Gary Scott Smith
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300604
- eISBN:
- 9780199785285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300604.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
To many, Theodore Roosevelt was an exemplar of manliness and “muscular Christianity” and an exceptional public servant who led a crusade for social justice. To others, the sage of Oyster Bay was a ...
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To many, Theodore Roosevelt was an exemplar of manliness and “muscular Christianity” and an exceptional public servant who led a crusade for social justice. To others, the sage of Oyster Bay was a jingoist, a nativist, a hot-tempered, unpredictable manic, and an egomaniac who put his own interests above America’s good. Roosevelt highly valued biblical morality and considered it vital to personal and public life, including politics. He downplayed doctrine and theological differences and strongly stressed the importance of good works and character. Many contemporaries called him a preacher of righteousness, and he labeled the presidency a bully pulpit, which he used to trumpet the importance of social justice, civility, and virtue. Three religious issues caused considerable controversy during Roosevelt’s tenure in office: his attempt to remove “In God We Trust” from some coins, the “Dear Maria” affair, and concerns about William Howard Taft’s Unitarianism during the 1908 presidential campaign. Christianity, especially the version espoused by turn-of-the-century Social Gospelers, played a significant role in shaping his philosophy of government. Roosevelt’s role in mediating the 1902 anthracite coal strike, “taking” Panama to build an isthmus canal, and promoting conservation illustrate how his religious commitments helped shape his policies.Less
To many, Theodore Roosevelt was an exemplar of manliness and “muscular Christianity” and an exceptional public servant who led a crusade for social justice. To others, the sage of Oyster Bay was a jingoist, a nativist, a hot-tempered, unpredictable manic, and an egomaniac who put his own interests above America’s good. Roosevelt highly valued biblical morality and considered it vital to personal and public life, including politics. He downplayed doctrine and theological differences and strongly stressed the importance of good works and character. Many contemporaries called him a preacher of righteousness, and he labeled the presidency a bully pulpit, which he used to trumpet the importance of social justice, civility, and virtue. Three religious issues caused considerable controversy during Roosevelt’s tenure in office: his attempt to remove “In God We Trust” from some coins, the “Dear Maria” affair, and concerns about William Howard Taft’s Unitarianism during the 1908 presidential campaign. Christianity, especially the version espoused by turn-of-the-century Social Gospelers, played a significant role in shaping his philosophy of government. Roosevelt’s role in mediating the 1902 anthracite coal strike, “taking” Panama to build an isthmus canal, and promoting conservation illustrate how his religious commitments helped shape his policies.
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243754
- eISBN:
- 9780191600333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243751.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The history of the Caribbean provides a clear illustration of the ‘control’ method of imposed democratization and of the comparative effectiveness of three sub‐types of control—incorporation, ...
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The history of the Caribbean provides a clear illustration of the ‘control’ method of imposed democratization and of the comparative effectiveness of three sub‐types of control—incorporation, invasion, and intimidation. It also raises challenging questions regarding the effectiveness of US democratization pressure on the region, with only Puerto Rico (incorporation) existing as a fully consolidated democracy. Other forms of democratic imposition have occurred in Panama (invasion) and Nicaragua (intimidation), using very different methods and producing very different results.Less
The history of the Caribbean provides a clear illustration of the ‘control’ method of imposed democratization and of the comparative effectiveness of three sub‐types of control—incorporation, invasion, and intimidation. It also raises challenging questions regarding the effectiveness of US democratization pressure on the region, with only Puerto Rico (incorporation) existing as a fully consolidated democracy. Other forms of democratic imposition have occurred in Panama (invasion) and Nicaragua (intimidation), using very different methods and producing very different results.
Peter W. Glynn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological ...
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This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological interactions, as well the importance of corals in supporting a diverse and often cryptic part of the food web is presented. Spatial and temporal variation is described as well as the potential role of human resource use and climate change on the ecosystem.Less
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological interactions, as well the importance of corals in supporting a diverse and often cryptic part of the food web is presented. Spatial and temporal variation is described as well as the potential role of human resource use and climate change on the ecosystem.
