- Chemistry, History of Chemistry
It’s certainly not intuitively obvious that the noble gases, which don’t do anything, which don’t react either chemically or biologically, should be intimately related ...
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It’s certainly not intuitively obvious that the noble gases, which don’t do anything, which don’t react either chemically or biologically, should be intimately related with questions of life and death, but so they are. The conventional wisdom is that they are physiologically inert: you breathe them in, you breathe them out; they don’t react with your body at all. This is not quite true. In 1938, two scientists at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Albert R. Behnke and Oscar D. Yarbrough, were working on the “remarkable stupefaction and neuromuscular impairment experienced by deep sea divers at depths below 100 feet” due to nitrogen narcosis. They discovered that substituting helium for atmospheric nitrogen in the air supply minimized the problem. The helium didn’t actually interact physiologically, but it improved the flow of oxygen through the aerobic pathways, according to Graham’s Law, which relates air flow to the inverse square root of the gas’s density (i.e., atomic mass). It seemed natural to investigate the role of argon, and the following year they found that, as expected, argon (being more dense than air) interfered with air flow rather than improving it. But further experiments showed, to their surprise, that argon was even more narcotic than nitrogen, an effect they ascribed to its increased solubility in both water and fat; that is, the effect on the central nervous system seemed to depend not so much on the identity of the gas but on its total dissolved concentration in the body and blood stream. Interesting, but soon there was a war on, and it wasn’t until 1946 that several workers at the University of California, Berkeley, took the obvious next step: the solubility of the noble gases increases with atomic number, so xenon should be most narcotic. And they found this to be so; indeed, xenon was so narcotic it worked as a general anesthetic on mice. Well, that was interesting.
Less
It’s certainly not intuitively obvious that the noble gases, which don’t do anything, which don’t react either chemically or biologically, should be intimately related with questions of life and death, but so they are. The conventional wisdom is that they are physiologically inert: you breathe them in, you breathe them out; they don’t react with your body at all. This is not quite true. In 1938, two scientists at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Albert R. Behnke and Oscar D. Yarbrough, were working on the “remarkable stupefaction and neuromuscular impairment experienced by deep sea divers at depths below 100 feet” due to nitrogen narcosis. They discovered that substituting helium for atmospheric nitrogen in the air supply minimized the problem. The helium didn’t actually interact physiologically, but it improved the flow of oxygen through the aerobic pathways, according to Graham’s Law, which relates air flow to the inverse square root of the gas’s density (i.e., atomic mass). It seemed natural to investigate the role of argon, and the following year they found that, as expected, argon (being more dense than air) interfered with air flow rather than improving it. But further experiments showed, to their surprise, that argon was even more narcotic than nitrogen, an effect they ascribed to its increased solubility in both water and fat; that is, the effect on the central nervous system seemed to depend not so much on the identity of the gas but on its total dissolved concentration in the body and blood stream. Interesting, but soon there was a war on, and it wasn’t until 1946 that several workers at the University of California, Berkeley, took the obvious next step: the solubility of the noble gases increases with atomic number, so xenon should be most narcotic. And they found this to be so; indeed, xenon was so narcotic it worked as a general anesthetic on mice. Well, that was interesting.
Alex Kemp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861018
- eISBN:
- 9781474406239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861018.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This Chapter an overview of the economic implications of the UKCS’s status as a mature oil and gas province. It reviews the economic dimension of a number of issues that are treated in more detail ...
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This Chapter an overview of the economic implications of the UKCS’s status as a mature oil and gas province. It reviews the economic dimension of a number of issues that are treated in more detail from the legal perspective by other contributors to this book. It thus considers the way in which the UK Government has adapted the licensing regime to encourage new entrants as well as the exploration and development of frontier areas. It also considers the way in which uncertainty surrounding decommissioning liabilities has an impact on investment decisions as regards both new and existing developments and notes the deleterious effect which the Government’s ultra-cautious approach may have on the national interest. On the fiscal side, the Chapter notes and welcomes the Government’s recent attempt to encourage high-cost development through the provision of field allowances against Supplementary Charge and notes the inherent instability in the UK’s system of taxing oil and gas revenues, and the barrier to investment which that represents.Less
This Chapter an overview of the economic implications of the UKCS’s status as a mature oil and gas province. It reviews the economic dimension of a number of issues that are treated in more detail from the legal perspective by other contributors to this book. It thus considers the way in which the UK Government has adapted the licensing regime to encourage new entrants as well as the exploration and development of frontier areas. It also considers the way in which uncertainty surrounding decommissioning liabilities has an impact on investment decisions as regards both new and existing developments and notes the deleterious effect which the Government’s ultra-cautious approach may have on the national interest. On the fiscal side, the Chapter notes and welcomes the Government’s recent attempt to encourage high-cost development through the provision of field allowances against Supplementary Charge and notes the inherent instability in the UK’s system of taxing oil and gas revenues, and the barrier to investment which that represents.
