Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297009
- eISBN:
- 9780191711428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297009.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is the exceptional case in that the proposal to include a racial equality clause in the League Covenant was rejected. On the other hand, this is another case where the norm was supported by a ...
More
This is the exceptional case in that the proposal to include a racial equality clause in the League Covenant was rejected. On the other hand, this is another case where the norm was supported by a leading state (Japan), in conjunction with a wider world society movement. The drafting history casts doubts on Japanese motives for pressing the proposal, but the failure reflects the relative weakness of Japan as a normative sponsor. While opposition to the clause certainly came from Britain, in response to pressure from parts of the empire, President Wilson's own position was ambiguous, and he certainly was not prepared to risk the Treaty of Versailles (and the League Covenant) to include it. There was a widespread pressure to hold a Pan-African Congress at Paris to coincide with the settlement. However, the Japanese delegate Baron Makino expressed a number of interesting normative arguments in support of the clause, appealing to the blurring of the distinction between international and world society brought about by the principle of collective security.Less
This is the exceptional case in that the proposal to include a racial equality clause in the League Covenant was rejected. On the other hand, this is another case where the norm was supported by a leading state (Japan), in conjunction with a wider world society movement. The drafting history casts doubts on Japanese motives for pressing the proposal, but the failure reflects the relative weakness of Japan as a normative sponsor. While opposition to the clause certainly came from Britain, in response to pressure from parts of the empire, President Wilson's own position was ambiguous, and he certainly was not prepared to risk the Treaty of Versailles (and the League Covenant) to include it. There was a widespread pressure to hold a Pan-African Congress at Paris to coincide with the settlement. However, the Japanese delegate Baron Makino expressed a number of interesting normative arguments in support of the clause, appealing to the blurring of the distinction between international and world society brought about by the principle of collective security.
P. J. Marshall (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263518
- eISBN:
- 9780191734021
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263518.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This volume contains sixteen lectures given to the National Academy for the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2004. The topical issues debated in this volume include the patenting of AIDS drugs, the ...
More
This volume contains sixteen lectures given to the National Academy for the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2004. The topical issues debated in this volume include the patenting of AIDS drugs, the future pensions crisis (a lecture given by the Governor of the Bank of England), Britain's universities, and Pan-Islam. There are studies of Shakespeare, Pope, Montaigne, Robert Graves, and William Faulkner. And there are lectures on the Inquisition, empires in history, and the journey towards spiritual fulfillment.Less
This volume contains sixteen lectures given to the National Academy for the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2004. The topical issues debated in this volume include the patenting of AIDS drugs, the future pensions crisis (a lecture given by the Governor of the Bank of England), Britain's universities, and Pan-Islam. There are studies of Shakespeare, Pope, Montaigne, Robert Graves, and William Faulkner. And there are lectures on the Inquisition, empires in history, and the journey towards spiritual fulfillment.
Derek Drinkwater
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273850
- eISBN:
- 9780191602344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273855.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Sir Harold Nicolson’s writings on federalism, peace, and war are among his most important—and underrated—contributions to international theory. From the mid-1930s, with the European security ...
More
Sir Harold Nicolson’s writings on federalism, peace, and war are among his most important—and underrated—contributions to international theory. From the mid-1930s, with the European security situation deteriorating rapidly, Nicolson became increasingly interested in how war could be banished from international affairs and enduring global peace attained. In particular, he explored (or was influenced by) the approaches to a united Europe and world government of the advocates of Federal Union and Pan-Europa, and the exponents of functionalism. His philosophy of federalism has many parallels with the ideas of Immanuel Kant. Yet, Nicolson’s fusion of idealism and realism (to form liberal realism) constituted a new approach to resolving these seemingly intractable problems.Less
Sir Harold Nicolson’s writings on federalism, peace, and war are among his most important—and underrated—contributions to international theory. From the mid-1930s, with the European security situation deteriorating rapidly, Nicolson became increasingly interested in how war could be banished from international affairs and enduring global peace attained. In particular, he explored (or was influenced by) the approaches to a united Europe and world government of the advocates of Federal Union and Pan-Europa, and the exponents of functionalism. His philosophy of federalism has many parallels with the ideas of Immanuel Kant. Yet, Nicolson’s fusion of idealism and realism (to form liberal realism) constituted a new approach to resolving these seemingly intractable problems.
Hal Klepak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199261437
- eISBN:
- 9780191599309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261431.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral ...
