Search Results

Anthology-Making

William Wootten

in The Alvarez Generation: Thom Gunn, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and Peter Porter

This chapter focuses on poetry anthologies published in the 1950s and 1960s. Robert Conquest's 1956 Macmillan anthology New Lines was responsible for consolidating the arguments and personnel of the ... More

This chapter focuses on poetry anthologies published in the 1950s and 1960s. Robert Conquest's 1956 Macmillan anthology New Lines was responsible for consolidating the arguments and personnel of the Movement in the public mind. This was achieved through his clear taste and agenda, New Lines' limited personnel of just nine poets, and the generous selections from the poets' work it contained. Another anthology published in the same year was G. S. Fraser's Poetry Now, where no less than 74 poets are represented. The contents list reveals that Fraser was acquainted with the work of many poets from all sides of the poetry world, while the introduction reveals him to be well informed on recent poetic trends. Penguin, the biggest British publisher at that time, also drew up a scheme for new poetry anthologies: a new edition of Kenneth Allott's Contemporary Verse; Poetry since the War, a book suggested by [C. B.] Cox and [A. E.] Dyson of the Critical Quarterly; and An Anthology of Twentieth Century Lyrics with an emphasis on the Georgian style and its inheritors to be edited by one John Smith.Less

Children of The New Poetry

William Wootten

in The Alvarez Generation: Thom Gunn, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and Peter Porter

This chapter argues that the offsprings of The New Poetry have neither the nerve nor nous to have both the fierce partiality and the representativeness of Alvarez. Its Penguin successor, Blake ... More

This chapter argues that the offsprings of The New Poetry have neither the nerve nor nous to have both the fierce partiality and the representativeness of Alvarez. Its Penguin successor, Blake Morrison and Andrew Motion's Penguin Book of Contemporary British Verse, was ultimately a consolidation of a dominant taste more than an argument for a fresh one. The oft-stated complaint about the younger poets championed in their book is that their work was merely a continuation of the Movement by flashier device, but in truth a number of them are better seen as children of The New Poetry. Bloodaxe, a specialist poetry house, has for the last two decades taken upon itself to publish generation-defining anthologies. Its own The New Poetry borrowed Alvarez's title, if not his sense of purpose, but drew heavily on the format and ethos of Edward Lucie-Smith, if not his evaluative sense. The editors assembled work which often showed the influence of Paul Muldoon as well as the New York Poets, whose sense of play, even of fun, is much more clearly at odds with the spirits of Alvarez and of Conquest than are the influences of the Motion/Morison book.Less

Discrimination and the Popular Arts

Christopher Hilliard

in English as a Vocation: The 'Scrutiny' Movement

Chapter 6 examines two major efforts to apply the approaches of Scrutiny's cultural criticism to the post-war scene, which now included commercial television and more complex popular art forms aimed ... More

Chapter 6 examines two major efforts to apply the approaches of Scrutiny's cultural criticism to the post-war scene, which now included commercial television and more complex popular art forms aimed at young people. The Penguin volume Discrimination and Popular Culture, which was dominated by Leavis's pupils, grew out of a 1960 teachers’ conference on ‘Popular Culture and Personal Responsibility’. So too did Stuart Hall and Paddy Whannel's The Popular Arts, which adapted Scrutiny ideas and Scrutiny rhetoric to defend certain kinds of film and music as genuinely ‘popular’ and creative, distinguishing them from the rest of ‘mass civilization’. The Popular Arts was consistent with the programme of ‘cultural studies’ that Richard Hoggart outlined for the new centre at the University of Birmingham, but sociology and western Marxism quickly supplanted this ‘left-Leavisite’ version of cultural studies.Less

Minority Culture and the Penguin Public

Christopher Hilliard

in English as a Vocation: The 'Scrutiny' Movement

This chapter examines the engagement of Scrutiny contributors and F. R. Leavis's pupils with wider publics. F. R. Leavis's idea of ‘minority culture’ was not simply ‘elitist’ but envisioned a chain ... More