ANDREW CRAWLEY
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199212651
- eISBN:
- 9780191707315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212651.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter discusses the declaration of neutrality by the US and the American republics as agreed upon in the Panama Meeting of Foreign Ministers. In the face of war, the policy of good neighbour ...
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This chapter discusses the declaration of neutrality by the US and the American republics as agreed upon in the Panama Meeting of Foreign Ministers. In the face of war, the policy of good neighbour and non-intervention now became a potential strategic liability. It details the chain of events in the US and Nicaragua during the war. The changing world situation demanded some shift in this approach as the diplomats and military strategists in Washington abruptly had to address a series of concerns in Nicaragua that previously would have received little or no consideration, with Somoza himself as Washington's final source of concern.Less
This chapter discusses the declaration of neutrality by the US and the American republics as agreed upon in the Panama Meeting of Foreign Ministers. In the face of war, the policy of good neighbour and non-intervention now became a potential strategic liability. It details the chain of events in the US and Nicaragua during the war. The changing world situation demanded some shift in this approach as the diplomats and military strategists in Washington abruptly had to address a series of concerns in Nicaragua that previously would have received little or no consideration, with Somoza himself as Washington's final source of concern.
Linda L. Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151618
- eISBN:
- 9781400866465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151618.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines long-term institutional changes in the Senate committee system that devalued committee work and negatively affected the total hearing activity of Armed Services and Foreign ...
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This chapter examines long-term institutional changes in the Senate committee system that devalued committee work and negatively affected the total hearing activity of Armed Services and Foreign Relations. It begins with a review of expectations and measures regarding the influence of the shifting institutional context on Senate committee hearings in general and on Armed Services and Foreign Relations sessions in particular. It then analyzes the effects of various long-term changes on the frequency of public hearings first by Senate committees in the aggregate and then by the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees. It also considers the influences on the frequency of executive hearing days by the two national security committees. Finally, it looks at the Panama Canal to illustrate the confluence of trends that created a watershed moment for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.Less
This chapter examines long-term institutional changes in the Senate committee system that devalued committee work and negatively affected the total hearing activity of Armed Services and Foreign Relations. It begins with a review of expectations and measures regarding the influence of the shifting institutional context on Senate committee hearings in general and on Armed Services and Foreign Relations sessions in particular. It then analyzes the effects of various long-term changes on the frequency of public hearings first by Senate committees in the aggregate and then by the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees. It also considers the influences on the frequency of executive hearing days by the two national security committees. Finally, it looks at the Panama Canal to illustrate the confluence of trends that created a watershed moment for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
MATT K. MATSUDA
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195162950
- eISBN:
- 9780199867660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162950.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the ambitious but ill-fated French project for a canal across Panama, and the ways that the engineering challenge was encoded in what one commentator called “glory for the ...
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This chapter examines the ambitious but ill-fated French project for a canal across Panama, and the ways that the engineering challenge was encoded in what one commentator called “glory for the country and a touch of romance.” By following the dreams of universal commerce and brotherhood that were attached to the project, many registers of French emotionalism are explored. In Panama, romantic Jesuit ruins, utopian jungle communities, and attractive isthmian peoples illuminate French Saint Simonian communities of love plotting to conquer the Pacific transit with a passionate Gallic nationalism.Less
This chapter examines the ambitious but ill-fated French project for a canal across Panama, and the ways that the engineering challenge was encoded in what one commentator called “glory for the country and a touch of romance.” By following the dreams of universal commerce and brotherhood that were attached to the project, many registers of French emotionalism are explored. In Panama, romantic Jesuit ruins, utopian jungle communities, and attractive isthmian peoples illuminate French Saint Simonian communities of love plotting to conquer the Pacific transit with a passionate Gallic nationalism.