More
The central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral institutions/organizations in the Americas in which it has taken part. The examples of the Pan American Union (PAU) Organization of American States (OAS) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are used to show this state of affairs in play; the most attention is paid to the OAS because of the lessons that can be derived from the very long history of US membership of this organization. In another case, that of Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur, or the Common Market of the South), it is shown how, even where the US is not a member of a multilateral organization in the hemisphere, its weight is still felt in terms of the aims and behaviour of that body. At the same time, it is seen that such organizations may on occasion be useful for the smaller states in restraining to at least some extent US behaviour, although in general such a restraining role is reserved for moments when US vital interests tend not to be involved and where Latin American, or more recently Canadian, actions to limit US unilateralism do not negatively affect goals perceived to be key by Washington. The first section gives an overview of the US and the hemisphere over the more than two centuries of its diplomatic and related action therein, the next looks at the specific experience of the PAU and the OAS, and the following two at NAFTA and Mercosur.Less
The central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral institutions/organizations in the Americas in which it has taken part. The examples of the Pan American Union (PAU) Organization of American States (OAS) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are used to show this state of affairs in play; the most attention is paid to the OAS because of the lessons that can be derived from the very long history of US membership of this organization. In another case, that of Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur, or the Common Market of the South), it is shown how, even where the US is not a member of a multilateral organization in the hemisphere, its weight is still felt in terms of the aims and behaviour of that body. At the same time, it is seen that such organizations may on occasion be useful for the smaller states in restraining to at least some extent US behaviour, although in general such a restraining role is reserved for moments when US vital interests tend not to be involved and where Latin American, or more recently Canadian, actions to limit US unilateralism do not negatively affect goals perceived to be key by Washington. The first section gives an overview of the US and the hemisphere over the more than two centuries of its diplomatic and related action therein, the next looks at the specific experience of the PAU and the OAS, and the following two at NAFTA and Mercosur.
Umar Ryad
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197266915
- eISBN:
- 9780191938177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266915.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
The chapter investigates the new religious life of a few well-known British converts to Islam in the interwar period; and how they practiced and defended their new faith in their colonial ...
More
The chapter investigates the new religious life of a few well-known British converts to Islam in the interwar period; and how they practiced and defended their new faith in their colonial "secularized" state. In their eagerness to spread Islam in Europe, British converts swung between two social and religious groups at the height of European imperialism and modernism. How far can we categorize their writings as "apologetics" for Islam in the land of the colonizers? In what way did they attempt to combine their new Islamic beliefs with their background as Europeans? The chapter discusses some of the issues which they raised in response to the public debates on Islam in Britain, especially about questions related to the Caliphate, pan-Islam, colonialism, atheism and the position of women in Islam.Less
The chapter investigates the new religious life of a few well-known British converts to Islam in the interwar period; and how they practiced and defended their new faith in their colonial "secularized" state. In their eagerness to spread Islam in Europe, British converts swung between two social and religious groups at the height of European imperialism and modernism. How far can we categorize their writings as "apologetics" for Islam in the land of the colonizers? In what way did they attempt to combine their new Islamic beliefs with their background as Europeans? The chapter discusses some of the issues which they raised in response to the public debates on Islam in Britain, especially about questions related to the Caliphate, pan-Islam, colonialism, atheism and the position of women in Islam.
Barbara Goff and Michael Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217182
- eISBN:
- 9780191712388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217182.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the ...
More
Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the first African country to achieve independence from a European colonial power. The bleakest aspects of the play are read as representations of both the necessary sacrifices that must be made to achieve independence and the unnecessary sacrifices that may be demanded after independence. The Pan-African implications of this play by an Afro-Caribbean writer are contrasted with the Pan-Caribbean vision articulated in Derek Walcott's Omeros. In the debate among Caribbean writers and critics about the historical, epistemological and political priority of the constituent cultures of the region, Omeros's fixation on Greek models is an answer to Brathwaite's assertion of African antecedents. Against all efforts to privilege any of the region's cultures, Omeros plots the limits of even its own Greek apparatus.Less
Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the first African country to achieve independence from a European colonial power. The bleakest aspects of the play are read as representations of both the necessary sacrifices that must be made to achieve independence and the unnecessary sacrifices that may be demanded after independence. The Pan-African implications of this play by an Afro-Caribbean writer are contrasted with the Pan-Caribbean vision articulated in Derek Walcott's Omeros. In the debate among Caribbean writers and critics about the historical, epistemological and political priority of the constituent cultures of the region, Omeros's fixation on Greek models is an answer to Brathwaite's assertion of African antecedents. Against all efforts to privilege any of the region's cultures, Omeros plots the limits of even its own Greek apparatus.
Daniel M. Ogilvie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195157468
- eISBN:
- 9780199894024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157468.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. It credits Barrie with discovering the third reason why it is necessary to weigh an infant as soon as possible, aside from weight providing medical ...
