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This chapter argues that in the study of politics, numbers make a difference: a discipline with a hundred or so members must behave in a different way from one with over a thousand. It divides the century in the middle, in 1950, the date of the PSA’s founding. The first period, then, is one of gradual expansion to the small base from which the massive expansion of the second period was launched. The chapter traces through the implications of professionalization for the way in which politics is studied, looking at the relations among subdisciplines within the subject and relations between the discipline in Britain and in the rest of the world. Britain has scarcely embraced the project of modernism with enthusiasm, so there is less provocation to fuel postmodernism. Perhaps resistance to intellectual fashion will continue to be the distinctive British trait – for better and for worse.

This chapter summarizes the findings on polysialic acid function in the adult brain. In particular, the roles of polysialic acid elucidated by analysis of NCAM knockout mice are described, together with descriptions of the role of polysialic acid in the circadian rhythm, long-term potentiation and memory, neurological diseases, and response to injury.

This chapter describes the use of computer modeling to quantify the link between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Data resources for both cancer surveillance and PSA screening are outlined and an approach to modeling both prostate cancer mortality and incidence is presented. The models can be formalized as a statistical framework for inference by developing a likelihood function for the key variables that link PSA screening and prostate cancer incidence. The chapter also reviews alternative modeling approaches and other methods that have been used to address the link between PSA screening and population trends in prostate cancer mortality.

This chapter explores how happiness is constructed in a new category of public service announcements (PSAs), which are broadcast during the CCTV's Spring Festival Gala. It lays down the theoretical foundations of the relationship between advertising and happiness, drawing on Sara Ahmed’s Promise of Happiness (2010), before moving on to introducing the context of the production and broadcast of Gala PSAs. The following section comprises a critical interpretive analysis of a purposively selected case study: the TV PSA "Chopsticks" (Kuaizi pian筷子篇‎, 2014). The analysis reveals that families – including the “big family” of the Chinese nation – lie at the heart of each sequence, and constitute happiness associations. It is clear that chopsticks were chosen as the central multimodal metaphor of this PSA because of the link between them and an idea of Chineseness. Chopsticks not only transmit food, but also emotions, and, more importantly, they direct the viewers’ attention to the State-sanctioned values and behaviours that promise happiness. Ultimately, this chapter argues that this PSA promotes a culturally and ethnically specific "happiness with a Chinese taste" (xingfu Zhongguo wei幸福中国味‎).

This chapter presents a framework for assessing Social Security reform proposals by evaluating a specific reform plan. This plan is one derived from the original personal security account (PSA) plan developed by the 1994–96 Advisory Council on Social Security (Advisory Council 1997). Dubbed as PSA 2000, the plan was developed, in part, to respond to some of the criticisms of the original PSA plan. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 outlines a set of principles around which the plan was devised. Section 2.3 develops the proposal and the underlying principles. Section 2.4 evaluates the long-term actuarial prospects of the proposal. Section 2.5 assesses the benefits that would be provided under the plan and the risks that individuals would bear with such a partial privatization approach. The final section takes measure of the plan against the principles laid out in Section 2.2. A commentary is also included at the end of the chapter.

This chapter explores the importance of enforcing antitrust and market-facilitating regulations following the competitive changes facing the United States agriculture, and discusses the differences between the market-facilitating regulation and antitrust laws along with their definitions. It explores the interrelationship between the market concentration phenomenon and market competition, and identifies the goals of antitrust laws along with their application to the agricultural supply and selling side. The chapter presents the major drawbacks of market-facilitating regulation, including the enforcement of the existing rules, the inability of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to use its authority to develop the appropriate regulations, and the differential treatment in agricultural markets under the Packers and Stockyards Act (PSA).

Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men, ranking second in cancer globally and first in Western countries. There are marked variations in incidence globally, and its incidence must be interpreted in the context of diagnostic intensity and screening. The uptake of prostate-specific antigen screening since the 1990s has led to dramatic increases in incidence in many countries, resulting in an increased proportion of indolent cancers that would never have come to light clinically in the absence of screening. Risk factors differ when studying prostate cancer overall versus advanced disease. Older age, African ancestry, and family history are established risk factors for prostate cancer. Obesity and smoking are not associated with risk overall, but are associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Several additional lifestyle factors, medications, and dietary factors are now emerging as risk factors for advanced disease.

Screening has long been portrayed as an inherently beneficial activity that saves lives, rather than as a complex mixture of potential benefits and harms that must be carefully weighed for each modality. The early success of the Pap smear in reducing deaths from cervical cancer may have inadvertently fostered simplistic messaging about unqualified benefits of screening. Over time, large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of prostate and other cancers have highlighted the potential harms caused by mass screening programs (especially those related to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment) and have revealed the counterintuitive elements involved in evaluating such programs. The criteria for evaluation now extend beyond the performance criteria of the test itself to include the net balance of benefits, risks, and costs. PSA screening, widely used in the United States since the late 1980s, has now been removed from the list of routinely recommended procedures, based on evidence from RCTs.

Making informed decisions about breast and prostate cancer screening requires knowledge of its benefits. To assess Europeans’ knowledge about the effectivity of these screenings in reducing cancer-specific mortality, face-to-face computer-assisted personal interviews were conducted with 10,228 persons selected by a representative quota method in nine European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom). Participants were also queried on the extent to which they consulted 14 different sources of health information. However, the vast majority of citizens systematically overestimated the benefits of mammography and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. In the countries investigated, physicians and other information sources appear to have little impact on improving citizens’ perceptions of these benefits.

Chapter 2 blends science and story to dive deeper into well-being and social change. All four contributors offer promising approaches to discovering what is most important to the communities they study or serve and describe models in which residents are able to make change. Carol Graham describes economic models designed to understand what people value most in their lives. Julia E. Rusk describes how the city she serves, Santa Monica, Calif., is measuring resident well-being and using the results to guide local policymaking. From Guatemala, Walter Flores shows how the voices of Indigenous people can prompt government response. Finally, Mallika Dutt demonstrates how provocative public service announcements (PSAs) can change perceptions and narrative, using domestic violence in India as a case example.