This chapter examines the engagement of Scrutiny contributors and F. R. Leavis's pupils with wider publics. F. R. Leavis's idea of ‘minority culture’ was not simply ‘elitist’ but envisioned a chain of ever larger ‘publics’ that could be guided indirectly by a critical minority. The chapter discusses his own public interventions during the 1960s and 1970s, and contrasts them with those of his followers, who went in for the sorts of popularizing usually practised by British intellectuals in the twentieth century. The focus is on the seven-volume Pelican Guide to English Literature edited by Boris Ford, which projected Scrutiny interpretations to a mass audience. Working from the Penguin archives, the chapter charts the series's publishing history, and explores the ways the context of a survey text affected critical judgements in the Scrutiny mode.Less

Children of The New Poetry

William Wootten

in The Alvarez Generation: Thom Gunn, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and Peter Porter

This chapter argues that the offsprings of The New Poetry have neither the nerve nor nous to have both the fierce partiality and the representativeness of Alvarez. Its Penguin successor, Blake ... More

This chapter argues that the offsprings of The New Poetry have neither the nerve nor nous to have both the fierce partiality and the representativeness of Alvarez. Its Penguin successor, Blake Morrison and Andrew Motion's Penguin Book of Contemporary British Verse, was ultimately a consolidation of a dominant taste more than an argument for a fresh one. The oft-stated complaint about the younger poets championed in their book is that their work was merely a continuation of the Movement by flashier device, but in truth a number of them are better seen as children of The New Poetry. Bloodaxe, a specialist poetry house, has for the last two decades taken upon itself to publish generation-defining anthologies. Its own The New Poetry borrowed Alvarez's title, if not his sense of purpose, but drew heavily on the format and ethos of Edward Lucie-Smith, if not his evaluative sense. The editors assembled work which often showed the influence of Paul Muldoon as well as the New York Poets, whose sense of play, even of fun, is much more clearly at odds with the spirits of Alvarez and of Conquest than are the influences of the Motion/Morison book.Less

Anthology-Making

William Wootten

in The Alvarez Generation: Thom Gunn, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and Peter Porter

This chapter focuses on poetry anthologies published in the 1950s and 1960s. Robert Conquest's 1956 Macmillan anthology New Lines was responsible for consolidating the arguments and personnel of the ... More

This chapter focuses on poetry anthologies published in the 1950s and 1960s. Robert Conquest's 1956 Macmillan anthology New Lines was responsible for consolidating the arguments and personnel of the Movement in the public mind. This was achieved through his clear taste and agenda, New Lines' limited personnel of just nine poets, and the generous selections from the poets' work it contained. Another anthology published in the same year was G. S. Fraser's Poetry Now, where no less than 74 poets are represented. The contents list reveals that Fraser was acquainted with the work of many poets from all sides of the poetry world, while the introduction reveals him to be well informed on recent poetic trends. Penguin, the biggest British publisher at that time, also drew up a scheme for new poetry anthologies: a new edition of Kenneth Allott's Contemporary Verse; Poetry since the War, a book suggested by [C. B.] Cox and [A. E.] Dyson of the Critical Quarterly; and An Anthology of Twentieth Century Lyrics with an emphasis on the Georgian style and its inheritors to be edited by one John Smith.Less

Introductory Overview

Raymond C. Smith

in Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomena that has a worldwide impact on climate. An aperiodic phenomena that reoccurs every 2 to 7 years, the ENSO is second ... More