More
This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. It credits Barrie with discovering the third reason why it is necessary to weigh an infant as soon as possible, aside from weight providing medical information and giving parents the answer to the question often asked by friends and family about the newborn. The third reason why babies are weighed at birth is because they have ability to fly until they have been weighed. The law of gravity does not kick in until the moment that it is physically demonstrated that the dial on a weighing instrument moves when the infant is placed on it.Less
This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. It credits Barrie with discovering the third reason why it is necessary to weigh an infant as soon as possible, aside from weight providing medical information and giving parents the answer to the question often asked by friends and family about the newborn. The third reason why babies are weighed at birth is because they have ability to fly until they have been weighed. The law of gravity does not kick in until the moment that it is physically demonstrated that the dial on a weighing instrument moves when the infant is placed on it.
Larry Hamberlin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195338928
- eISBN:
- 9780199855865
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195338928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Opera, Popular
The years between 1900 and 1920 mark a moment of change in the relations between opera and popular music in the United States, a midpoint between the intimate connection of the nineteenth century and ...
More
The years between 1900 and 1920 mark a moment of change in the relations between opera and popular music in the United States, a midpoint between the intimate connection of the nineteenth century and the widening gulf of the later twentieth century. This book describes Tin Pan Alley songs that quote operatic melodies, describe opera singers or operatic characters, or in other ways allude to operatic culture. These verbal and musical allusions illuminate social issues that the songs address either indirectly or directly in a comical way, as novelties. Part 1 considers songs that use Italian opera, and especially singers such as Enrico Caruso, to comment on the period's massive wave of immigration from southern Italy. Part 2 treats songs that respond to first-wave feminism either by satirizing female opera singers or appropriating the heroines of two operas that premiered in the first decade of the century, Strauss's Salome and Puccini's Madama Butterfly. The songs in part 3 use opera and its lowbrow opposite, ragtime, to debate the cultural aspirations of African Americans, expressing the era's growing awareness that America's most valuable musical contribution might be not its symphonies and operas but its vernacular music, rooted in black ethnicity but emblematic of the nation as a whole. Tin Pan Opera demonstrates how opera's role in the popular culture of the early twentieth century was only scarcely less extensive than in the nineteenth.Less
The years between 1900 and 1920 mark a moment of change in the relations between opera and popular music in the United States, a midpoint between the intimate connection of the nineteenth century and the widening gulf of the later twentieth century. This book describes Tin Pan Alley songs that quote operatic melodies, describe opera singers or operatic characters, or in other ways allude to operatic culture. These verbal and musical allusions illuminate social issues that the songs address either indirectly or directly in a comical way, as novelties. Part 1 considers songs that use Italian opera, and especially singers such as Enrico Caruso, to comment on the period's massive wave of immigration from southern Italy. Part 2 treats songs that respond to first-wave feminism either by satirizing female opera singers or appropriating the heroines of two operas that premiered in the first decade of the century, Strauss's Salome and Puccini's Madama Butterfly. The songs in part 3 use opera and its lowbrow opposite, ragtime, to debate the cultural aspirations of African Americans, expressing the era's growing awareness that America's most valuable musical contribution might be not its symphonies and operas but its vernacular music, rooted in black ethnicity but emblematic of the nation as a whole. Tin Pan Opera demonstrates how opera's role in the popular culture of the early twentieth century was only scarcely less extensive than in the nineteenth.
Anthony G.O and Jiang Xu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028504
- eISBN:
- 9789882206717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028504.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter presents four main conclusions about regional cooperation which can be drawn from the study of Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regionalization. First, although the mega regions in ...
More
This chapter presents four main conclusions about regional cooperation which can be drawn from the study of Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regionalization. First, although the mega regions in different parts of the world are all the result of rapid transformation in the face of globalization, each has unique rationales, developmental patterns, fiscal capacities, managerial abilities, and levels of experience with regional governance and planning. Second, uneven development and the presence of different institutional systems within the Pan-PRD region pose great challenges for decision makers in the creation of a common market. Third, the members of the Pan-PRD are not efficiently connected at present, which has generated growing demand for the development of regional infrastructure to minimize regional disparity. Finally, urban and industrial development in the Pan-PRD should be considered in a new and broader regional context to increase land-use efficiency and optimize resource allocation.Less
This chapter presents four main conclusions about regional cooperation which can be drawn from the study of Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regionalization. First, although the mega regions in different parts of the world are all the result of rapid transformation in the face of globalization, each has unique rationales, developmental patterns, fiscal capacities, managerial abilities, and levels of experience with regional governance and planning. Second, uneven development and the presence of different institutional systems within the Pan-PRD region pose great challenges for decision makers in the creation of a common market. Third, the members of the Pan-PRD are not efficiently connected at present, which has generated growing demand for the development of regional infrastructure to minimize regional disparity. Finally, urban and industrial development in the Pan-PRD should be considered in a new and broader regional context to increase land-use efficiency and optimize resource allocation.