Emre Üşenmez
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861018
- eISBN:
- 9781474406239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861018.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This Chapter considers the fiscal regime applying to operations on the UK Continental Shelf, with a particular focus on those elements of taxation that are specific to the oil and gas industry. The ...
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This Chapter considers the fiscal regime applying to operations on the UK Continental Shelf, with a particular focus on those elements of taxation that are specific to the oil and gas industry. The discussions include the Petroleum Revenue Tax, Ring Fence Corporation Tax and the Supplementary Charge. The Chapter subsequently speculates on the future direction of upstream taxation: given the extent of fiscal instability that has characterised the history of the UKCS as a hydrocarbon province and given the economic position of the country at present and for the foreseeable future, how will the Government strike the balance between regarding the industry as a cash cow to be milked when times are tough and the need to encourage continuing investment in the mature province to ensure maximum recovery?Less
This Chapter considers the fiscal regime applying to operations on the UK Continental Shelf, with a particular focus on those elements of taxation that are specific to the oil and gas industry. The discussions include the Petroleum Revenue Tax, Ring Fence Corporation Tax and the Supplementary Charge. The Chapter subsequently speculates on the future direction of upstream taxation: given the extent of fiscal instability that has characterised the history of the UKCS as a hydrocarbon province and given the economic position of the country at present and for the foreseeable future, how will the Government strike the balance between regarding the industry as a cash cow to be milked when times are tough and the need to encourage continuing investment in the mature province to ensure maximum recovery?
Jonathon W. Moses and Bjørn Letnes
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198787174
- eISBN:
- 9780191829260
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198787174.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth: The Norwegian Experience describes how Norway has created new institutions and policies, and employed good macroeconomic management techniques, administrative ...
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Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth: The Norwegian Experience describes how Norway has created new institutions and policies, and employed good macroeconomic management techniques, administrative systems, local content, and regulatory frameworks to avoid the Resource Curse and Dutch Disease. Lessons from the Norwegian experience can be extended to other petroleum-producing countries. These lessons are derived from two very different sources: (1) the broader—if still underdeveloped—social science literature that examines the Paradox of Plenty in its disparate forms; and (2) Norway’s experience—as a country that has successfully managed its natural resources over several decades. The book describes those institutions and policies that are transferable to other states (such as its famed Petroleum Fund), while recognizing the many non-transferable aspects of the Norwegian experience. In short, Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth shows how the petroleum industry can be managed in a democratic, just, and ethical manner—for the benefit of the entire population.Less
Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth: The Norwegian Experience describes how Norway has created new institutions and policies, and employed good macroeconomic management techniques, administrative systems, local content, and regulatory frameworks to avoid the Resource Curse and Dutch Disease. Lessons from the Norwegian experience can be extended to other petroleum-producing countries. These lessons are derived from two very different sources: (1) the broader—if still underdeveloped—social science literature that examines the Paradox of Plenty in its disparate forms; and (2) Norway’s experience—as a country that has successfully managed its natural resources over several decades. The book describes those institutions and policies that are transferable to other states (such as its famed Petroleum Fund), while recognizing the many non-transferable aspects of the Norwegian experience. In short, Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth shows how the petroleum industry can be managed in a democratic, just, and ethical manner—for the benefit of the entire population.
Richard Revesz and Jack Lienke
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190233112
- eISBN:
- 9780197559536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190233112.003.0009
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Pollution and Threats to the Environment
In the preceding chapters, we’ve focused largely on what is often called “traditional pollution”: soot and smog and their precursors, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen ...