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomena that has a worldwide impact on climate. An aperiodic phenomena that reoccurs every 2 to 7 years, the ENSO is second only to seasonal variability in driving worldwide weather patterns. As Greenland notes in chapter 6, the term “quasi-quintennial” is chosen to recognize that climatic events other than ENSO-related events might occur at this timescale, although it is widely recognized that ENSO contributes the lion’s share of the higher frequency variability in paleorecords of the past several thousand years. In this section, we consider variability with cycles of 2 to 7 years and the resulting ecological response. Although we emphasize the ENSO timescale in this section, there is growing evidence that this phenomena is neither spatially nor temporally stable over longer time periods. Indeed, Allan (2000) suggests the ENSO climatic variability must be viewed within the context of climate fluctuations at decadal to interdecadal timescales, which often modulate the higher frequency ENSO variability. As a consequence, results in this and the next section often display overlapping patterns of variability, and their separation is not sharply defined. An important theme in this section is the worldwide influence of ENSO-related climate variability. Greenland (chapter 6) provides an LTER network overview with an analysis of ENSO-related variability of temperature and precipitation records for many LTER sites from the Arctic to the Antarctic. He discusses the general nature of ENSO and its climatic effects, summarizes previous climate-related work in the LTER network, and provides a cross-site analysis of the correlations between the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and temperature and precipitation at LTER sites. His results are consistent with the expected patterns of the geography of ENSO effects on the climate. Greenland’s cross-site analysis provides the basis for studying climate variability and ecosystem response within the context of the series of framework questions that form an underlying theme for this volume. Brazel and Ellis (chapter 7) provide an excellent analysis of climate-related parameters within the context of ENSO indices. Reporting on the Central Arizona and Phoenix (CAP) LTER urban-rural ecosystem, these authors provide a comprehensive analysis linking water-related parameters to climate forcing, as indicated by these indexes. Their studies show a strong connection between ENSO and winter moisture in Arizona, perhaps making it possible to forecast impending conditions. Less

Introduction

Christopher Hilliard

in A Matter of Obscenity: The Politics of Censorship in Modern England

This chapter introduces the concept of obscenity trials. Mervyn Griffith-Jones is known for his self-inflicted wound amidst the Lady Chatterley's Lover trial which prosecuted Penguin Books for ... More

This chapter introduces the concept of obscenity trials. Mervyn Griffith-Jones is known for his self-inflicted wound amidst the Lady Chatterley's Lover trial which prosecuted Penguin Books for publishing D. H. Lawrence's novel thirty years after his passing. Moreover, English obscenity law bore the imprint of Victorian debates about literacy and citizenship. The Lady Chatterley's Lover trial's synthesis of democratization and deference unraveled after ten years as it was under attack by a new cohort of morals campaigners. Activists played an outsized part in the politics of censorship. The chapter indicates how the title will focus on offensive publications crystallizing questions of culture, freedom, and order for censors and their opponents, jurists, artists, and ordinary people.Less

The Lady Chatterley’s Lover Trial: 1960

Christopher Hilliard

in A Matter of Obscenity: The Politics of Censorship in Modern England

This chapter covers Lady Chatterley's Lover Trial. The 1960 Penguin Books trial was a contest over the authority of a patrician elite that Mervyn Griffith-Jones personified. Griffith-Jones' infamous ... More

This chapter covers Lady Chatterley's Lover Trial. The 1960 Penguin Books trial was a contest over the authority of a patrician elite that Mervyn Griffith-Jones personified. Griffith-Jones' infamous question about wives and servants discredited class-based variable obscenity. The contemporary efforts to reform the laws of divorce, homosexuality, and obscene publications were spearheaded by liberalizing elites challenging traditions important for their class. Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart became influential interpreters of contemporary Britain while being also testimony to the heft of literary criticism in the mid-twentieth century. D. H. Lawrence's novels had a profound influence on Leavisite thinking about life under “industrial society.”Less

The Liberal Hour: 1961–1969

Christopher Hilliard

in A Matter of Obscenity: The Politics of Censorship in Modern England

This chapter looks into the work of liberal reformers. The trial of Penguin Books quickly became a symbol of the decline of establishment authority. Campaigns for and against censorship would involve ... More

This chapter looks into the work of liberal reformers. The trial of Penguin Books quickly became a symbol of the decline of establishment authority. Campaigns for and against censorship would involve more actors than the campaign that resulted in the Obscene Publications Act. Moreover, neofascist and racist leaflets and posters emerged as a concern after the race riots of 1958. Thus, the Labour Party outlawed incitement to racial hatred to curb discrimination in places of public resort. The decriminalization of sexual acts between men also impacted arguments about censorship. The chapter also tackles the Freedom of Vision's teach-in wherein Labour MP Ben Whitaker declared censorship was an infringement of human liberty.Less