Michael G. Garber
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781496834294
- eISBN:
- 9781496834287
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496834294.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This book offers a detailed biography of ten influential American popular love ballads, from “Bill Bailey, Won’t You Please Come Home” (1902) to “You Made Me Love You” (1913). These became models for ...
More
This book offers a detailed biography of ten influential American popular love ballads, from “Bill Bailey, Won’t You Please Come Home” (1902) to “You Made Me Love You” (1913). These became models for over forty years of great songs. In an innovative combination, they fused jazziness with intimate, personal qualities that were further revealed in the late 1920s with the advent of the torch song genre—and microphone crooning techniques, which linked them to the lullaby. They were a product of collective innovation by both famous figures like Irving Berlin and forgotten songwriters, including women and those from minority groups. Further, the performers, arrangers, and publishers changed the original songs, in a process similar to the oral folk music tradition. All these songs were fit into narratives—movies, plays, histories, scholarly works, and literature—which continually redefined them. The book analyzes the songs and how they were interpreted, featuring full music scores, musical excerpts, and forty illustrations. This study strips away the myths behind the creation of these ten core songs, revealing the even more colorful true stories. The discussion proposes a fresh definition for the torch song, as one making the listener aware of the flame of love within their heart. It includes an introduction to the New York music publishing industry, Tin Pan Alley, and operates as a listening guide and viewing companion for the Great American Songbook. Through the stories of individual songs, this history supplies a panoramic collage of the golden age of American classic pop.Less
This book offers a detailed biography of ten influential American popular love ballads, from “Bill Bailey, Won’t You Please Come Home” (1902) to “You Made Me Love You” (1913). These became models for over forty years of great songs. In an innovative combination, they fused jazziness with intimate, personal qualities that were further revealed in the late 1920s with the advent of the torch song genre—and microphone crooning techniques, which linked them to the lullaby. They were a product of collective innovation by both famous figures like Irving Berlin and forgotten songwriters, including women and those from minority groups. Further, the performers, arrangers, and publishers changed the original songs, in a process similar to the oral folk music tradition. All these songs were fit into narratives—movies, plays, histories, scholarly works, and literature—which continually redefined them. The book analyzes the songs and how they were interpreted, featuring full music scores, musical excerpts, and forty illustrations. This study strips away the myths behind the creation of these ten core songs, revealing the even more colorful true stories. The discussion proposes a fresh definition for the torch song, as one making the listener aware of the flame of love within their heart. It includes an introduction to the New York music publishing industry, Tin Pan Alley, and operates as a listening guide and viewing companion for the Great American Songbook. Through the stories of individual songs, this history supplies a panoramic collage of the golden age of American classic pop.
Peter van der Veer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128146
- eISBN:
- 9781400848553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128146.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter illustrates how in the nineteenth century the category of spirituality received a global modern meaning. It became part of an alternative modernity in different places around the globe. ...
More
This chapter illustrates how in the nineteenth century the category of spirituality received a global modern meaning. It became part of an alternative modernity in different places around the globe. In India and China indigenous forms of spirituality were invoked as alternatives to Western imperialism and materialism. Spiritual superiority became part of Pan-Asianism in the writings of some Indian and Chinese intellectuals. At the same time state-centered religious ideologies as well as nation-centered ideologies focused on spirituality as part of national character. These ideologies are crucial even today in China, India, Taiwan, and Singapore. The chapter then moves to a discussion of spirituality in India, focusing on figures like Gandhi and Tagore, and in China, focusing on figures like Taixu and Chen Yingning.Less
This chapter illustrates how in the nineteenth century the category of spirituality received a global modern meaning. It became part of an alternative modernity in different places around the globe. In India and China indigenous forms of spirituality were invoked as alternatives to Western imperialism and materialism. Spiritual superiority became part of Pan-Asianism in the writings of some Indian and Chinese intellectuals. At the same time state-centered religious ideologies as well as nation-centered ideologies focused on spirituality as part of national character. These ideologies are crucial even today in China, India, Taiwan, and Singapore. The chapter then moves to a discussion of spirituality in India, focusing on figures like Gandhi and Tagore, and in China, focusing on figures like Taixu and Chen Yingning.