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In the preceding chapters, we’ve focused largely on what is often called “traditional pollution”: soot and smog and their precursors, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. But power plants are also the nation’s largest source of a very different sort of pollutant: carbon dioxide. Unlike traditional pollution, atmospheric CO2 does not pose a threat to public health through inhalation. As every schoolchild learns, humans exhale CO2 during normal respiration, and plants absorb it as part of the photosynthesis that fuels their growth. Carbon dioxide does, however, act as a “greenhouse gas.” Like the glass of a greenhouse, molecules of CO2 let sunlight pass through to warm the earth but then trap some of the heat that radiates back from the planet’s surface. Up to a point, this heat-trapping effect is beneficial; without it, the earth would be too cold to support life. But when humans burn fossil fuels, carbon that has been sequestered underground for millions of years is rapidly released in the form of CO2, and the natural carbon cycle is altered. As the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, and the earth’s surface temperature rises. Over time, warming driven by ever-increasing industrial emissions of CO2 is expected to have serious, possibly devastating consequences for all corners of human society. (There are other greenhouse gases, like methane, but CO2 is by far the most common, accounting for more than 75 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and almost 85 percent of U.S. emissions.) And yet, when President Obama took office in 2009, almost forty years after the U.S. Congress passed a piece of legislation designed to eliminate all air pollution that posed a threat to public health and welfare, emissions of carbon dioxide were still entirely unregulated at the federal level. As the President observed in his first Earth Day address on April 22, 2009: “[W] e place limits on pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and other harmful emissions. But we haven’t placed any limits on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It’s what’s called the carbon loophole.”
Less
In the preceding chapters, we’ve focused largely on what is often called “traditional pollution”: soot and smog and their precursors, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. But power plants are also the nation’s largest source of a very different sort of pollutant: carbon dioxide. Unlike traditional pollution, atmospheric CO2 does not pose a threat to public health through inhalation. As every schoolchild learns, humans exhale CO2 during normal respiration, and plants absorb it as part of the photosynthesis that fuels their growth. Carbon dioxide does, however, act as a “greenhouse gas.” Like the glass of a greenhouse, molecules of CO2 let sunlight pass through to warm the earth but then trap some of the heat that radiates back from the planet’s surface. Up to a point, this heat-trapping effect is beneficial; without it, the earth would be too cold to support life. But when humans burn fossil fuels, carbon that has been sequestered underground for millions of years is rapidly released in the form of CO2, and the natural carbon cycle is altered. As the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, and the earth’s surface temperature rises. Over time, warming driven by ever-increasing industrial emissions of CO2 is expected to have serious, possibly devastating consequences for all corners of human society. (There are other greenhouse gases, like methane, but CO2 is by far the most common, accounting for more than 75 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and almost 85 percent of U.S. emissions.) And yet, when President Obama took office in 2009, almost forty years after the U.S. Congress passed a piece of legislation designed to eliminate all air pollution that posed a threat to public health and welfare, emissions of carbon dioxide were still entirely unregulated at the federal level. As the President observed in his first Earth Day address on April 22, 2009: “[W] e place limits on pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and other harmful emissions. But we haven’t placed any limits on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It’s what’s called the carbon loophole.”
Robert B. Gordon and Patrick M. Malone
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195058857
- eISBN:
- 9780197561089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195058857.003.0014
- Subject:
- Archaeology, North American Archaeology
As American entrepreneurs enlarged their undertakings and began to shift them from waterpowered shops in the countryside to factories in the cities, they ...
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As American entrepreneurs enlarged their undertakings and began to shift them from waterpowered shops in the countryside to factories in the cities, they created a demand for new sources of energy and larger quantities of raw materials. The coal and, later, oil that they used to power their factories were brought to manufacturing centers on canals and railways and by coastal or river shipping. They used the wood and water resources of North America more heavily than ever, but they also created new kinds of workplaces. Their workplaces in the coal and oil fields, on canals and railways, in mills that made iron with mineral coal, and in the nonferrous-metal mines and mills were outside any previous experience of American artisans. Often, these workplaces were not adequately described or recorded before they were replaced. Material evidence helps us fill this gap in the historical record. In mining anthracite, both miners and mine operators faced a complex underground environment where there were few reliable clues to guide their work (Chapter 4). Geologists could help little, and, as anthracite was not much used elsewhere in the world, mining expertise could not be easily borrowed; instead, mining methods were developed through experience and error on the part of individual miners. The technological and social practices that endured in anthracite mining were largely established in the years between 1827 and 1834 by inexperienced adventurers whose aim was to obtain coal quickly and with the least trouble. Many of these practices were later adopted in underground bituminous mines. We can reconstruct a picture of the work of anthracite miners from study of the remaining mines, artifacts, and accounts of mine operation. Each breast in a mine was worked by a miner, who was paid on piece rate. He directed and paid one or two helpers, for whom he provided the necessary tools and supplies. They reached the breast where they worked by walking through the haulage ways and gangways that were the common ground in the mine.