People and Places

Robert Brustein

in Millennial Stages: Essays and Reviews 2001-2005

This chapter begins with a book by Patricia Bosworth on the subject of Marlon Brando. Its inclusion in the list of Penguin titles has raised many eyebrows. The reason is not because Penguin is ... More

This chapter begins with a book by Patricia Bosworth on the subject of Marlon Brando. Its inclusion in the list of Penguin titles has raised many eyebrows. The reason is not because Penguin is devoted to high cultural figures. A book on Crazy Horse is included, and so is a projected work on Elvis Presley. If Brando seems misplaced in this company, it is because, though unquestionably an acting genius, he has so often cheapened and abused his prodigious talent. Profoundly scornful of his profession, indifferent toward his artistry, repelled by his own character, he is, in fact, so uninterested in his public self that he refused to be interviewed for this book. For Brando, acting has always triggered his deepest contempt. The reasons for this have something to do with the man and something to do with the Hollywood culture that spawned and exploited him. Bosworth's most valuable contributions to a large Brando biography industry are her speculations about the social and psychological conditions that sparked his apparent self-loathing.Less

Rivals

Michele K. Troy

in Strange Bird: The Albatross Press and the Third Reich

This chapter focuses on the emergence of rival publishers and how Albatross Press responded to the challenge. After the Germans bombarded his London office, John Holroyd-Reece took up his defense of ... More

This chapter focuses on the emergence of rival publishers and how Albatross Press responded to the challenge. After the Germans bombarded his London office, John Holroyd-Reece took up his defense of Albatross from a new location: 13 New Square. The continental market for English books was open to competition, and Holroyd-Reece saw rivals rising up over the horizon. One of them, the Swedish publisher Albert Bonnier, opened a New York office in an attempt to win American rights for his own continental English edition: Clipper Books. As war dragged on, publishers became bolder about challenging Albatross and Bernhard Tauchnitz. On July 30, 1935, Allen Lane launched his Penguin Books into the British market. One of Lane's chief American allies was Kurt Enoch.Less

John Lehmann’s War Effort: The Penguin New Writing (1940–1950)

Tessa Thorniley

in The Modern Short Story and Magazine Culture, 1880-1950

John Lehmann’s The Penguin New Writing (1940-1950) is considered one of the finest literary periodicals of World War Two. The journal was committed to publishing writing about all aspects of wartime ... More

John Lehmann’s The Penguin New Writing (1940-1950) is considered one of the finest literary periodicals of World War Two. The journal was committed to publishing writing about all aspects of wartime life, from the front lines to daily civilian struggles, by writers from around the world. It had an engaged readership and a high circulation. This chapter specifically considers Lehmann’s contribution to the wartime heyday for the short story form, through the example of The Penguin New Writing. By examining Lehmann’s editorial approach this chapter reveals the ways he actively engaged with his contributors, teasing and coaxing short stories out of them and contrasts this with the editorial style of Cyril Connolly at rival Horizon magazine. Stories by, and Lehmann’s interactions with, established writers such as Elizabeth Bowen, Henry Green and Rosamond Lehmann, the emerging writer William Sansom and working-class writers B.L Coombs and Jim Phelan, are the main focus of this chapter. The international outlook of the journal, which promoted satire from China alongside short, mocking works by Graham Greene, is also evaluated as an often overlooked aspect of Lehmann’s venture. Through the short stories and Lehmann’s editorials, this chapter traces how Lehmann sought to shape literature and to elevate the short story form. The chapter concludes by considering how the decline of the short story form in Britain from the 1950s onwards was closely linked to the demise of the magazines which had most actively supported it.Less

The Persistence of the Movement Orthodoxy in the 1980s and 1990s

in The Poetry of Saying: British Poetry and its Discontents, 1950-2000

This chapter discusses how the The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry represents a development of the Movement Orthodoxy. The arrival of the second anthology entitled The New Poetry in 1993 ... More