Luis Roniger
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813036632
- eISBN:
- 9780813038834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036632.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This book aims to provide an understanding of the transnational dynamics of Central America. This is a region that includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and ...
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This book aims to provide an understanding of the transnational dynamics of Central America. This is a region that includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. These countries share a close geographical relationship and historical background, a geopolitical interdependence, and challenges in the international arena. In tracing the transnational dynamics of Central America, the book analyzes the connected history, close and dynamic interrelations, crossings and mutual impact of the countries of the isthmus on one another, in addition to their geopolitical interdependence and a series of common challenges they have faced in the international arena. This book is an attempt to make sense of these and other regional trends by indicating that one needs to approach Central America with a Janus-faced perspective: trying to understand the process of fragmentation into separate nation-states along with lingering transnational dynamics.Less
This book aims to provide an understanding of the transnational dynamics of Central America. This is a region that includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. These countries share a close geographical relationship and historical background, a geopolitical interdependence, and challenges in the international arena. In tracing the transnational dynamics of Central America, the book analyzes the connected history, close and dynamic interrelations, crossings and mutual impact of the countries of the isthmus on one another, in addition to their geopolitical interdependence and a series of common challenges they have faced in the international arena. This book is an attempt to make sense of these and other regional trends by indicating that one needs to approach Central America with a Janus-faced perspective: trying to understand the process of fragmentation into separate nation-states along with lingering transnational dynamics.
Ashley Carse
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028110
- eISBN:
- 9780262320467
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028110.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama’s cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as ...
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This book traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama’s cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as they travel downstream along maritime routes and tracing rivers upstream across the populated watershed that feeds the canal, it explores the politics of environmental management around a waterway that links faraway ports and markets to nearby farms, forests, cities, and rural communities. The book draws on a wide range of ethnographic and archival material to show the social and ecological implications of transportation across Panama. The canal moves ships over an aquatic staircase of locks that demand an enormous amount of fresh water from the surrounding region. Each passing ship drains 52 million gallons out to sea—a volume comparable to the daily water use of half a million Panamanians. The book argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal do not simply conquer nature; they rework ecologies in ways that serve specific political and economic priorities. Interweaving histories that range from the depopulation of the US Canal Zone a century ago to road construction conflicts and water hyacinth invasions in canal waters, the book illuminates the human and nonhuman actors that have come together at the margins of the famous trade route. Beyond the Big Ditch calls us to consider how infrastructures are simultaneously linked to global networks and embedded in places, giving rise to political ecologies with winners and losers who are connected across great distances.Less
This book traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama’s cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as they travel downstream along maritime routes and tracing rivers upstream across the populated watershed that feeds the canal, it explores the politics of environmental management around a waterway that links faraway ports and markets to nearby farms, forests, cities, and rural communities. The book draws on a wide range of ethnographic and archival material to show the social and ecological implications of transportation across Panama. The canal moves ships over an aquatic staircase of locks that demand an enormous amount of fresh water from the surrounding region. Each passing ship drains 52 million gallons out to sea—a volume comparable to the daily water use of half a million Panamanians. The book argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal do not simply conquer nature; they rework ecologies in ways that serve specific political and economic priorities. Interweaving histories that range from the depopulation of the US Canal Zone a century ago to road construction conflicts and water hyacinth invasions in canal waters, the book illuminates the human and nonhuman actors that have come together at the margins of the famous trade route. Beyond the Big Ditch calls us to consider how infrastructures are simultaneously linked to global networks and embedded in places, giving rise to political ecologies with winners and losers who are connected across great distances.
Ashley Carse
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028110
- eISBN:
- 9780262320467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028110.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Thisfinal chapter argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal have given rise to highly demanding environments. Technological marvels have not universally freed humans from the environment, but ...