Robert Layton and Sean O'Hara
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264522
- eISBN:
- 9780191734724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264522.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This chapter compares the social behaviour of human hunter-gatherers with that of the better-studied chimpanzee species, Pan troglodytes, in an attempt to pinpoint the unique features of human social ...
More
This chapter compares the social behaviour of human hunter-gatherers with that of the better-studied chimpanzee species, Pan troglodytes, in an attempt to pinpoint the unique features of human social evolution. Although hunter-gatherers and chimpanzees living in central Africa have similar body weights, humans live at much lower population densities due to their greater dependence on predation. Human foraging parties have longer duration than those of chimpanzees, lasting hours rather than minutes, and a higher level of mutual dependence, through the division of labour between men (hunting) and women (gathering); which is in turn related to pair-bonding, and meat sharing to reduce the risk of individual hunters' failure on any particular day. The band appears to be a uniquely human social unit that resolves the tension between greater dispersion and greater interdependence.Less
This chapter compares the social behaviour of human hunter-gatherers with that of the better-studied chimpanzee species, Pan troglodytes, in an attempt to pinpoint the unique features of human social evolution. Although hunter-gatherers and chimpanzees living in central Africa have similar body weights, humans live at much lower population densities due to their greater dependence on predation. Human foraging parties have longer duration than those of chimpanzees, lasting hours rather than minutes, and a higher level of mutual dependence, through the division of labour between men (hunting) and women (gathering); which is in turn related to pair-bonding, and meat sharing to reduce the risk of individual hunters' failure on any particular day. The band appears to be a uniquely human social unit that resolves the tension between greater dispersion and greater interdependence.
Yulia Ustinova
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548569
- eISBN:
- 9780191720840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548569.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This chapter discusses oracles focused on caves and subterranean chambers, such as the prophetic caves belonging to Pan and the Nymphs, oracles of the dead (at Taenarum, Heracleia Pontica, and ...
More
This chapter discusses oracles focused on caves and subterranean chambers, such as the prophetic caves belonging to Pan and the Nymphs, oracles of the dead (at Taenarum, Heracleia Pontica, and elsewhere), the caverns in the valley of Meander (Hierapolis and Acharaca), oracular cults of immortal subterranean daimons (Trophonius, Amphiaraus, Zalmoxis, Rhesus, and Orpheus), and several ancient and important oracular shrines of Apollo (Ptoion, Claros, and most notably, Delphi). The main reasons for location of oracles in caves are sensory deprivation or inhalation of poisonous gases that induced altered states of consciousness required for inspired divination. It is also argued that cave experiences of ordinary Greeks were quite widespread. Prophetic priests, members of sacred embassies, private consultants who applied to various oracles for advice, and individuals who personally experienced in caves altered states of consciousness—all these people knew that descent into caves brought about noetic sensations.Less
This chapter discusses oracles focused on caves and subterranean chambers, such as the prophetic caves belonging to Pan and the Nymphs, oracles of the dead (at Taenarum, Heracleia Pontica, and elsewhere), the caverns in the valley of Meander (Hierapolis and Acharaca), oracular cults of immortal subterranean daimons (Trophonius, Amphiaraus, Zalmoxis, Rhesus, and Orpheus), and several ancient and important oracular shrines of Apollo (Ptoion, Claros, and most notably, Delphi). The main reasons for location of oracles in caves are sensory deprivation or inhalation of poisonous gases that induced altered states of consciousness required for inspired divination. It is also argued that cave experiences of ordinary Greeks were quite widespread. Prophetic priests, members of sacred embassies, private consultants who applied to various oracles for advice, and individuals who personally experienced in caves altered states of consciousness—all these people knew that descent into caves brought about noetic sensations.
Derek B. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195151961
- eISBN:
- 9780199870394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151961.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter examines some of the conventions involved in representing the erotic in music, and reveals the ideological character of these conventions. The disparity and mutability uncovered by a ...
More
This chapter examines some of the conventions involved in representing the erotic in music, and reveals the ideological character of these conventions. The disparity and mutability uncovered by a comparison of representations of sexual desire in three differing musical styles (Baroque opera, the Victorian drawing-room ballad, and Tin Pan Alley in the 1920s and 1930s) show that a genealogy of sexuality in music needs to address disjunctions rather than developments, historical contingencies rather than evolutionary questions. There is certainly no progress to be discovered in the way eroticism has been depicted in music: representations of eroticism in contemporary music are not more real now than they were in the 17th century. The fact that the latter can seem cool or alien to us today points to the way sexuality has been constructed in relation to particular stylistic codes in particular historical contexts, and is therefore cultural rather than natural.Less
This chapter examines some of the conventions involved in representing the erotic in music, and reveals the ideological character of these conventions. The disparity and mutability uncovered by a comparison of representations of sexual desire in three differing musical styles (Baroque opera, the Victorian drawing-room ballad, and Tin Pan Alley in the 1920s and 1930s) show that a genealogy of sexuality in music needs to address disjunctions rather than developments, historical contingencies rather than evolutionary questions. There is certainly no progress to be discovered in the way eroticism has been depicted in music: representations of eroticism in contemporary music are not more real now than they were in the 17th century. The fact that the latter can seem cool or alien to us today points to the way sexuality has been constructed in relation to particular stylistic codes in particular historical contexts, and is therefore cultural rather than natural.
