Search Results

The journey experience

Juliet Jain and William Clayton

in Transport Matters

Travel is more than getting from A to B: it is an experience. How people use their time, and how their time use shapes experience, has been subject to enquiry over the last 15 years. This chapter ... More

Travel is more than getting from A to B: it is an experience. How people use their time, and how their time use shapes experience, has been subject to enquiry over the last 15 years. This chapter synthesises the evidence demonstrating that while the research emphasis has been on the productivity of passengers in trains and buses, other tropes need to emerge that incorporate the car, and ‘anti-activity’ such as sleep and rest. We conclude by considering the challenge for policy of incorporating the spectrum of individual value of travel time activities. We also question how to direct investment into the elements of travel that affect experience, such as free WiFi on board trains, where technology change is rapid. Finally, we note that where the travel experience is enhanced there is a challenge for sustainability if the experience of longer distance travel becomse too attractive.Less

Promoting the Far West

Richard J. Orsi

in Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1850-1930

This chapter discusses the various promotional schemes of the Southern Pacific Company. It looks at the earliest organized promotional programs for the territories of the railroad, the first of which ... More

This chapter discusses the various promotional schemes of the Southern Pacific Company. It looks at the earliest organized promotional programs for the territories of the railroad, the first of which was the introduction of the slow emigrant cars, which were aimed at encouraging travel and settlement. The second was the sending of displays of Californian products to eastern and European fairs, which eventually became a permanent and productive feature of company policy. Finally, the third was the use of existing booster organizations to achieve the goals of the company of stimulating population and economic growth. The chapter then turns to the Immigration Plan of 1883 and the problems and scandals related to it, the takeover of the Passenger Department, and the traditional interpretation of the role of the Southern Pacific in the history of California and the West.Less

Bulk Passenger Freight Trades, 1750-1870

Lars U. Scholl

in Merchants and Mariners: Selected Maritime Writings of David M. Williams

This chapter groups together passenger cargoes - the trade of slaves, emigrants, convicts, servants, and contract labourers - in order to determine the collective characteristics of their passage. ... More

This chapter groups together passenger cargoes - the trade of slaves, emigrants, convicts, servants, and contract labourers - in order to determine the collective characteristics of their passage. Williams examines a series of Passenger Acts, and the developing role the government undertook to ensure successful passenger cargoes. He determines that overcrowding, accommodation, dietary provisions, medical facilities, and the seaworthiness of vessels all became subject to government scrutiny and legislation. Williams’ most significant conclusion in this piece is the influence these measures and acts implemented at the start of the nineteenth century would have on the rights and welfare reforms for shipping employees at the end of it.Less

Joseph Losey and Michelangelo Antonioni: the expatriate eye and the parallax view

John Orr

in Romantics and Modernists in British Cinema

The 1960s was the start of a new cinema in Britain, a neo-modern remake of 1920s modernism for the sound era: 1963 with the release of The Servant was as momentous as 1929, and the expatriate eye was ... More

The 1960s was the start of a new cinema in Britain, a neo-modern remake of 1920s modernism for the sound era: 1963 with the release of The Servant was as momentous as 1929, and the expatriate eye was an integral part of modernism's second wave, the aesthetic dominant in the rise of the British neo-modern an aesthetic which can be called the aesthetics of the parallax view. In general, the writing is native, and the fusion of expatriate eye and insider's text counts for so much — John and Penelope Mortimer with Otto Ludwig Preminger, Harold Pinter with Joseph Losey, Edward Bond and Mark Peploe with Michelangelo Antonioni, Anthony Burgess freely providing his brilliant novel for Stanley Kubrick, Martin Ritt and Sidney Lumet with Paul Dehn adapting John Le Carré. This chapter examines Joseph Losey's films The Servant and Accident; Michelangelo Antonioni's Blow-Up, The Passenger, and Profession: Reporter; Alain Resnais's Providence; and Chris Petit's Radio On.Less