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Thisfinal chapter argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal have given rise to highly demanding environments. Technological marvels have not universally freed humans from the environment, but bound people more tightly and contentiously to landscapes and waterscapes of our own making. Without constant maintenance, infrastructures crack, rust, and crumble and the political projects, promises, and aspirations they carried dissipate. Places once connected can be disconnected and landscapes that once appeared developed can revert to nature and be redeployed in newprojects. The transformation of the environment through infrastructure construction, maintenance, and decay has uneven consequences—both winners and losers. Thus, depending on who, where, and when you are, global infrastructures may produce experiences of environmental control or vulnerability.Less
Thisfinal chapter argues that infrastructures like the Panama Canal have given rise to highly demanding environments. Technological marvels have not universally freed humans from the environment, but bound people more tightly and contentiously to landscapes and waterscapes of our own making. Without constant maintenance, infrastructures crack, rust, and crumble and the political projects, promises, and aspirations they carried dissipate. Places once connected can be disconnected and landscapes that once appeared developed can revert to nature and be redeployed in newprojects. The transformation of the environment through infrastructure construction, maintenance, and decay has uneven consequences—both winners and losers. Thus, depending on who, where, and when you are, global infrastructures may produce experiences of environmental control or vulnerability.
C. T. Sandars
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296874
- eISBN:
- 9780191685293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296874.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the neo-colonial bases established by the U.S. after World War II. In search of suitable overseas military bases after the war, the U.S. retained military facilities in other ...
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This chapter discusses the neo-colonial bases established by the U.S. after World War II. In search of suitable overseas military bases after the war, the U.S. retained military facilities in other countries where it had enjoyed colonial or quasi-colonial rights. The Philippines and the Panama Canal Zone were high on their priority list. The U.S. also retained the naval base at Guantanamo in Cuba. The U.S. retained extensive military in both Panama and the Philippines throughout the Cold War period. By contrast, Great Britain retained no military facilities in Pakistan or India when these countries were granted independence in 1947.Less
This chapter discusses the neo-colonial bases established by the U.S. after World War II. In search of suitable overseas military bases after the war, the U.S. retained military facilities in other countries where it had enjoyed colonial or quasi-colonial rights. The Philippines and the Panama Canal Zone were high on their priority list. The U.S. also retained the naval base at Guantanamo in Cuba. The U.S. retained extensive military in both Panama and the Philippines throughout the Cold War period. By contrast, Great Britain retained no military facilities in Pakistan or India when these countries were granted independence in 1947.
Thomas Tunstall Allcock
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176154
- eISBN:
- 9780813176185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176154.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 3 studies Johnson’s and Mann’s handling of Latin American policy in the first full year of the new administration. Beginning with a major international crisis in the Panama Canal Zone in ...
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Chapter 3 studies Johnson’s and Mann’s handling of Latin American policy in the first full year of the new administration. Beginning with a major international crisis in the Panama Canal Zone in January, the year 1964 was a challenging one that would also see military coups in Brazil and Bolivia, Mann’s attempts to reshape Alliance bureaucracy, and former Kennedy aides continually challenging the legitimacy of Johnson’s leadership and Mann’s liberal credentials. Particular attention is given to the skillful manner in which the Panamanian crisis was resolved and the improvements in the performance of the Alliance for Progress, challenging standard interpretations of Johnson’s diplomatic abilities. The controversy of the Brazilian coup is not overlooked, with the complex relationship between the Brazilian military, the US ambassador in Brasilia, and State Department and National Security Council officials in Washington representative of the increasingly problematic and intertwined nature of security and development goals.Less
Chapter 3 studies Johnson’s and Mann’s handling of Latin American policy in the first full year of the new administration. Beginning with a major international crisis in the Panama Canal Zone in January, the year 1964 was a challenging one that would also see military coups in Brazil and Bolivia, Mann’s attempts to reshape Alliance bureaucracy, and former Kennedy aides continually challenging the legitimacy of Johnson’s leadership and Mann’s liberal credentials. Particular attention is given to the skillful manner in which the Panamanian crisis was resolved and the improvements in the performance of the Alliance for Progress, challenging standard interpretations of Johnson’s diplomatic abilities. The controversy of the Brazilian coup is not overlooked, with the complex relationship between the Brazilian military, the US ambassador in Brasilia, and State Department and National Security Council officials in Washington representative of the increasingly problematic and intertwined nature of security and development goals.