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As American entrepreneurs enlarged their undertakings and began to shift them from waterpowered shops in the countryside to factories in the cities, they created a demand for new sources of energy and larger quantities of raw materials. The coal and, later, oil that they used to power their factories were brought to manufacturing centers on canals and railways and by coastal or river shipping. They used the wood and water resources of North America more heavily than ever, but they also created new kinds of workplaces. Their workplaces in the coal and oil fields, on canals and railways, in mills that made iron with mineral coal, and in the nonferrous-metal mines and mills were outside any previous experience of American artisans. Often, these workplaces were not adequately described or recorded before they were replaced. Material evidence helps us fill this gap in the historical record. In mining anthracite, both miners and mine operators faced a complex underground environment where there were few reliable clues to guide their work (Chapter 4). Geologists could help little, and, as anthracite was not much used elsewhere in the world, mining expertise could not be easily borrowed; instead, mining methods were developed through experience and error on the part of individual miners. The technological and social practices that endured in anthracite mining were largely established in the years between 1827 and 1834 by inexperienced adventurers whose aim was to obtain coal quickly and with the least trouble. Many of these practices were later adopted in underground bituminous mines. We can reconstruct a picture of the work of anthracite miners from study of the remaining mines, artifacts, and accounts of mine operation. Each breast in a mine was worked by a miner, who was paid on piece rate. He directed and paid one or two helpers, for whom he provided the necessary tools and supplies. They reached the breast where they worked by walking through the haulage ways and gangways that were the common ground in the mine.
Richard S. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195374834
- eISBN:
- 9780197562673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195374834.003.0015
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Pollution and Threats to the Environment
Although known as “Mr. Clean” for his longtime environmental advocacy, Edmund Muskie had little knowledge of the American hazardous waste grid until 1978. ...
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Although known as “Mr. Clean” for his longtime environmental advocacy, Edmund Muskie had little knowledge of the American hazardous waste grid until 1978. A congressional sponsor of the landmark Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, the senator from Maine epitomized environmental politics. In fact, a few months before the Love Canal crisis unfolded, Muskie proposed yet another federal environmental law: a “comprehensive scheme to assure full protection of our national resources” in the wake of oil drilling disasters, tanker spills and toxic train derailments. Yet Muskie soon realized that his plan omitted something important: hazardous waste dumps. Love Canal had illuminated the toxic perils many Americans faced in their own neighborhoods. With an EPA study showing that tens of thousands of old toxic sites had yet to be contained, it was clear that the everyday landscape of homes, playgrounds, and schools needed environmental protection too. “In our society,” Muskie told an interviewer in the late 1970s, ...we are discovering almost every day, in almost every day’s newspaper, new hazards that have been released into the atmosphere over the period of our industrial revolution. [They] suddenly crop up in Love Canal, up in New York State … to create enormous hazards to public health, property values, to people. So we are constantly dealing with problems that [we] were not anticipating, which suddenly create almost insoluble problems for people and communities … [A]ll of these poisons and toxic materials were buried in landfill sites here, there, and elsewhere and sadly begin leaking in underground water, or into lakes and rivers, streams[,] only to rise up to hit people in the face with disease, with cancer, declining property values so on.... For Muskie, Love Canal was revelatory. It showed that federal law lagged behind the mounting problem of hazardous waste. After hearing Love Canal residents’ testimony, he believed that the time had come for a national statute governing toxic waste remediation—what he would refer to as a “clean land” law.