Derek B. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195151961
- eISBN:
- 9780199870394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151961.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter is concerned with the ideology of “high” and “low“ art, and how this impacts upon both musical style and reception. Defenses of the popular that relate its value to its historical ...
More
This chapter is concerned with the ideology of “high” and “low“ art, and how this impacts upon both musical style and reception. Defenses of the popular that relate its value to its historical context often provoke the question: how is it to be valued once its historic moment has passed? The purpose of this chapter is to show how a “popular musicology” might tackle the problem of discussing music once loved but now regarded by many as valueless. To this end, it explores qualitative issues in British dance band music. A critique of musical style needs to take account of incongruity between styles. The argument in Chapter 1 was that modes of representation needed to be related to different styles; here it is argued that the same goes for qualitative values. For instance, what is admired as good singing in one style may not be so perceived in another.Less
This chapter is concerned with the ideology of “high” and “low“ art, and how this impacts upon both musical style and reception. Defenses of the popular that relate its value to its historical context often provoke the question: how is it to be valued once its historic moment has passed? The purpose of this chapter is to show how a “popular musicology” might tackle the problem of discussing music once loved but now regarded by many as valueless. To this end, it explores qualitative issues in British dance band music. A critique of musical style needs to take account of incongruity between styles. The argument in Chapter 1 was that modes of representation needed to be related to different styles; here it is argued that the same goes for qualitative values. For instance, what is admired as good singing in one style may not be so perceived in another.
David Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474430210
- eISBN:
- 9781474481151
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430210.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa examines for the first time the many different texts imagining the future after the end of apartheid. Focused on well-known and obscure literary texts from the ...
More
Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa examines for the first time the many different texts imagining the future after the end of apartheid. Focused on well-known and obscure literary texts from the 1880s to the 1970s, as well as the many manifestos and programmes setting out visions of the future, this book charts the dreams of freedom of five major traditions of anti-colonial and anti-apartheid resistance: the African National Congress (ANC), the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC). The works of a number of South African literary figures are discussed, including Olive Schreiner, S. E. K. Mqhayi, Alan Paton, Karel Schoeman, Jordan Ngubane, Winnifred Holtby, Ethelreda Lewis, Dora Taylor, Livingstone Mqotsi, Peter Abrahams, Richard Rive, Lauretta Ngcobo and Bessie Head. Political thinkers analysed include Nelson Mandela, R. F. A. Hoernlé, Albert Luthuli, Clements Kadalie, A. W. G. Champion, Edward Roux, James La Guma, Alfred Nzula, I. B. Tabata, Ben Kies, Anton Lembede, A. P. Mda and Robert Sobukwe. The theoretical dimensions of the study are orientated in relation to major Marxist critics of utopianism like Marx, Friedrich Engels, Leon Trotsky and Ernst Bloch, as well as to thinkers like Hannah Arendt, Immanuel Wallerstein, James C. Scott and Jay Winter. More than an exercise in historical excavation, Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa raises challenging questions for the post-apartheid present.Less
Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa examines for the first time the many different texts imagining the future after the end of apartheid. Focused on well-known and obscure literary texts from the 1880s to the 1970s, as well as the many manifestos and programmes setting out visions of the future, this book charts the dreams of freedom of five major traditions of anti-colonial and anti-apartheid resistance: the African National Congress (ANC), the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC). The works of a number of South African literary figures are discussed, including Olive Schreiner, S. E. K. Mqhayi, Alan Paton, Karel Schoeman, Jordan Ngubane, Winnifred Holtby, Ethelreda Lewis, Dora Taylor, Livingstone Mqotsi, Peter Abrahams, Richard Rive, Lauretta Ngcobo and Bessie Head. Political thinkers analysed include Nelson Mandela, R. F. A. Hoernlé, Albert Luthuli, Clements Kadalie, A. W. G. Champion, Edward Roux, James La Guma, Alfred Nzula, I. B. Tabata, Ben Kies, Anton Lembede, A. P. Mda and Robert Sobukwe. The theoretical dimensions of the study are orientated in relation to major Marxist critics of utopianism like Marx, Friedrich Engels, Leon Trotsky and Ernst Bloch, as well as to thinkers like Hannah Arendt, Immanuel Wallerstein, James C. Scott and Jay Winter. More than an exercise in historical excavation, Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa raises challenging questions for the post-apartheid present.