James Delgado, Frederick Hanselmann, Tomas Mendizabal, and Dominque Rissolo
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062877
- eISBN:
- 9780813051826
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062877.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The Maritime Landscape of the Isthmus of Panamá provides a detailed overview of Panamá’s unique role as a land mass dominated by its relationship to the sea and how that relationship has defined the ...
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The Maritime Landscape of the Isthmus of Panamá provides a detailed overview of Panamá’s unique role as a land mass dominated by its relationship to the sea and how that relationship has defined the culture and history of Panamá for thousands of years. Ranging from prehistory to the modern era, with the well-known Panamá Canal as but one element in this story, the book discusses indigenous maritime culture over time, including the modern era, colonial and post-colonial maritime endeavors, the industrial age, and the creation of the canal.Less
The Maritime Landscape of the Isthmus of Panamá provides a detailed overview of Panamá’s unique role as a land mass dominated by its relationship to the sea and how that relationship has defined the culture and history of Panamá for thousands of years. Ranging from prehistory to the modern era, with the well-known Panamá Canal as but one element in this story, the book discusses indigenous maritime culture over time, including the modern era, colonial and post-colonial maritime endeavors, the industrial age, and the creation of the canal.
Sharon Erickson Nepstad
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778201
- eISBN:
- 9780199897216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778201.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
In 1987, Panamanian business and civic leaders formed the National Civic Crusade (NCC). The NCC’s goal was to use strategic nonviolence to overthrow Manuel Noriega’s military regime. Toward this end, ...
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In 1987, Panamanian business and civic leaders formed the National Civic Crusade (NCC). The NCC’s goal was to use strategic nonviolence to overthrow Manuel Noriega’s military regime. Toward this end, the movement launched mass demonstrations and general strikes, which caused foreign investors to withdraw billions of dollars from Panamanian banks. When the United States froze all Panamanian assets held in U.S. banks, Noriega was unable to pay government employees, which created more resistance. Despite a deteriorating economy and massive popular defiance, Noriega’s crafty countermoves enabled him to cling to power. He turned U.S. sanctions to his advantage, winning financial support from Libya and Nicaragua. He retained his sanctioning powers by permitting military officers to engage in corrupt but lucrative practices, which provided incentives for preserving Noriega’s power. As a result, the National Civic Crusade was unable to overthrow Noriega, who remained in power until the U.S. military invasion in 1989.Less
In 1987, Panamanian business and civic leaders formed the National Civic Crusade (NCC). The NCC’s goal was to use strategic nonviolence to overthrow Manuel Noriega’s military regime. Toward this end, the movement launched mass demonstrations and general strikes, which caused foreign investors to withdraw billions of dollars from Panamanian banks. When the United States froze all Panamanian assets held in U.S. banks, Noriega was unable to pay government employees, which created more resistance. Despite a deteriorating economy and massive popular defiance, Noriega’s crafty countermoves enabled him to cling to power. He turned U.S. sanctions to his advantage, winning financial support from Libya and Nicaragua. He retained his sanctioning powers by permitting military officers to engage in corrupt but lucrative practices, which provided incentives for preserving Noriega’s power. As a result, the National Civic Crusade was unable to overthrow Noriega, who remained in power until the U.S. military invasion in 1989.
Kirwin Shaffer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061108
- eISBN:
- 9780813051383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061108.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
The independence of Panama from Colombia and the construction of the Panama Canal created countless transatlantic movements of goods, peoples, information, and ideas, including a vibrant anarchist ...