This chapter discusses how the The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry represents a development of the Movement Orthodoxy. The arrival of the second anthology entitled The New Poetry in 1993 could be regarded either as an unimaginative or an opportunistic confirmation of the ‘negative feedback’ paradigm of Alvarez because it annexed the title and showed similar claims to novelty as its predecessor. The anthology also claimed to show the ‘beginning of the end of British poetry's tribal divisions and isolation, and a new cohesiveness’. The Movement's characteristic ironical strategies are just as often substituted by a less defensive postmodernism and a more playful ‘scepticism’ than the ludic metaphoric tinges of the The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry and the 1980s.Less

UNESCO, the United Kingdom, and Cultural Diversity after the Millennium

Asha Rogers

in State Sponsored Literature: Britain and Cultural Diversity after 1945

This final diachronic chapter steps back from the question of literature’s publicly funded status to consider how cultural diversity became an important site of negotiation in the United Kingdom’s ... More

This final diachronic chapter steps back from the question of literature’s publicly funded status to consider how cultural diversity became an important site of negotiation in the United Kingdom’s dealings with UNESCO. It suggests that cultural diversity was not only a competency developed through post-war state funding but an expansive discourse appropriated by competing geopolitical alliances within UNESCO. The 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions staged the larger tensions between the national and supra-national debates of cultural diversity. For all its flaws, and the United Kingdom’s ongoing ambivalence about UNESCO, the Convention promised to institute a more equitable public culture in ways that the controversy over the 2017 Jhalak Prize for Black Asian and Minority Ethnic writers suggests were sorely needed.Less

Of Public Libraries and Paperbacks: The Sexual Geographies of Reading

Richard Hornsey

in The Spiv and the Architect: Unruly Life in Postwar London

This chapter talks about the environmental factors and prescriptive geographies that surrounded the public life of books during postwar London. It discusses the popularity of the “vulgar” paperback ... More

This chapter talks about the environmental factors and prescriptive geographies that surrounded the public life of books during postwar London. It discusses the popularity of the “vulgar” paperback in London, and how flamboyant book covers challenge the physical relationship of the book on display to the mind and body of prospective consumers. The chapter concludes with an account of the failed prosecution of Penguin Books Ltd. for its publication of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover and the conviction of queer lovers John Orton and Kenneth Halliwell, which demonstrates the sexual orderings that governed the postwar visibility of books.Less

Book, Image, and Social Presence

Stuart Sillars

in Picturing England between the Wars: Word and Image 1918-1940

In the early 1920s, the literary editor Sidney Clark wrote about English classic texts as moral guides for new readers. In 1932, Q. D. Leavis bemoaned the growth of popular fiction as simple escape. ... More

In the early 1920s, the literary editor Sidney Clark wrote about English classic texts as moral guides for new readers. In 1932, Q. D. Leavis bemoaned the growth of popular fiction as simple escape. More positive overall was the growth of books as constructions of word and image, not just through illustrations but in all aspects of design, layout and increasingly through pictorial dust jackets in books of all kinds. Design of covers and binding revealed much about contents, with the Left Book Club and its rival Right Book Club the most extreme, declaring their content and political stance. In new homes, books became a way of presenting the owners’ tastes to visitors; the design of Penguin Books in particular made purchasing easier and cheaper, and also offered books of many kinds, identifiable by colour-coded covers, to new readers.Less

Scholarly Mythopoesis: Robert Graves’s The Greek Myths

Vanda Zajko

in Robert Graves and the Classical Tradition

This chapter presents a fresh perspective on Graves’s The Greek Myths, which in its presentation of Greek myth aims to serve as both a work of reference and literature. This ambiguity, coupled with ... More

This chapter presents a fresh perspective on Graves’s The Greek Myths, which in its presentation of Greek myth aims to serve as both a work of reference and literature. This ambiguity, coupled with inconsistencies in his use of sources and his creative imagination, created a tense relationship between the academy and Graves. Graves’s methodology combined compilation, organization, and interpretation to produce a corrective to previous scholarship. He wanted to establish a historical and archaeological basis of Greek mythology and reorient it at the centre of the study of early European history. The White Goddess conveys Graves’s idea of a ‘universal pre-history of humankind’, and takes an anthropological approach where myths are evidence of historical events which can be demonstrated once they are interpreted. Myths were puzzles to be solved which required linguistic skills to unlock the ‘prehistoric mentalité’, and he believed in iconotropy, where mythographers’ misinterpretations distorted matters—it would be Graves who would correct these distortions.Less