Matthew Hart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390339
- eISBN:
- 9780199776191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390339.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter considers the aesthetic, literary‐historical, and political meanings of the term “Afro‐modernism.” It first introduces Melvin B. Tolson's modernist epic, Harlem Gallery (1965), via the ...
More
This chapter considers the aesthetic, literary‐historical, and political meanings of the term “Afro‐modernism.” It first introduces Melvin B. Tolson's modernist epic, Harlem Gallery (1965), via the innovative blues quatrains of Harryette Mullen's Muse & Drudge (1995), explaining how both poems exemplify an embattled “Afro‐modernist” tradition. The chapter then analyzes Tolson's 1953 Libretto for the Republic of Liberia via the documentary evidence of his appointment as Liberian Poet Laureate. As a late modernist epic about an oligarchic state led by freed slaves, Libretto witnesses a crucial overlapping of the narratives of diasporic nationalism and African “local imperialism.” The chapter concludes by explaining how the poetic form of Libretto registers the schism between the modernizing statecraft of the Liberian elite and the transgressive “countermodernity” of Pan‐Africanism.Less
This chapter considers the aesthetic, literary‐historical, and political meanings of the term “Afro‐modernism.” It first introduces Melvin B. Tolson's modernist epic, Harlem Gallery (1965), via the innovative blues quatrains of Harryette Mullen's Muse & Drudge (1995), explaining how both poems exemplify an embattled “Afro‐modernist” tradition. The chapter then analyzes Tolson's 1953 Libretto for the Republic of Liberia via the documentary evidence of his appointment as Liberian Poet Laureate. As a late modernist epic about an oligarchic state led by freed slaves, Libretto witnesses a crucial overlapping of the narratives of diasporic nationalism and African “local imperialism.” The chapter concludes by explaining how the poetic form of Libretto registers the schism between the modernizing statecraft of the Liberian elite and the transgressive “countermodernity” of Pan‐Africanism.
Katherine M. Marino
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469649696
- eISBN:
- 9781469649719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649696.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This book chronicles the dawn of the global movement for women’s rights in the first decades of the twentieth century. The founding mothers of this movement were not based primarily in the United ...
More
This book chronicles the dawn of the global movement for women’s rights in the first decades of the twentieth century. The founding mothers of this movement were not based primarily in the United States, however, or in Europe. Instead, Katherine M. Marino introduces readers to a cast of remarkable Latin American and Caribbean women whose deep friendships and intense rivalries forged global feminism out of an era of imperialism, racism, and fascism. Six dynamic activists form the heart of this story: from Brazil, Bertha Lutz; from Cuba, Ofelia Domíngez Navarro; from Uruguay, Paulina Luisi; from Panama, Clara Gonzoz; from Chile, Marta Vergara; and from the United States, Doris Stevens. This Pan-American network drove a transnational movement that advocated women’s suffrage, equal pay for equal work, maternity rights, and broader self-determination. Their painstaking efforts led to the enshrinement of women’s rights in the United Nations Charter and the development of a framework for international human rights. But their work also revealed deep divides, with Latin American activists overcoming U.S. presumptions to feminist superiority. As Marino shows, these early fractures continue to influence divisions among today’s activists along class, racial, and national lines.
Marino’s multinational and multilingual research yields a new narrative for the creation of global feminism. The leading women introduced here were forerunners in understanding the power relations at the heart of international affairs. Their drive to enshrine fundamental rights for women, children, and all people of the world stands as a testament to what can be accomplished when global thinking meets local action.Less
This book chronicles the dawn of the global movement for women’s rights in the first decades of the twentieth century. The founding mothers of this movement were not based primarily in the United States, however, or in Europe. Instead, Katherine M. Marino introduces readers to a cast of remarkable Latin American and Caribbean women whose deep friendships and intense rivalries forged global feminism out of an era of imperialism, racism, and fascism. Six dynamic activists form the heart of this story: from Brazil, Bertha Lutz; from Cuba, Ofelia Domíngez Navarro; from Uruguay, Paulina Luisi; from Panama, Clara Gonzoz; from Chile, Marta Vergara; and from the United States, Doris Stevens. This Pan-American network drove a transnational movement that advocated women’s suffrage, equal pay for equal work, maternity rights, and broader self-determination. Their painstaking efforts led to the enshrinement of women’s rights in the United Nations Charter and the development of a framework for international human rights. But their work also revealed deep divides, with Latin American activists overcoming U.S. presumptions to feminist superiority. As Marino shows, these early fractures continue to influence divisions among today’s activists along class, racial, and national lines.