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The independence of Panama from Colombia and the construction of the Panama Canal created countless transatlantic movements of goods, peoples, information, and ideas, including a vibrant anarchist movement in the early twentieth century. Cuba played an important role in this network, as did Spain, and, in its efforts to contain working-class radicalism in the zone that it controlled, the United States. This chapter examines the influence not just of anarcho-communists, syndicalists, and individualists, but also of “anarcho-naturists” who advocated vegetarianism, alternative lifestyles, and resistance to urban capitalist development. Racial ideology, anti-clericalism, and the incidence of the Mexican Revolution are some of the topics covered, as well as the role of individual leaders in dividing and undermining the movement on the eve of the First World War.Less
The independence of Panama from Colombia and the construction of the Panama Canal created countless transatlantic movements of goods, peoples, information, and ideas, including a vibrant anarchist movement in the early twentieth century. Cuba played an important role in this network, as did Spain, and, in its efforts to contain working-class radicalism in the zone that it controlled, the United States. This chapter examines the influence not just of anarcho-communists, syndicalists, and individualists, but also of “anarcho-naturists” who advocated vegetarianism, alternative lifestyles, and resistance to urban capitalist development. Racial ideology, anti-clericalism, and the incidence of the Mexican Revolution are some of the topics covered, as well as the role of individual leaders in dividing and undermining the movement on the eve of the First World War.
Scott Kaufman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451256
- eISBN:
- 9780801465833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451256.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter analyzes how President Johnson and President Robles of Panama reached agreement on three treaties related to the Panama Canal. The first two detailed arrangements for the neutrality, ...
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This chapter analyzes how President Johnson and President Robles of Panama reached agreement on three treaties related to the Panama Canal. The first two detailed arrangements for the neutrality, defense, and operation of the existing lock waterway. The third treaty permitted Washington to build a sea-level waterway in Panama. Since the US government selected Panama for such a canal, Panama had the right to reject the use of the atom as a means of construction, and to extend said construction. This was good news to the AEC, since an extension of the Canal Commission's reporting deadline meant more time for the AEC to complete the experiments it believed necessary to demonstrate whether nuclear excavation of a canal was possible. While the Panama Canal treaties still required ratification, they formalized the determination by both countries for a sea-level waterway—possibly built with the help of the atom—become a reality.Less
This chapter analyzes how President Johnson and President Robles of Panama reached agreement on three treaties related to the Panama Canal. The first two detailed arrangements for the neutrality, defense, and operation of the existing lock waterway. The third treaty permitted Washington to build a sea-level waterway in Panama. Since the US government selected Panama for such a canal, Panama had the right to reject the use of the atom as a means of construction, and to extend said construction. This was good news to the AEC, since an extension of the Canal Commission's reporting deadline meant more time for the AEC to complete the experiments it believed necessary to demonstrate whether nuclear excavation of a canal was possible. While the Panama Canal treaties still required ratification, they formalized the determination by both countries for a sea-level waterway—possibly built with the help of the atom—become a reality.
Leta E. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268913
- eISBN:
- 9780520950092
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268913.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
In the first half of the twentieth century, San Francisco hosted two major world fairs: in 1915 and in 1939–40. A comparison of musical programming for these two enormous undertakings highlights ...