The Anthropocene and the Catawba

Scott Huler

in A Delicious Country: Rediscovering the Carolinas along the Route of John Lawson's 1700 Expedition

This chapter explores Lawson’s observation of nature and the history of the Catawba. Huler reviews Lawson’s recordings of birds, particularly the Carolina parakeet and the passenger pigeon. During ... More

This chapter explores Lawson’s observation of nature and the history of the Catawba. Huler reviews Lawson’s recordings of birds, particularly the Carolina parakeet and the passenger pigeon. During Huler’s stay in Catawba, he takes interest in the pottery displays at the Native American Studies Center. Huler compares the land from Lawson’s period to modern time and describes Lawson’s experience with the Indians there and their loss of territory.Less

Carrier Sanctions and ILOs: Anticipated Enforcement of Visa Requirements through ‘Imperfect Delegation’—Diverting Flows, Entrenching Unsafety

Violeta Moreno-Lax

in Accessing Asylum in Europe: Extraterritorial Border Controls and Refugee Rights under EU Law

Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) ... More

Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) schemes proliferating afterwards. Techniques of ‘remote control’ have now been communautarised, providing an additional layer of control. Both carriers and ILOs have privileged access to migrants bound to the EU already at the pre-entry phase. Making them responsible for the anticipated enforcement of visas has the potential to block lines of regular (and safe) access to those in need of international protection. This chapter is concerned with these developments. It analyses carrier sanctions and ILOs legislation, comparing the EU regime with its international counterparts. The review encompasses the pre- and post-Schengen periods as well as recent innovations concerning the automated treatment and transfer of advance passenger information (API) and the creation of ‘Frontex liaison officers’. The impact of carrier sanctions and ILO activities on refugee flows is scrutinized at the end, pointing at a structural incompatibility of advance border enforcement, through a model of ‘imperfect delegation’/’hidden coercion’, with basic guarantees against denial of entry.Less

Introduction

in The Time of the Crime: Phenomenology, Psychoanalysis, Italian Film

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about crime in Italian films in the early 1960s and late 1970s. It explores the phenomenology and provides a psychoanalysis of ... More

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about crime in Italian films in the early 1960s and late 1970s. It explores the phenomenology and provides a psychoanalysis of the films Blow-Up and The Passenger directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, The Night Porter directed by Liliana Cavani, Oedipus Rex directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and The Spider's Stratagem directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. These films revolve around the image of the crime scene and present a crime to be “seen” in the folds of the landscape as well as on the faces of people and things. This volume discusses the vicissitudes of cinematic vision through an intermingling of media and proposes a writing of spectatorship that attempts to retrace the patterns and rhythms through which each film says or shows that something “will have been.”Less

The Scene of the Crime

in The Time of the Crime: Phenomenology, Psychoanalysis, Italian Film

This chapter examines the depiction of the crime scene in Michelangelo Antonioni's films Blow-Up and The Passenger. It explains that the subversive use of perspective in these films lead the ... More

This chapter examines the depiction of the crime scene in Michelangelo Antonioni's films Blow-Up and The Passenger. It explains that the subversive use of perspective in these films lead the spectators to see death not as a fact but as a possibility and that the crime scene in both films is organized according to the rules of perspective. This chapter also argues that Antonioni's spatial arrangements coincide with forms of convoluted time, configuration where the present cannot be isolated from the past and the future and where death cannot be relegated to a single temporal dimension.Less

Leaving for California: The Gold Rush and Hong Kong's Development as an Emigrant Port

Elizabeth Sinn

in Pacific Crossing: Californian Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong

Hong Kong assumed a new identity as a safe and free embarkation port when thousands of Chinese emigrants began pouring through it for Gold Mountain, and thrived. This significantly distinguished it ... More