Marino’s multinational and multilingual research yields a new narrative for the creation of global feminism. The leading women introduced here were forerunners in understanding the power relations at the heart of international affairs. Their drive to enshrine fundamental rights for women, children, and all people of the world stands as a testament to what can be accomplished when global thinking meets local action.
Jonathan D. Bellman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195338867
- eISBN:
- 9780199863723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195338867.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition, History, Western
When it first appeared, Chopin's Second Ballade was accorded such labels as “Polish Ballade” and “Pilgrims’ Ballade” by early hearers. The composer's beloved native land was in a desperate situation, ...
More
When it first appeared, Chopin's Second Ballade was accorded such labels as “Polish Ballade” and “Pilgrims’ Ballade” by early hearers. The composer's beloved native land was in a desperate situation, having gradually ceded its independence to the Russians, who had become political puppetmasters and an ever‐present military threat. After the unsuccessful attempt at rebellion in late 1830 that left the country eviscerated and much of the intelligentsia fleeing for their lives, the absent Chopin felt Poland's turmoil keenly, fearing for friends and loved ones and cursing his inability to join the patriotic resistance. The culture of the Parisian Polish émigré community—a community with which Chopin was generally associated, and for which he and the poet Adam Mickiewicz were considered psalmists, was characterized by a quasi‐biblical sense of fate and mission, although differences within it prevented a unified political voice from ever emerging. Significant figures within this community and other of Chopin's artistic friends pressured the composer to compose an opera on a Polish subject, telling Poland's story to the world and galvanizing widespread audience interest and political support.Less
When it first appeared, Chopin's Second Ballade was accorded such labels as “Polish Ballade” and “Pilgrims’ Ballade” by early hearers. The composer's beloved native land was in a desperate situation, having gradually ceded its independence to the Russians, who had become political puppetmasters and an ever‐present military threat. After the unsuccessful attempt at rebellion in late 1830 that left the country eviscerated and much of the intelligentsia fleeing for their lives, the absent Chopin felt Poland's turmoil keenly, fearing for friends and loved ones and cursing his inability to join the patriotic resistance. The culture of the Parisian Polish émigré community—a community with which Chopin was generally associated, and for which he and the poet Adam Mickiewicz were considered psalmists, was characterized by a quasi‐biblical sense of fate and mission, although differences within it prevented a unified political voice from ever emerging. Significant figures within this community and other of Chopin's artistic friends pressured the composer to compose an opera on a Polish subject, telling Poland's story to the world and galvanizing widespread audience interest and political support.
Frederick Nolan
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102895
- eISBN:
- 9780199853212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102895.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers, and Herbert Fields had been working intermittently on a show called Winkle Town, in which a fellow invents an electronic system that renders electric wires obsolete and ...
More
Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers, and Herbert Fields had been working intermittently on a show called Winkle Town, in which a fellow invents an electronic system that renders electric wires obsolete and tries to sell the idea to the city fathers of the eponymous town. Taking their chutzpah in both hands, they decided to ask their old pal Oscar Hammerstein II for help. When the triumvirate got through with it, the story had turned into a satire on Tin Pan Alley called The Jazz King. To their delight, Lew Fields not only liked the play but decided to put it into production. The authorship of the play was attributed to Herbert Richard Lorenz, a pseudonym which seems to have succeeded in fooling hardly anyone. The critics split: Woollcott liked the show, and Quinn Martin thought it “tremendously funny.” However vitriol-tongued George Jean Nathan put an end to the newborn career of Herbert Richard Lorenz.Less
Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers, and Herbert Fields had been working intermittently on a show called Winkle Town, in which a fellow invents an electronic system that renders electric wires obsolete and tries to sell the idea to the city fathers of the eponymous town. Taking their chutzpah in both hands, they decided to ask their old pal Oscar Hammerstein II for help. When the triumvirate got through with it, the story had turned into a satire on Tin Pan Alley called The Jazz King. To their delight, Lew Fields not only liked the play but decided to put it into production. The authorship of the play was attributed to Herbert Richard Lorenz, a pseudonym which seems to have succeeded in fooling hardly anyone. The critics split: Woollcott liked the show, and Quinn Martin thought it “tremendously funny.” However vitriol-tongued George Jean Nathan put an end to the newborn career of Herbert Richard Lorenz.