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In the first half of the twentieth century, San Francisco hosted two major world fairs: in 1915 and in 1939–40. A comparison of musical programming for these two enormous undertakings highlights changes in artistic taste and expression prompted, in part, by a new social awareness and an increased attention to diversity. Both fairs marked the end of difficult periods in city's history while nominally celebrating massive engineering feats. The Panama–Pacific International Exposition—February 20 to December 4, 1915—came at the end of the city's recovery from its most devastating local catastrophe, the quake and fires of 1906; yet officially it commemorated the opening of the Panama Canal. The Golden Gate International Exposition, which ran from February 18 to October 29, 1939, was widely viewed as a partial cure for the economic problems of the Depression; yet officially it heralded the completion of the Golden Gate and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridges.Less
In the first half of the twentieth century, San Francisco hosted two major world fairs: in 1915 and in 1939–40. A comparison of musical programming for these two enormous undertakings highlights changes in artistic taste and expression prompted, in part, by a new social awareness and an increased attention to diversity. Both fairs marked the end of difficult periods in city's history while nominally celebrating massive engineering feats. The Panama–Pacific International Exposition—February 20 to December 4, 1915—came at the end of the city's recovery from its most devastating local catastrophe, the quake and fires of 1906; yet officially it commemorated the opening of the Panama Canal. The Golden Gate International Exposition, which ran from February 18 to October 29, 1939, was widely viewed as a partial cure for the economic problems of the Depression; yet officially it heralded the completion of the Golden Gate and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridges.
Sonja Stephenson Watson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049861
- eISBN:
- 9780813050331
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049861.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This book tells the story of Afro-Hispanics whose ancestors came as African slaves during the colonial period and West Indians who emigrated from the English-speaking countries of Jamaica and ...
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This book tells the story of Afro-Hispanics whose ancestors came as African slaves during the colonial period and West Indians who emigrated from the English-speaking countries of Jamaica and Barbados to build the Panama Railroad and Canal during the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Earlier nation-building rhetoric (1880–1920) excluded black identity from the Panamanian national paradigm, which explains why Afro-Hispanics assimilated after centuries of mestizaje (race-mixing) and overwhelmingly identify with their Panamanian (Spanish) heritage, while West Indians clung to their British Caribbean roots and identify as Anglicized subjects in a hispanicized white world. The result is that in Panama, Afro-Hispanic discourse is shaped primarily by ideologies of mestizaje while West Indian discourse is marked by Caribbean and African philosophies of identity. This dynamic unique to Panama has impeded racial consolidation between Afro-Hispanics and West Indians and is manifest in black Panamanian writings. The Politics of Race in Panama chronicles the literary works of Afro-Hispanic and West Indian writers from the nineteenth century to the present and illustrates how nation-building rhetoric coupled with West Indian immigration has contributed to two competing views of black identity in the nation that have led to literary discourses of contention. Thus, despite a shared African heritage, the forging of Afro-Panamanian identity between Afro-Hispanics and West Indians continues to be complicated by perceptions of cultural, racial, and national identity that are shaped by ideologies of mestizaje and blackness.Less
This book tells the story of Afro-Hispanics whose ancestors came as African slaves during the colonial period and West Indians who emigrated from the English-speaking countries of Jamaica and Barbados to build the Panama Railroad and Canal during the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Earlier nation-building rhetoric (1880–1920) excluded black identity from the Panamanian national paradigm, which explains why Afro-Hispanics assimilated after centuries of mestizaje (race-mixing) and overwhelmingly identify with their Panamanian (Spanish) heritage, while West Indians clung to their British Caribbean roots and identify as Anglicized subjects in a hispanicized white world. The result is that in Panama, Afro-Hispanic discourse is shaped primarily by ideologies of mestizaje while West Indian discourse is marked by Caribbean and African philosophies of identity. This dynamic unique to Panama has impeded racial consolidation between Afro-Hispanics and West Indians and is manifest in black Panamanian writings. The Politics of Race in Panama chronicles the literary works of Afro-Hispanic and West Indian writers from the nineteenth century to the present and illustrates how nation-building rhetoric coupled with West Indian immigration has contributed to two competing views of black identity in the nation that have led to literary discourses of contention. Thus, despite a shared African heritage, the forging of Afro-Panamanian identity between Afro-Hispanics and West Indians continues to be complicated by perceptions of cultural, racial, and national identity that are shaped by ideologies of mestizaje and blackness.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139446
- eISBN:
- 9789888180349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139446.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
In a 2010 press conference, Premier Wen Jiabao said that Hong Kong has a number of deep contradictions that had to be tackled. He spoke of five principal issues that Hong Kong had to face in the ...
