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An Overview of Indigenous Peoples and Minority Rights in the Pacific

Joshua Castellinoa and David Keane

in Minority Rights in the Pacific Region: A Comparative Legal Analysis

This chapter begins with a historical overview of the Pacific Islands. It then discusses Pacific and international law and minority rights in the Pacific.

‘Fiji is really the Honolulu of the Dominion’: tourism, empire, and New Zealand’s Pacific, ca. 1900–35

Frances Steel

in New Zealand'S Empire

In this chapter the development of tourism is examined as a key aspect of New Zealand imperialism in the wider Pacific region. Given the centrality of transport infrastructure and technology to ... More

In this chapter the development of tourism is examined as a key aspect of New Zealand imperialism in the wider Pacific region. Given the centrality of transport infrastructure and technology to tourism, this was the particular purview of the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand, a key provider of essential shipping services between Pacific ports from the 1880s. This chapter details the Union Company’s role in developing and promoting the leisure trades between New Zealand and Fiji, a tourism empire that was framed and understood through American engagements in the northern Pacific. The early decades of tourism development in the Pacific indicate the extent to which New Zealand’s interests and ambitions in the region were caught between the two imperial rivals of Britain and the United States.Less

An Introduction

Larissa Hjorth, Sarah Pink, Kristen Sharp, and Linda Williams

in Screen Ecologies: Art, Media, and the Environment in the Asia-Pacific Region

Each chapter in this book takes a different angle on the intersections between art, media, and environment. Chapter 1 functions as an introduction to the key debates informing art, media, and ... More

Each chapter in this book takes a different angle on the intersections between art, media, and environment. Chapter 1 functions as an introduction to the key debates informing art, media, and environment intersections. In this chapter we locate our motivations for this book and how overlays of art, media, and environment allow us to reimagine the region. In particular, we highlight the role of artists in exploring alternative ways in which to visualize, practice, and represent the environment.Less

From Conquest to Containment: Asia

C. T. Sandars

in America’s Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire

This chapter discusses the U.S. government's determination to take sole control of Japan and the Pacific region after World War II. The U.S. was determined to keep other allies, particularly Russia, ... More

This chapter discusses the U.S. government's determination to take sole control of Japan and the Pacific region after World War II. The U.S. was determined to keep other allies, particularly Russia, out of Japan, to prevent their development of offensive bases on the home islands. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were keen on building military bases on the Ryukyus Islands and in Okinawa, but not on a long-term basis. However, they were compelled to maintain a permanent presence on the mainland and home islands to ensure peace and stability along the areas bordering the Yellow Sea and because of the outbreak of the Korean War.Less

Introduction: Integrating the Pacific

Lon kurashige

in Pacific America: Histories of Transoceanic Crossings

Historical overview of international relations, migration, trade, war and conquest within and across the Asia-Pacific region from the late fourteenth to the twenty-first centuries. Focuses on how ... More

Historical overview of international relations, migration, trade, war and conquest within and across the Asia-Pacific region from the late fourteenth to the twenty-first centuries. Focuses on how empires established by Portugal, Spain, England, Japan, and the U.S. spurred this region’s integration. This piece also introduces the fifteen chapters of this book and places each within the historical context of the Asia-Pacific region.Less

Great Whales as Prey Using Demography and Bioenergetics to Infer Interactions in Marine Mammal Communities

DANIEL F. DOAK, TERRIE M. WILLIAMS, and JAMES A. ESTES

in Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems

One way to address big-scale problems and processes is to use small-scale data to construct and test mechanistic models of events at higher levels of organization and at larger spatial scales. Even ... More

One way to address big-scale problems and processes is to use small-scale data to construct and test mechanistic models of events at higher levels of organization and at larger spatial scales. Even though this general approach to understanding ocean ecosystems underpins much of biological oceanography, it has not been so commonly used in efforts to understand the population and community dynamics of marine mammals. This chapter uses demographic and bioenergetic tools to explore difficult-to-observe predator-prey interactions in marine mammal communities. It aims to understand better the interactions of mammal-feeding killer whales with their prey species in the North Pacific region, particularly in the vicinity of the Aleutian archipelago.Less

Trade Show Dynamics in Emerging Markets: The Asia-Pacific Region

Harald Bathelt, Francesca Golfetto, and Diego Rinallo

in Trade Shows in the Globalizing Knowledge Economy

This chapter discusses the recent development of trade shows in the Asia-Pacific region. It shows that the trade show business in the Asia-Pacific region is characterized by heterogeneous structures ... More