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Although known as “Mr. Clean” for his longtime environmental advocacy, Edmund Muskie had little knowledge of the American hazardous waste grid until 1978. A congressional sponsor of the landmark Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, the senator from Maine epitomized environmental politics. In fact, a few months before the Love Canal crisis unfolded, Muskie proposed yet another federal environmental law: a “comprehensive scheme to assure full protection of our national resources” in the wake of oil drilling disasters, tanker spills and toxic train derailments. Yet Muskie soon realized that his plan omitted something important: hazardous waste dumps. Love Canal had illuminated the toxic perils many Americans faced in their own neighborhoods. With an EPA study showing that tens of thousands of old toxic sites had yet to be contained, it was clear that the everyday landscape of homes, playgrounds, and schools needed environmental protection too. “In our society,” Muskie told an interviewer in the late 1970s, ...we are discovering almost every day, in almost every day’s newspaper, new hazards that have been released into the atmosphere over the period of our industrial revolution. [They] suddenly crop up in Love Canal, up in New York State … to create enormous hazards to public health, property values, to people. So we are constantly dealing with problems that [we] were not anticipating, which suddenly create almost insoluble problems for people and communities … [A]ll of these poisons and toxic materials were buried in landfill sites here, there, and elsewhere and sadly begin leaking in underground water, or into lakes and rivers, streams[,] only to rise up to hit people in the face with disease, with cancer, declining property values so on.... For Muskie, Love Canal was revelatory. It showed that federal law lagged behind the mounting problem of hazardous waste. After hearing Love Canal residents’ testimony, he believed that the time had come for a national statute governing toxic waste remediation—what he would refer to as a “clean land” law.
Rob Cross and Andrew Parker
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195159509
- eISBN:
- 9780197562017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195159509.003.0014
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Computer Architecture and Logic Design
The way in which this manager relied on his network to obtain information and knowledge critical to the success of an important project is common and ...
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The way in which this manager relied on his network to obtain information and knowledge critical to the success of an important project is common and likely resonates with your own experience. Usually when we think of where people turn for information or knowledge we think of databases, the Web, intranets and portals or other, more traditional, repositories such as file cabinets or policy and procedure manuals. However, a significant component of a person’s information environment consists of the relationships he or she can tap for various informational needs. For example, in summarizing a decade worth of studies, Tom Allen of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that engineers and scientists were roughly five times more likely to turn to a person for information than to an impersonal source such as a database or a file cabinet. In other settings, research has consistently shown that who you know has a significant impact on what you come to know, as relationships are critical for obtaining information, solving problems, and learning how to do your work. Particularly in knowledge-intensive work, creating an informational environment that helps employees solve increasingly complex and often ambiguous problems holds significant performance implications. Frequently such efforts entail knowledge-management initiatives focusing on the capture and sharing of codified knowledge and reusable work products. To be sure, these so-called knowledge bases hold pragmatic benefits. They bridge boundaries of time and space, allow for potential reuse of tools or work products employed successfully in other areas of an organization, and provide a means of reducing organizational “forgetting” as a function of employee turnover. However, such initiatives often undervalue crucial knowledge held by employees and the web of relationships that help dynamically solve problems and create new knowledge. As we move further into an economy where collaboration and innovation are increasingly central to organizational effectiveness, we must pay more attention to the sets of relationships that people rely on to accomplish their work. Certainly we can expect emerging collaborative technologies to facilitate virtual work and skill-profiling systems to help with the location of relevant expertise.
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The way in which this manager relied on his network to obtain information and knowledge critical to the success of an important project is common and likely resonates with your own experience. Usually when we think of where people turn for information or knowledge we think of databases, the Web, intranets and portals or other, more traditional, repositories such as file cabinets or policy and procedure manuals. However, a significant component of a person’s information environment consists of the relationships he or she can tap for various informational needs. For example, in summarizing a decade worth of studies, Tom Allen of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that engineers and scientists were roughly five times more likely to turn to a person for information than to an impersonal source such as a database or a file cabinet. In other settings, research has consistently shown that who you know has a significant impact on what you come to know, as relationships are critical for obtaining information, solving problems, and learning how to do your work. Particularly in knowledge-intensive work, creating an informational environment that helps employees solve increasingly complex and often ambiguous problems holds significant performance implications. Frequently such efforts entail knowledge-management initiatives focusing on the capture and sharing of codified knowledge and reusable work products. To be sure, these so-called knowledge bases hold pragmatic benefits. They bridge boundaries of time and space, allow for potential reuse of tools or work products employed successfully in other areas of an organization, and provide a means of reducing organizational “forgetting” as a function of employee turnover. However, such initiatives often undervalue crucial knowledge held by employees and the web of relationships that help dynamically solve problems and create new knowledge. As we move further into an economy where collaboration and innovation are increasingly central to organizational effectiveness, we must pay more attention to the sets of relationships that people rely on to accomplish their work. Certainly we can expect emerging collaborative technologies to facilitate virtual work and skill-profiling systems to help with the location of relevant expertise.