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In a 2010 press conference, Premier Wen Jiabao said that Hong Kong has a number of deep contradictions that had to be tackled. He spoke of five principal issues that Hong Kong had to face in the process of dual integration (the integration with both mainland China and the world economy). Hong Kong's deep contradictions spring from the broader phenomenon of the mushrooming of emerging economies around the globe, and this brings forth opportunities and challenges.Less
In a 2010 press conference, Premier Wen Jiabao said that Hong Kong has a number of deep contradictions that had to be tackled. He spoke of five principal issues that Hong Kong had to face in the process of dual integration (the integration with both mainland China and the world economy). Hong Kong's deep contradictions spring from the broader phenomenon of the mushrooming of emerging economies around the globe, and this brings forth opportunities and challenges.
Jesse Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042744
- eISBN:
- 9780252051609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042744.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter traces the story of a Spanish anarchist community in the industrial Midwest, its pattern of settlement and place in the transnational anarchist network. Jesse Cohn examines how a group ...
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This chapter traces the story of a Spanish anarchist community in the industrial Midwest, its pattern of settlement and place in the transnational anarchist network. Jesse Cohn examines how a group of expatriate Spanish anarchists made their way from the Canal Zone to this little Ohio River valley town, located far from the large urban centers of immigrant radicalism. “R. Lone,” the pseudonym for a steelworker named Jesús Lóuzara de Andrés from Galicia (1891-1973) who was part of the Grupo “Los Iconoclastas,” published the Revista Única that reached out to the transnational anarchist community with a survey on anarchism and connected with the larger anarchist print network.Less
This chapter traces the story of a Spanish anarchist community in the industrial Midwest, its pattern of settlement and place in the transnational anarchist network. Jesse Cohn examines how a group of expatriate Spanish anarchists made their way from the Canal Zone to this little Ohio River valley town, located far from the large urban centers of immigrant radicalism. “R. Lone,” the pseudonym for a steelworker named Jesús Lóuzara de Andrés from Galicia (1891-1973) who was part of the Grupo “Los Iconoclastas,” published the Revista Única that reached out to the transnational anarchist community with a survey on anarchism and connected with the larger anarchist print network.
Simon Chesterman
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257997
- eISBN:
- 9780191714023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257997.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Public International Law
This chapter considers arguments that humanitarian intervention may be justified not as a valid use of force against a sovereign state, but because certain actions by a governing regime may ...
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This chapter considers arguments that humanitarian intervention may be justified not as a valid use of force against a sovereign state, but because certain actions by a governing regime may invalidate that state's sovereignty. This conception of sovereignty as defeasible is said to create a legal vacuum into which any state may step. At its most extreme, this has been said to apply to non-democratic states, allowing other states to intervene in support of democratic reform. Sometimes characterized as a ‘sovereignty of the people’, this approach has been said to present a challenge to the traditional understanding of sovereignty as absolute. As in the case of a right of self-help, the legal form that such a normative order would take is a reversion to the pre-Charter position of debating the relative merits of wars that were not, in themselves, prohibited.Less
This chapter considers arguments that humanitarian intervention may be justified not as a valid use of force against a sovereign state, but because certain actions by a governing regime may invalidate that state's sovereignty. This conception of sovereignty as defeasible is said to create a legal vacuum into which any state may step. At its most extreme, this has been said to apply to non-democratic states, allowing other states to intervene in support of democratic reform. Sometimes characterized as a ‘sovereignty of the people’, this approach has been said to present a challenge to the traditional understanding of sovereignty as absolute. As in the case of a right of self-help, the legal form that such a normative order would take is a reversion to the pre-Charter position of debating the relative merits of wars that were not, in themselves, prohibited.