This chapter discusses the recent development of trade shows in the Asia-Pacific region. It shows that the trade show business in the Asia-Pacific region is characterized by heterogeneous structures because of varying dynamics of economic development. Triggered by fast economic growth, China could potentially become a role model in the trade show business and related investments, although local/national specificities need to be considered. The recent dynamics of the Chinese trade show business indicate that Asian exhibition centres and events are in the process of developing into hotspots of knowledge circulation and network building, rather than pure marketplaces for imports, exports, or local/national trade. This could give rise to a new global era of polycentric knowledge creation, characterized by key trade shows in each continent where manufacturers from around the world present innovations that match specific local, national, and/or continental market needs.Less

Inventing Polynesia

Serge Tcherkézoff

in Changing Contexts, Shifting Meanings: Transformations of Cultural Traditions in Oceania

This chapter explores the various meanings the idea of “Polynesia” has acquired in changing scientific contexts. It is usually assumed that the naming of the Pacific regions, at least for Melanesia, ... More

This chapter explores the various meanings the idea of “Polynesia” has acquired in changing scientific contexts. It is usually assumed that the naming of the Pacific regions, at least for Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, was invented by the French navigator Dumont d'Urville in the early nineteenth century, as the expanded knowledge of the Pacific, or Oceania as it began to be called at the same time in France, required more detailed maps and hence new names for subdividing a vast expanse that appeared to be composed of so many different islands. However, such a view, found in most textbooks and school manuals, is oblivious to two historical dimensions. First, d'Urville's proposal was not so much a cartographic progress, a simple addition to universal geography with new maps, but was the outcome of a racial agenda. Second, the word “Polynesia” had already been in existence for seventy-five years, with a different geographical extension.Less

Energy Today

Hewitt Crane, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra

in A Cubic Mile of Oil: Realities and Options for Averting the Looming Global Energy Crisis

The energy industry is one of the largest of the world’s industries and one that directly influences the lives of the vast majority of the world’s population. However, the industry’s day-to-day ... More

The energy industry is one of the largest of the world’s industries and one that directly influences the lives of the vast majority of the world’s population. However, the industry’s day-to-day conduct generally receives minimal public attention. Such exceptional events as an embargo on fuel shipments, a sudden rise in fuel prices, a widespread electricity shortage or outage, the rare nuclear accident, or a massive hurricane that affects oil production do make the national news, of course, and often receive prolonged coverage. Yet the more common events such as refinery fires, oil tanker wrecks, pipeline leaks and explosions, and coal-mine disasters attract the attention of only a relatively few, and then too often only in passing. And while the public attention to its activities can be fleeting, the industry is massive. Its size and influence are often overlooked, and the investments required to produce our needed energy are difficult to calculate. Using Exxon-Mobil, the largest of the petroleum companies, as a model, we estimate that the depreciated capital costs for the production of oil, gas, and chemical products derived from them are about $2.5 trillion per CMO. New investments required could be twice as large. A lack of public knowledge and the consequent lack of political will can only exacerbate our general inability to understand the enormity of rapidly changing the resources and technologies this industry employs. We begin our analysis of the state of the energy industry by first distinguishing between primary and secondary sources of energy. Next we examine the overall production of energy by the different primary sources. We then discuss the production and consumption of energy in different regions across the globe. We also look at the per capita consumption in these regions because it is germane to the discussion in chapter 4 of the projections for future energy use. Finally, because more than 40% of primary energy is converted into secondary sources or energy carriers (mainly electricity) before its end use, we survey the different secondary energy sources and their markets. Less

Introduction

Ito Takatoshi and Rose Andrew K.

in Financial Sector Development in the Pacific Rim

This volume is a collection of papers that were presented at the eighteenth annual East Asia Seminar on Economics (EASE), held at Singapore Management University from June 22 to 24, 2007. The ... More

This volume is a collection of papers that were presented at the eighteenth annual East Asia Seminar on Economics (EASE), held at Singapore Management University from June 22 to 24, 2007. The conference was organized around the theme of financial sector development in the Asia-Pacific region. This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the recent changes in Asia's financial sectors, especially in banking and stock markets, since the Asian currency crisis of 1997 to 1998. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.Less