Craig M. Bethke
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195094756
- eISBN:
- 9780197560778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0023
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
Diagenesis is the set of processes by which sediments evolve after they are deposited and begin to be buried. Diagenesis includes physical effects such as compaction ...
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Diagenesis is the set of processes by which sediments evolve after they are deposited and begin to be buried. Diagenesis includes physical effects such as compaction and the deformation of grains in the sediment (or sedimentary rock), as well as chemical reactions such as the dissolution of grains and the precipitation of minerals to form cements in the sediment's pore space. The chemical aspects of diagenesis are of special interest here. Formerly, geologists considered chemical diagenesis to be a process by which the minerals and pore fluid in a sediment reacted with each other in response to changes in temperature, pressure, and stress. As early as the 1960s and especially since the 1970s, however, geologists have recognized that many diagenetic reactions occur in systems open to groundwater flow and mass transfer. The reactions proceed in response to a supply of reactants introduced into the sediments by flowing groundwater, which also serves to remove reaction products. Hay (1963, 1966), in studies of the origin of diagenetic zeolite, was perhaps the first to emphasize the effects of mass transport on sediment diagenesis. He showed that sediments open to groundwater flow followed reaction pathways different from those observed in sediments through which flow was restricted. Sibley and Blatt (1976) used cathodoluminescence microscopy to observe the Tuscarora orthoquartzite of the Appalachian basin. The almost nonporous Tuscarora had previously been taken as a classic example of pressure welding, but the microscopy demonstrated that the rock is not especially well compacted but, instead, tightly cemented. The rock consists of as much as 40% quartz (SiO2) cement that was apparently deposited by advecting groundwater. By the end of the decade, Hayes (1979) and Surdam and Boles (1979) argued forcefully that the extent to which diagenesis has altered sediments in sedimentary basins can be explained only by recognition of the role of groundwater flow in transporting dissolved mass. This view has become largely accepted among geoscientists, although it is clear that the scale of groundwater flow might range from the regional (e.g., Bethke and Marshak, 1990) to circulation cells perhaps as small as tens of meters (e.g., Bjorlykke and Egeberg, 1993; Aplin and Warren, 1994).
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Diagenesis is the set of processes by which sediments evolve after they are deposited and begin to be buried. Diagenesis includes physical effects such as compaction and the deformation of grains in the sediment (or sedimentary rock), as well as chemical reactions such as the dissolution of grains and the precipitation of minerals to form cements in the sediment's pore space. The chemical aspects of diagenesis are of special interest here. Formerly, geologists considered chemical diagenesis to be a process by which the minerals and pore fluid in a sediment reacted with each other in response to changes in temperature, pressure, and stress. As early as the 1960s and especially since the 1970s, however, geologists have recognized that many diagenetic reactions occur in systems open to groundwater flow and mass transfer. The reactions proceed in response to a supply of reactants introduced into the sediments by flowing groundwater, which also serves to remove reaction products. Hay (1963, 1966), in studies of the origin of diagenetic zeolite, was perhaps the first to emphasize the effects of mass transport on sediment diagenesis. He showed that sediments open to groundwater flow followed reaction pathways different from those observed in sediments through which flow was restricted. Sibley and Blatt (1976) used cathodoluminescence microscopy to observe the Tuscarora orthoquartzite of the Appalachian basin. The almost nonporous Tuscarora had previously been taken as a classic example of pressure welding, but the microscopy demonstrated that the rock is not especially well compacted but, instead, tightly cemented. The rock consists of as much as 40% quartz (SiO2) cement that was apparently deposited by advecting groundwater. By the end of the decade, Hayes (1979) and Surdam and Boles (1979) argued forcefully that the extent to which diagenesis has altered sediments in sedimentary basins can be explained only by recognition of the role of groundwater flow in transporting dissolved mass. This view has become largely accepted among geoscientists, although it is clear that the scale of groundwater flow might range from the regional (e.g., Bethke and Marshak, 1990) to circulation cells perhaps as small as tens of meters (e.g., Bjorlykke and Egeberg, 1993; Aplin and Warren, 1994).
Craig M. Bethke
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195094756
- eISBN:
- 9780197560778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0026
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
In efforts to increase and extend production from oil and gas fields, as well as to keep wells operational, petroleum engineers pump a wide variety of fluids into the ...