An LTER Network Overview and Introduction to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Climatic Signal and Response

David Greenland

in Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites

Part II of this book deals with the quasi-quintennial timescale that is dominated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. During the last 50 years, ENSO has operated with a ... More

Part II of this book deals with the quasi-quintennial timescale that is dominated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. During the last 50 years, ENSO has operated with a recurrence interval between peak values of 2–7 years. The term quasi-quintennial is chosen to recognize that climatic events other than ENSO-related ones might occur at this timescale. The general significance of the ENSO phenomenon lies in its influence on natural and human ecosystems. It has been estimated that severe El Niño–related flooding and droughts in Africa, Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia resulted in more than 22,000 lives lost and more than $36 billion in damages during 1997– 1998 (Buizer et al. 2000). The specific significance of ENSO within the context of this book is that it provides fairly well-bounded climatic events for which specific ecological responses may be identified. In the other chapters in part II, we first look at the U.S. Southwest. The Southwest is home to an urban LTER site, the Central Arizona-Phoenix (CAP) site. Tony Brazel and Andrew Ellis describe the clear ENSO climatic signal at this site and identify surprising responses that cascade into the human/economic system. Ray Smith, Bill Fraser, and Sharon Stammerjohn provide more details of the fascinating ecological responses of the Palmer Antarctic ecosystem to ENSO. World maps of ENSO climatic signals do not usually show the Antarctic, and the LTER program provides some groundbreaking results at this location, with Smith and coworkers (see the Synthesis at the end of this part) providing such maps (figures S.1 and S.2). Kathy Welch and her colleagues present equally new discoveries related to freshwater aquatic ecosystems from the other Antarctic LTER site at the McMurdo Dry Valleys. This chapter gives a general introduction to ENSO and its climatic effects. How ever, these general patterns may mask the detailed responses that occur at individual locations. This is one reason for presenting the principal results of previous findings related to El Niños and LTER sites and one particular analysis focused on LTER sites. This analysis for the period 1957–1990 investigates the response of monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation standardized anomaly values to El Niño and La Niña events as indicated by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (Greenland 1999). Less

Climate Variability and Ecological Response of the Marine Ecosystem in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) Region

Raymond C. Smith and William R. Fraser

in Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites

The Antarctic Peninsula, a relatively long, narrow extension of the Antarctic continent, defines a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to its south and the warm, moist ... More

The Antarctic Peninsula, a relatively long, narrow extension of the Antarctic continent, defines a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to its south and the warm, moist maritime regime to its north. The potential for these contrasting climate regimes to shift in dominance from season to season and year to year creates a highly variable environment that is sensitive to climate perturbation. Consequently, long-term studies in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, which is the location of the Palmer LTER (figure 9.1), provide the opportunity to observe how climate-driven variability in the physical environment is related to changes in the marine ecosystem (Ross et al. 1996; Smith et al. 1996; Smith et al. 1999). This is a sea ice–dominated ecosystem where the annual advance and retreat of the sea ice is a major physical determinant of spatial and temporal change in its structure and function, from total annual primary production to the breeding success and survival of seabirds. Mounting evidence suggests that the earth is experiencing a period of rapid climate change, and air temperature records from the last half century confirm a statistically significant warming trend within the WAP during the past half century (King 1994; King and Harangozo 1998; Marshall and King 1998; Ross et al. 1996; Sansom 1989; Smith et al. 1996; Stark 1994; van den Broeke 1998; Weatherly et al. 1991). Air temperature–sea ice linkages appear to be very strong in the WAP region (Jacka 1990; Jacka and Budd 1991; King 1994; Smith et al. 1996; Weatherly et al. 1991), and a statistically significant anticorrelation between air temperatures and sea ice extent has been observed for this region. Consistent with this strong coupling, sea ice extent in the WAP area has trended down during this period of satellite observations, and the sea ice season has shortened. In addition, both air temperature and sea ice have been shown to be significantly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which suggests possible linkages among sea ice, cyclonic activity, and global teleconnections. Less