Hong Kong assumed a new identity as a safe and free embarkation port when thousands of Chinese emigrants began pouring through it for Gold Mountain, and thrived. This significantly distinguished it from ports for coerced migration, often called the “coolie trade”. Its popularity among free emigrants exiting and returning to China was maintained long after the gold rush as Chinese continued going to California to work on the railroads and other occupations, and through San Francisco to other parts of the North America. Besides the legal structure, other elements in Hong Kong society, including Chinese-language newspapers and Chinese organizations –– especially the Tung Wah Hospital –– brought security and comfort to emigrants. The chapter also offers rare descriptions of passenger experienceLess

The Quality, Skill and Supply of Maritime Labour: Causes of Concern in Britain, 1850-1914

Lars U. Scholl

in Merchants and Mariners: Selected Maritime Writings of David M. Williams

This final chapter is divided into three sections. The first concerns the skills of maritime labourers; the second addresses the alleged shortages of seamen; and the third is the contemporary ... More

This final chapter is divided into three sections. The first concerns the skills of maritime labourers; the second addresses the alleged shortages of seamen; and the third is the contemporary perception of and responses to these concerns. Williams examines public concerns over perceived lack of maritime employment in relation to nostalgia, and a pervasive, romanticised view of sailing and sailing culture. Williams finds, and concludes, that nostalgia for traditional sailing, yearning for a glorified British Empire, and an emotional public mindset, made little impression on the economic progress made during the age of steam, expansion, and technological development.Less

The Role of Foreign-born Agents in the Development of Mass Migrant Travel through Britain, 1851-1924

Nicholas J. Evans

in Maritime Transport and Migration: The Connections between Maritime and Migration Networks

This chapter examines how Britain profited from the foreign component of the passenger trade through the employment of foreign-born agents in the development of British business ventures. It ... More

This chapter examines how Britain profited from the foreign component of the passenger trade through the employment of foreign-born agents in the development of British business ventures. It considers the role of commercial agents, translators, and lodging-house keepers on land, and merchant marines, Lascar seamen, and various maritime crew at sea, in effort to determine how pivotal foreign-born labour was to the British shipping industry. It argues that without the aid of foreign-born agents, British shipping companies would have lost their competitive international advantage fairly quickly. By analysing the British emigration market over the course of the nineteenth century; the activity of British ports; and actions of British shipping companies including Cunard and White Star, it concludes that foreign agents ensured that the revolution in transoceanic passenger shipping flowed through British companies, rectifying the historical assumption that foreign agents took advantage of the British market.Less

Costs, Risks and Migration Networks between Europe and the United States, 1900-1914

Drew Keeling

Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, Stephan Vanfraechem, Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stéphane Hoste, and Stephan Vanfraechem (eds)

in Maritime Transport and Migration: The Connections between Maritime and Migration Networks

This essays explores the peak period of voluntary mass migration between Europe and the United States - 1900 to 1914. It focuses on the four major networks that enabled migration in such high ... More

This essays explores the peak period of voluntary mass migration between Europe and the United States - 1900 to 1914. It focuses on the four major networks that enabled migration in such high numbers: kinship and community; steamship agents; steamship conferences; and government regulatory bodies. It analyses the push and pull factors of mass migration; the business risks plaguing passenger cargo over freight cargo; the US political responses to mass migration; the cost of migration; and the approaches to risk management in migration networks. It concludes by claiming that the well-documented risk-mitigating networks during the ‘Great Migration’ offers insights into the migration networks of the early twenty-first century and provides possible solutions for coping with the contemporary risks of globalisation.Less

Shipping and Trade, Passenger Trades

David M. Williams and Andrew P. White

in A Select Bibliography of British and Irish University Theses about Maritime History, 1792-1990

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Passenger Trades, with particular emphasis on the Slave Trade; Emigration across Countries; the Transportation of Convicts; Indentured Labour and ... More

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Passenger Trades, with particular emphasis on the Slave Trade; Emigration across Countries; the Transportation of Convicts; Indentured Labour and ‘Coolie’ Trades.Less