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In efforts to increase and extend production from oil and gas fields, as well as to keep wells operational, petroleum engineers pump a wide variety of fluids into the subsurface. Fluids are injected into petroleum reservoirs for a number of purposes, including: • Waterflooding, where an available fresh or saline water is injected into the reservoir to displace oil toward producing wells. • Improved Oil Recovery (IOR), where a range of more exotic fluids such as steam (hot water), caustic solutions, carbon dioxide, foams, polymers, surfactants, and so on are injected to improve recovery beyond what might be obtained by waterflooding alone. • Near-well treatments, in which chemicals are injected into producing and sometimes injector wells, where they are intended to react with the reservoir rock. Well stimulation techniques such as acidization, for example, are intended to increase the formation's permeability. Alternatively, producing wells may receive “squeeze treatments” in which a mineral scale inhibitor is injected into the formation. In this case, the treatment is designed so that the inhibitor sorbs onto mineral surfaces, where it can gradually desorb into the formation water during production. • Pressure management, where fluid is injected into oil fields in order to maintain adequate fluid pressure in reservoir rocks. Calcium carbonate may precipitate as mineral scale, for example, if pressure is allowed to deteriorate, especially in fields where formation fluids are rich in Ca++ and HCO3- and CO2 fugacity is high. In each of these procedures, the injected fluid can be expected to be far from equilibrium with sediments and formation waters. As such, it is likely to react extensively once it enters the formation, causing some minerals to dissolve and others to precipitate. Hutcheon (1984) appropriately refers to this process as “artificial diagenesis,” drawing an analogy to the role of groundwater flow in the diagenesis of natural sediments (see Chapter 19). Further reaction is likely if the injected fluid breaks through to producing wells and mixes there with formation waters. There is considerable potential, therefore, for mineral scale, such as barium sulfate (see the next section), to form during these procedures.
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In efforts to increase and extend production from oil and gas fields, as well as to keep wells operational, petroleum engineers pump a wide variety of fluids into the subsurface. Fluids are injected into petroleum reservoirs for a number of purposes, including: • Waterflooding, where an available fresh or saline water is injected into the reservoir to displace oil toward producing wells. • Improved Oil Recovery (IOR), where a range of more exotic fluids such as steam (hot water), caustic solutions, carbon dioxide, foams, polymers, surfactants, and so on are injected to improve recovery beyond what might be obtained by waterflooding alone. • Near-well treatments, in which chemicals are injected into producing and sometimes injector wells, where they are intended to react with the reservoir rock. Well stimulation techniques such as acidization, for example, are intended to increase the formation's permeability. Alternatively, producing wells may receive “squeeze treatments” in which a mineral scale inhibitor is injected into the formation. In this case, the treatment is designed so that the inhibitor sorbs onto mineral surfaces, where it can gradually desorb into the formation water during production. • Pressure management, where fluid is injected into oil fields in order to maintain adequate fluid pressure in reservoir rocks. Calcium carbonate may precipitate as mineral scale, for example, if pressure is allowed to deteriorate, especially in fields where formation fluids are rich in Ca++ and HCO3- and CO2 fugacity is high. In each of these procedures, the injected fluid can be expected to be far from equilibrium with sediments and formation waters. As such, it is likely to react extensively once it enters the formation, causing some minerals to dissolve and others to precipitate. Hutcheon (1984) appropriately refers to this process as “artificial diagenesis,” drawing an analogy to the role of groundwater flow in the diagenesis of natural sediments (see Chapter 19). Further reaction is likely if the injected fluid breaks through to producing wells and mixes there with formation waters. There is considerable potential, therefore, for mineral scale, such as barium sulfate (see the next section), to form during these procedures.
Grace Yen Shen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226090405
- eISBN:
- 9780226090542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226090542.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Chapter 5 examines how Chinese geologists dealt with the Japanese occupation of China’s coastal regions during the War of Resistance. The chapter describes the great inland migration of Chinese ...