Introduction

Takatoshi Ito and Anne O. Krueger

in Trade in Services in the Asia-Pacific Region

This introductory chapter discusses the contents and coverage of this volume, which is about trade in the services sector in the Asia-Pacific region. The papers in this volume were presented at the ... More

This introductory chapter discusses the contents and coverage of this volume, which is about trade in the services sector in the Asia-Pacific region. The papers in this volume were presented at the National Bureau of Economic Research Conference's eleventh annual East Asian Seminar on Economics held in Seoul, Korea on June, 22–24, 2000. This volume investigates the economy-wide trade liberalization impact on the economies of Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong, evaluates a specific service sector of a specific country and papers extends a usual concept of service trades measured in the balance-of-payments statistics.Less

Our Energy Inheritance: Nuclear Power

Hewitt Crane, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra

in A Cubic Mile of Oil: Realities and Options for Averting the Looming Global Energy Crisis

Of the various alternatives to fossil energy, nuclear power is the most advanced and the best positioned to become a major source of energy. It is also essentially free of CO2 emissions, and if ... More

Of the various alternatives to fossil energy, nuclear power is the most advanced and the best positioned to become a major source of energy. It is also essentially free of CO2 emissions, and if reducing greenhouse gas emissions is truly the highest concern, then we will have to develop nuclear power. Yet developing nuclear power would also pose challenges in terms of waste disposal, and proliferation of nuclear weapons including the risk of a terrorist organization acquiring such weapons. To some environmentalists nuclear power presents a serious, dilemma. Support or opposition to nuclear power is strongly affected by value judgments as well as lack of disseminated information on questions: What happens if there is leakage of nuclear waste someday? To what extent would people and the world be affected? Would we be trading international security for energy security—does nuclear power increase our vulnerability to terrorist attacks? The mixture of clear benefits with outstanding questions currently allows some nations to embrace nuclear power, some to accept it grudgingly, and still others choose to ignore it. Given its availability and environmental benefits, nuclear is an option that cannot be ignored if we are to tackle the energy problem in a serious way. To assume that we can store and safeguard the waste for thousands of years may be hubris, but we come out in favor of developing nuclear technology in part because we already have to store the legacy nuclear waste that has been generated over the last 50 years. Another 60 or so years of waste will represent a marginal addition to that enormous task, but it would buy us badly needed time to carefully develop other energy sources that do not entail net greenhouse gas emissions. Also, we find that many of the concerns raised against the development of nuclear power are vastly exaggerated. For example, as we describe in this chapter, safe storage of the waste does not require 10,000 years: if we use reprocessing technologies, the remaining waste could be rendered benign in a couple of centuries. Less

Energy Needs to 2050

Hewitt Crane, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra

in A Cubic Mile of Oil: Realities and Options for Averting the Looming Global Energy Crisis

Having looked at the evolution of energy use and the current state of the energy industry in the previous chapters, we are now ready to make some projections for the future. As the famous Danish ... More

Having looked at the evolution of energy use and the current state of the energy industry in the previous chapters, we are now ready to make some projections for the future. As the famous Danish physicist Niels Bohr once said, “Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.” Forecasts of human activity are fraught with uncertainty. This is clearly true of energy forecasts, given that regional and national economic, political, and social trends can change world energy use, as can scientific discoveries and engineering developments unanticipated when the forecast was made. Among the technological changes that have had the largest impact on our pattern of energy consumption, perhaps foremost is the development of the internal combustion engine in transportation, and the accompanying enormous increase in the use of petroleum. The mobility afforded to individuals by automobiles, trains, and later by airplanes greatly shrunk the world, bringing people and economies closer together but also in many cases, unfortunately, helping precipitate international conflicts. Perhaps equally important has been the rise in the use of electricity. The development of the electric power system and its extension beyond urban areas profoundly influenced the daily lives of everyone touched by it. Likewise, the discovery of semiconductors and their application in information technologies, including computers, the Internet, wireless personal communication, and space-based global communication, have altered the way we interact with one another and our surroundings. While the use of these technologies has increased the demand for energy—particularly electricity—it has also contributed immensely to our productivity and thus at the same time helped mitigate the increase. The discovery of atomic fission and its uses in peace and in war have had ramifications in the technological and geopolitical realm. Following the Second World War, great optimism prevailed as exemplified by the statement in 1954 attributed to Lewis Strauss, then chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, that nuclear power will be “too cheap to meter.” The ability of nuclear power to deliver electricity abundantly and cheaply helped it become a significant contributor to global primary energy within 20 years. Less