International Trends and Greek Shipping: The Business Strategy of Demetrios Moraitis, 1893-1908

Vassilis Kardasis

in Global Markets: The Internationalization of the Sea Transport Industries since 1850

This chapter studies the career of Demetrios Moraitis, a successful Greek shipowner who established the Transoceanic Greek Steam Navigation Company, and brought Greek shipping into the passenger ... More

This chapter studies the career of Demetrios Moraitis, a successful Greek shipowner who established the Transoceanic Greek Steam Navigation Company, and brought Greek shipping into the passenger shipping business in 1907 by emulating the passenger steamer technology and methodology of European neighbours. The chapter focuses his fundraising tactics, his risk-taking, and the obstacles present in his attempt order to bypass the traditional Greek shipowning business in favour of transatlantic trade, and concludes by asserting that his career had a strong effect on the direction of the Greek shipping industryLess

First Downpour: Chinese Immigrants and Gilded Age Politics, 1876–1882

Lon Kurashige

in Two Faces of Exclusion: The Untold History of Anti-Asian Racism in the United States

This chapter examines the first policy to restrict Chinese immigration to the United States by tracing its background in broad political transformations during the Gilded Age, including the end of ... More

This chapter examines the first policy to restrict Chinese immigration to the United States by tracing its background in broad political transformations during the Gilded Age, including the end of Reconstruction, rapid industrialization, and swings in the business cycle. It provides a close analysis of congressional voting patterns during two Congresses that approved bills to restrict Chinese labor immigrants, the first (passed in 1879) was vetoed by the president, while the second (passed in 1882) became the law of the land. The debate over both policies revealed the polarization of views in Congress and the broader society about the Chinese. The return of the Democrats to power and the Midwestern revolt against big businesses (often identified with the Republicans) combined with racial prejudice to win support for the restriction of Chinese workers.Less

Trouble on the Transatlantic Route: The Formation of the IMM and Furness' Response

Gordon Boyce

in The Growth and Dissolution of a Large-Scale Business Enterprise: The Furness Interest, 1892-1919

This chapter explores the response the Furness Group’s response to J. P Morgan’s acquisition and combination of five major transatlantic passenger lines, including the enormous White Star Line, into ... More

This chapter explores the response the Furness Group’s response to J. P Morgan’s acquisition and combination of five major transatlantic passenger lines, including the enormous White Star Line, into a single American based holding company - International Mercantile Marine (IMM). It uses Furness Group records to analyse Furness’ response, which was the intent to create a rival enterprise, and contrasts this with the response of a smaller, Liverpool-based shipowner. It then aims to fill the gaps of previous IMM studies by exploring route-allocation agreements across shipping firms; rail-borne cargo contracts; the position of smaller transatlantic operators; the impact of the merger on American ports; and the emergence of the transatlantic Canadian Pacific Railroad as another powerful competitor. It concludes by asserting that Furness’ plan to create a rival enterprise failed due to a combination of financial overambition, unpopular imperialistic intentions with regard to trade routes, the aggressiveness of the proposal and its failure to gain government support, and ill-will between Furness and his shipowning contemporaries.Less

Competition and Collusion: The Growing Pains of Passenger Shipping Conferences

Torsten Feys

in The Battle for the Migrants: Introduction of Steamshipping on the North Atlantic and Its Impact on the European Exodus

This chapter explores the relationship between the transatlantic migration movement and passenger shipping conferences. By analysing records from the New York Continental Conference, which regulated ... More

This chapter explores the relationship between the transatlantic migration movement and passenger shipping conferences. By analysing records from the New York Continental Conference, which regulated prepaid and return business, it reconstructs the price brackets for major shipping firms in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. It also reveals how conferences attempted to neutralise internal and external competition. Analysis of the head agent’s correspondence offers a view of the organisation of passenger business that proves particularly insightful due to a scarcity of other contemporary sources.Less