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Chapter 5 examines how Chinese geologists dealt with the Japanese occupation of China’s coastal regions during the War of Resistance. The chapter describes the great inland migration of Chinese scientific institutions and the problems of wartime scarcity. Under these conditions, Chinese geology expanded to include new members without the same intellectual pedigrees as the pre-war community, and existing institutions had to develop new mechanisms for initiating them into an active research community. The move to the Interior also opened up previously inaccessible frontier territories to Chinese geological investigation, and the urgency of China’s fuel shortage brought the Geological Survey to these outlying areas in search of petroleum. On one hand, the wartime experience galvanized the community and gave it the confidence to privilege the physical evidence of the earth over naysaying foreign authorities. However, the isolation of war also narrowed Chinese focus, and Chinese geology showed signs of becoming strictly the geology of China by Chinese, rather than an open program of scientific exchange.Less
Chapter 5 examines how Chinese geologists dealt with the Japanese occupation of China’s coastal regions during the War of Resistance. The chapter describes the great inland migration of Chinese scientific institutions and the problems of wartime scarcity. Under these conditions, Chinese geology expanded to include new members without the same intellectual pedigrees as the pre-war community, and existing institutions had to develop new mechanisms for initiating them into an active research community. The move to the Interior also opened up previously inaccessible frontier territories to Chinese geological investigation, and the urgency of China’s fuel shortage brought the Geological Survey to these outlying areas in search of petroleum. On one hand, the wartime experience galvanized the community and gave it the confidence to privilege the physical evidence of the earth over naysaying foreign authorities. However, the isolation of war also narrowed Chinese focus, and Chinese geology showed signs of becoming strictly the geology of China by Chinese, rather than an open program of scientific exchange.
William J. Norris
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801454493
- eISBN:
- 9781501704031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801454493.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter examines the challenge of state control with regard to the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It considers how the state utilizes economic statecraft in the context of efforts ...
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This chapter examines the challenge of state control with regard to the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It considers how the state utilizes economic statecraft in the context of efforts to secure oil through the creation and subsequent “going out” of the Chinese national oil corporations, which were among the earliest Chinese commercial actors to venture abroad. The chapter begins with a historical background on China's petroleum industry and its relationship to the Chinese state before turning to a discussion of the CNPC's early efforts to venture abroad. In particular, it discusses the CNPC's activities in Sudan and the strategic difficulties caused by the state's “going out” policy. It also explains how Chinese authorities sought to re-establish control over the international activities of its commercial actors in the extractive resources sector through balance of relative resources and unity of the state.Less
This chapter examines the challenge of state control with regard to the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It considers how the state utilizes economic statecraft in the context of efforts to secure oil through the creation and subsequent “going out” of the Chinese national oil corporations, which were among the earliest Chinese commercial actors to venture abroad. The chapter begins with a historical background on China's petroleum industry and its relationship to the Chinese state before turning to a discussion of the CNPC's early efforts to venture abroad. In particular, it discusses the CNPC's activities in Sudan and the strategic difficulties caused by the state's “going out” policy. It also explains how Chinese authorities sought to re-establish control over the international activities of its commercial actors in the extractive resources sector through balance of relative resources and unity of the state.
Tammy L. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034296
- eISBN:
- 9780262333382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034296.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Chapter one opens with a contemporary dilemma in Ecuador: with the help of the “international community” will the nation complete the Yasuní-ITT Initiative, which would keep its “oil in the soil” to ...
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Chapter one opens with a contemporary dilemma in Ecuador: with the help of the “international community” will the nation complete the Yasuní-ITT Initiative, which would keep its “oil in the soil” to protect its biodiversity, indigenous tribes, and limit greenhouse gasses, or will it drill for petroleum and use the proceeds to further the social and economic development of its people? Through this example, the rest of the chapter develops the central concern of the book: how can states and civil society work within the constraints of the global economic structure to develop sustainably? Three possible futures for development are laid out: sustainable development, extractive development, and alternatives to development. The theoretical underpinning of the book, the treadmill of production theory, is explained with regard to the key players in the narrative: the state, nongovernmental organizations, social movement activists, and transnational organizations. The chapter concludes with an overview of the argument and the book.Less
Chapter one opens with a contemporary dilemma in Ecuador: with the help of the “international community” will the nation complete the Yasuní-ITT Initiative, which would keep its “oil in the soil” to protect its biodiversity, indigenous tribes, and limit greenhouse gasses, or will it drill for petroleum and use the proceeds to further the social and economic development of its people? Through this example, the rest of the chapter develops the central concern of the book: how can states and civil society work within the constraints of the global economic structure to develop sustainably? Three possible futures for development are laid out: sustainable development, extractive development, and alternatives to development. The theoretical underpinning of the book, the treadmill of production theory, is explained with regard to the key players in the narrative: the state, nongovernmental organizations, social movement activists, and transnational organizations. The chapter concludes with an overview of the argument and the book.